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Objective:To evaluate the effects of dexamethasone and etomidate on cortisol secretion in elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia.Methods:One hundred and twenty-five elderly patients of either sex, aged 66-90 yr, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ, undergoing minor and medium elective surgeries under general anesthesia, were allocated into 4 groups using a random number table method: propofol and normal saline group (group PN, n=31), propofol and etomidate group (group PD, n=31), etomidate and normal saline group (group EN, n=33) and etomidate and dexamethasone group (group ED, n=30). In PN and EN groups, propofol (2 mg/kg) was used to induce and maintain anesthesia, and normal saline 2 ml and dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg were intravenously injected, respectively, at 5 min before anesthesia induction.In PD and ED groups, etomidate (0.2 mg/kg) was used to induce and maintain anesthesia, and normal saline 2 ml and dexamethasone 0.1 mg/kg were intravenously injected, respectively, at 5 min before anesthesia induction.The serum cortisol concentrations were measured at 8: 00 after entering the operating room on the morning of operation (T 1), 1 h after the start of anesthesia (T 2), 2 h after the start of anesthesia (T 3), 8: 00 on the next day ofoperation (T 4) and 8: 00 on the 2nd day of operation (T 5). Blood glucose concentrations were measured at T 1-T 3, and the hypotension during the peri-anesthesia period, nausea and vomiting in post-anesthesia care unit, and nausea and vomiting scores were recorded at 24 h after operation. Results:A total of 122 patients completed the trial.Compared with PN group, the concentration of serum cortisol was significantly decreased at T 2-T 5, blood glucose concentrations were increased at T 2 and T 3 ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the incidence of hypotension, nausea and vomiting and nausea and vomiting scores in PD group ( P>0.05), and the concentration of serum cortisol was significantly decreased at T 2-T 4, the incidence of hypotension was decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the blood glucose concentrations, incidence of nausea and vomiting or nausea and vomiting scores in EN group ( P>0.05). Compared with ED group, the serum cortisol concentration was significantly increased at T 2 and T 3, the incidence of hypotension was increased, the incidence of nausea and vomiting and nausea and vomiting scores were decreased ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the blood glucose concentrations in PD group ( P>0.05), and the serum cortisol concentration was significantly decreased at T 2 and T 3 and increased at T 4 and T 5, the serum cortisol concentration was decreased at T 2 and T 3, and no significant change was found in the incidence of hypotension, nausea and vomiting and nausea and vomiting scores in EN group ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Combination of etomidate and dexamethasone significantly enhances the duration and degree of inhibition of cortisol secretion in elderly patients than etomidate or dexamethasone alone.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone for improvement of general anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elderly patients.Methods A total of 160 patients of both sexes,aged 65-75 yr,with body mass index ＜30 kg/m2,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ-Ⅲ,scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy,were divided into 2 groups (n =80 each) using a random number table method:general anesthesia group (group GA) and oxycodone + general anesthesia group (group OX+GA).Anesthesia induction:propofol was given by closed-loop infusion at the initial target plasma concentration of 2 μg/ml,the target bispectral index (BIS) value was set at 50,and 2 min later remifentanil was given by target-controlled infusion at the target plasma concentration of 4 ng/ml,and cisatracurium 0.2 mg/kg was intravenously injected when BIS value was decreased to 70.Laryngeal mask airways were inserted and the patients were mechanically ventilated when BIS value was decreased to 50 and TOF ratio was decreased to 25％,and end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide was maintained at 35-45 mmHg.Anesthesia maintenance:propofol was given by closed-loop infusion,the target BIS value was set at 50,cisatracurium 0.1 mg/kg was intravenously injected when TOF ratio was increased to 10％;remifentanil was given by target-controlled infusion at the target plasma concentration of 4-6 ng/ml.Oxycodone 0.07 mg/kg was intravenously injected at 5 min before stretching internal organs.Before anesthesia,at 5 min after laryngeal mask airway placement,at skin incision and while stretching internal organs,analgesia nociception index value and perfusion index value were recorded,the development of intraoperative cardiovascular events,emergence time,time for removal of laryngeal mask airway,time of post-anesthesia care unit stay and development of nausea and vomiting and back and shoulder pain within 48 h after surgery were also recorded.Results Compared with group GA,the analgesia nociception index value and perfusion index value were significantly increased while stretching internal organs,and the incidence of intraoperative hypertension,tachycardia,and nausea and vomiting and back and shoulder pain within 48 h after surgery were decreased in group OX-GA (P＜0.05).Conclusion Oxycodone can inhibit nociceptive stimuli,is helpful in maintaining stable hemodynamics and reduces postoperative complications in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy under combined general anesthesia.