Recovery After Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery: How Do Our Patients Really Feel?

INTRODUCTION: Counseling on the immediate postoperative experience for outpatient procedures is largely based on anecdotal experience. We devised a short messaging service (SMS) survey using mobile phone text messages to evaluate real-time patient recovery following outpatient thyroid or parathyroid surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Daily automated SMS surveys were sent the evening of the operation until postoperative day 10. Pain, opioid use, voice quality, and energy levels were assessed. Impaired voice and energy was defined as a score < 2/3 of normal. RESULTS: One hundred fifty five patients were enrolled with an overall response rate of 81.6%. One hundred thirty three patients had an individual response rate > 50% and were included in the final analysis. Median patient age was 60 y with 102 females (76.7%). Seventy patients (52.6%) underwent parathyroidectomy and 66 (49.6%) thyroidectomy and 10 (7.5%) neck dissection. Forty eight patients (36.1%) did not use any opioids postoperatively. Independent risk factors for higher total pain scores included thyroidectomy and patients with preoperative opioid or tobacco use, while increased opioid use was associated with age < 60 y, body mass index > 30 kg/m2, preoperative opioid or tobacco use, and history of anxiety or depression. Patients with loss of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve signaling had a significantly worse overall voice score (54.65 versus 92.67, P < 0.001). Up to 10% of patients were still using opioids and/or reported impaired voice and energy levels beyond 1 wk postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Real-time SMS survey is an effective and potentially valuable way to monitor patient recovery following surgery. A subset of patients reported impaired voice and energy and was still using opioids beyond 1 wk after thyroid and parathyroid surgery and these patients may benefit from closer follow-up and earlier intervention.

Thyroid Carcinoma, Version 2.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Differentiated thyroid carcinomas is associated with an excellent prognosis. The treatment of choice for differentiated thyroid carcinoma is surgery, followed by radioactive iodine ablation (iodine-131) in select patients and thyroxine therapy in most patients. Surgery is also the main treatment for medullary thyroid carcinoma, and kinase inhibitors may be appropriate for select patients with recurrent or persistent disease that is not resectable. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is almost uniformly lethal, and iodine-131 imaging and radioactive iodine cannot be used. When systemic therapy is indicated, targeted therapy options are preferred. This article describes NCCN recommendations regarding management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, and surgical management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (papillary, follicular, Hürthle cell carcinoma).

Effects of Multi-stage Procurement on the Viability and Function of Human Donor Parathyroid Glands.

INTRODUCTION: Parathyroid allotransplantation is an emerging treatment for severe hypoparathyroidism. Ensuring the viability and functional integrity of donor parathyroid glands following procurement is essential for optimal transplantation outcomes. METHODS: Cellular viability, calcium-responsive hormone secretion, and gland xenograft survival were assessed in a series of deceased donor parathyroid glands following a two-stage procurement procedure recently developed by our group (en bloc cadaveric dissection with subsequent gland isolation after transport to the laboratory). RESULTS: Parathyroid glands resected in this manner and stored up to 48 h in 4°C University of Wisconsin (UW) media retained in vitro viability with no induction of hypoxic stress (HIF-1α) or apoptotic (caspase-3) markers. Ex vivo storage did not significantly affect parathyroid gland calcium sensing capacity, with comparable calcium EC50 values and suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion at high ambient calcium concentrations. The isolated glands engrafted readily, vascularizing rapidly in vivo following transplantation into mice. CONCLUSIONS: Parathyroid tissue retains viability, calcium-sensing capacity, and in vivo engraftment capability after en bloc cadaveric resection, ex vivo dissection, and extended cold storage.

Proceedings From the Advances in Surgery Channel Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Series: Lessons Learned From Asian Academic Surgeons.

In this series of talks and the accompanying panel session, leaders from the Society of Asian Academic Surgeons discuss issues faced by Asian Americans and the importance of the role of mentors and allyship in professional development in the advancement of Asian Americans in leadership roles. Barriers, including the model minority myth, are addressed. The heterogeneity of the Asian American population and disparities in healthcare and in research, specifically as relates to Asian Americans, also are examined.

Emotional Regulation in Surgery: Fostering Well-Being, Performance, and Leadership.

Emotional regulation is increasingly gaining acceptance as a means to improve well-being, performance, and leadership across high-stakes professions, representing innovation in thinking within the field of surgical education. As one part of a broader cognitive skill set that can be trained and honed, emotional regulation has a strong evidence base in high-stress, high-performance fields. Nevertheless, even as Program Directors and surgical educators have become increasingly aware of this data, with emerging evidence in the surgical education literature supporting efficacy, hurdles to sustainable implementation exist. In this white paper, we present evidence supporting the value of emotional regulation training in surgery and share case studies in order to illustrate practical steps for the development, adaptation, and implementation of emotional regulation curricula in three key developmental contexts: basic cognitive skills training, technical skills acquisition and performance, and preparation for independence. We focus on the practical aspects of each case to elucidate the challenges and opportunities of introducing and adopting a curricular innovation into surgical education. We propose an integrated curriculum consisting of all three applied contexts for emotional regulation skills and advocate for the dissemination of such a longitudinal curriculum on a national level.

Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Web-Based Survey of Thyroid Cancer Survivors.

OBJECTIVE: Cancer patients and survivors may be disproportionately affected by COVID-19. We sought to determine the effects of the pandemic on thyroid cancer survivors' health care interactions and quality of life. METHODS: An anonymous survey including questions about COVID-19 and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System profile (PROMIS-29, version 2.0) was hosted on the Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association, Inc website. PROMIS scores were compared to previously published data. Factors associated with greater anxiety were evaluated with univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: From May 6, 2020, to October 8, 2020, 413 participants consented to take the survey; 378 (92%) met the inclusion criteria: diagnosed with thyroid cancer or noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, located within the United States, and completed all sections of the survey. The mean age was 53 years, 89% were women, and 74% had papillary thyroid cancer. Most respondents agreed/strongly agreed (83%) that their lives were very different during the COVID-19 pandemic, as were their interactions with doctors (79%). A minority (43%) were satisfied with the information from their doctor regarding COVID-19 changes. Compared to pre-COVID-19, PROMIS scores were higher for anxiety (57.8 vs 56.5; P < .05) and lower for the ability to participate in social activities (46.2 vs 48.1; P < .01), fatigue (55.8 vs 57.9; P < .01), and sleep disturbance (54.7 vs 56.1; P < .01). After adjusting for confounders, higher anxiety was associated with younger age (P < .01) and change in treatment plan (P = .04). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, thyroid cancer survivors reported increased anxiety compared to a pre-COVID cohort. To deliver comprehensive care, providers must better understand patient concerns and improve communication about potential changes to treatment plans.

Cumulative GRAS Score as a Predictor of Survival After Resection for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Analysis From the U.S. Adrenocortical Carcinoma Database.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but aggressive malignancy, and many prognostic factors that influence survival remain undefined. Individually, the GRAS (Grade, Resection status, Age, and Symptoms of hormone hypersecretion) parameters have demonstrated their prognostic value in ACC. This study aimed to assess the value of a cumulative GRAS score as a prognostic indicator after ACC resection. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent surgical resection for ACC between 1993 and 2014 was performed using the United States Adrenocortical Carcinoma Group (US-ACCG) database. A sum GRAS score was calculated for each patient by adding one point each when the criteria were met for tumor grade (Weiss criteria ≥ 3 or Ki67 ≥ 20%), resection status (micro- or macroscopically positive margin), age (≥ 50 years), and preoperative symptoms of hormone hypersecretion (present). Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) by cumulative GRAS score were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. RESULTS: Of the 265 patients in the US-ACCG database, 243 (92%) had sufficient data available to calculate a cumulative GRAS score and were included in this analysis. The 265 patients comprised 23 patients (10%) with a GRAS of 0, 52 patients (21%) with a GRAS of 1, 92 patients (38%) with a GRAS of 2, 63 patients (26%) with a GRAS of 3, and 13 patients (5%) with a GRAS of 4. An increasing GRAS score was associated with shortened OS (p < 0.01) and DFS (p < 0.01) after index resection. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective analysis, the cumulative GRAS score effectively stratified OS and DFS after index resection for ACC. Further prospective analysis is required to validate the cumulative GRAS score as a prognostic indicator for clinical use.

Transoral robotic thyroidectomy versus transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy: a propensity-score-matched analysis of surgical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) has been shown to be safe and has similar outcomes as open thyroidectomy for selected patients. It is not clear if transoral robotic thyroidectomy (TORT) may extend transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy to more complex thyroid operations. The study aimed to compare the safety and outcomes of TORT with those of TOETVA. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who had TORT and TOETVA performed by a single surgeon from June 2017 to May 2019. Intrathoracic goiter and combined operations were excluded. Surgical outcomes were compared after propensity score matching. Learning curves, as measured by operating time, were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients underwent 154 transoral (55 TORT and 99 TOETVA) thyroidectomy. Of the 154 operations, 28 (18.2%) were bilateral total thyroidectomy and 126 (81.8%) were unilateral thyroid lobectomy. After propensity score matching, we found a longer operative time (median [interquartile range]) for TORT (n = 53) than for the TOETVA (308 [284-388] vs 228 [201-267] min, P < 0.001). Blood loss and visual analog scale scores for pain were not significantly different between the two groups. Central neck lymph node dissection was performed more frequent in the TORT group (28 of 53 [52.8%] vs 10 of 53 [18.9%], P = 0.001), and when performed, the numbers of total and positive lymph nodes did not differ significantly between the two groups. The rates of hypoparathyroidism and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury did not differ significantly between the two groups. There was no conversion to open thyroidectomy, mental nerve injury, or surgical site infection. The learning curve for TORT was 25 cases, but no obvious learning curve was observed for TOETVA. CONCLUSIONS: TORT requires a longer operative time, but is as safe as TOETVA and may be useful for more complex thyroid operations.

Anatomic Variations From 120 Mental Nerve Dissections: Lessons for Transoral Thyroidectomy.

BACKGROUND: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is a promising technique for eliminating a neck incision. A new risk of TOETVA is the potential for injury to the mental nerves during placement of three oral endoscopic ports. A better understanding of the variations in mental nerve anatomy is needed to inform safer TOETVA technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed 120 dissections of mental nerve branches exiting the mental foramen in 60 human cadavers. Anatomic distances and relationships of the foramen to the midline were evaluated. Mental nerve branching patterns were studied and compared with previously reported classification systems to determine surgical safe zones free of nerve branches. RESULTS: The mean midline-to-mental foramen distance was 29.2 ± 3.3 mm, with high variability across individuals (18.8-36.8 mm). There were differences in this distance between the left and right foramina (29.8 ± 3.2 versus 28.8 ± 3.3 mm, P = 0.03). All mental nerve branches exiting the mental foramen distributed medially. The branching patterns were classified into eight distinct categories, three of which are previously undescribed. One of these novel patterns, occurring in 9.2% of cases, had a dense and wide clustering of branches traveling toward the midline. CONCLUSIONS: The location of the mental foramen and mental nerve branching patterns demonstrate high variability. To avoid mental nerve injury in TOETVA, we identify a safe zone for lateral port placement lateral to the plane of the mental foramen. Placement and extension of the middle port incision should proceed with caution, as clustering of mental nerve branches in this area can frequently be present.

[Effect of Polygonum multiflorum-Andrographis paniculata intercropping system on rhizosphere soil actinomycetes community structure and diversity of P. multiflorum].

To investigate the effect of Polygonum multiflorum-Andrographis paniculata intercropping system on rhizosphere soil actinomycetes of P. multiflorum, the community structure and diversity of soil actinomycetes were studied by using the original soil as the control group and the rhizosphere soil actinomycetes communities of P. multiflorum under monoculture and intercropping systems as the experimental group. In this study 655 221 effective sequences were obtained with an average length of 408 bp. OTU coverage and rarefaction curve showed that the sequencing could represent the real situation of soil actinomycetes. According to the results of alpha diversity analysis, the diversity soil actinomycetes varied as follows: original soil>intercropping soil>monoculture soil. The soil actinomycetes community structure and the relative abundance of dominant genera were significantly changed by both monoculture and intercropping, especially monoculture. OTU clustering and PCA analysis of soil samples showed that all the soil samples were divided into three distinct groups and the original soil was more similar to intercropping soil. In addition, intercropping increased the relative abundance of some beneficial actinomyces, such as Kitasatospora and Mycobacterium, which was beneficial to maintain soil health and reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases. The results show that, P. multiflorum-A. paniculata intercropping reduced the change of community structure and the decrease of diversity of soil actinomycetes caused by P. multiflorum monoculture, and made the actinomycete community in rhizosphere soil of P. multiflorum close to the original soil.

Trends in Adrenal Surgery-The Changing Nature of Tumors and Patients.

BACKGROUND: The volume of adrenal surgery is increasing. There has been a concern that the widespread use of axial imaging and minimally invasive approaches has led to changing indications for adrenalectomy. We reviewed trends in adrenal surgery at a single academic institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent adrenal surgery between 1993 and 2018 by the endocrine surgery service. Patient demographics, diagnosis, operative details, and perioperative complications were evaluated. Trend analysis was performed across ordered year groups (<2000, 2000-2004, 2005-2009, 2010-2014, and 2015-2018). RESULTS: We identified 732 patients who underwent 751 adrenal operations. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were women, and the median age was 51 y (range: 5-88). There was an increase in the number of procedures performed (P < 0.01, trend analysis). Over time, there was a higher proportion of patients with hypertension (54.7% [<2000] versus 73.6% [>2015], P < 0.01), diabetes (4.7% versus 22.1%, P = 0.01), and classified as American Society of Anesthesiology class 3/4 (15.7% versus 45.7%, P < 0.01). More patients had their adrenal lesion found incidentally (19.4% versus 39.3%, P < 0.01), and there was a larger proportion of pheochromocytomas (25% versus 36.4%, P < 0.01) and fewer nonfunctioning adenomas (7.4% versus 4.3%, P = 0.03). Median tumor size decreased from 3.5 cm to 2.9 cm (P = 0.03). Complication rates increased over time (8.3% versus 15%, P < 0.01), but the overall 30-d mortality remained low (0.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal surgery is being performed more commonly with an increasing number of incidentalomas and pheochromocytomas. Our patients have higher comorbidities with increase in complication rates over time, although perioperative mortality remains low. This highlights the importance of a thorough preoperative evaluation to identify suitable patients who may benefit from adrenalectomy.

Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism Reduces the Probability of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

BACKGROUND: Aldosterone excess is hypothesized to worsen obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) symptoms by promoting peripharyngeal edema. However, the extent to which primary aldosteronism (PA), hypertension, and body mass index (BMI) influence OSA pathogenesis remains unclear. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of PA patients from our endocrine database to retrospectively evaluate OSA probability before and after adrenalectomy or medical management of PA. A control group of patients undergoing adrenalectomy for nonfunctioning benign adrenal masses was also evaluated. We categorized patients as high or low OSA probability after evaluation with the Berlin Questionnaire, a validated 10-question survey that explores sleep, fatigue, hypertension, and BMI. RESULTS: We interviewed 91 patients (83 PA patients and eight control patients). Median follow-up time was 2.6 y. The proportion of high OSA probability in all PA patients decreased from 64% to 35% after treatment for PA (mean Berlin score 1.64 versus 1.35, P < 0.001). This decline correlated with improvements in hypertension (P < 0.001) and fatigue symptoms (P = 0.03). Both surgical (n = 48; 1.69 versus 1.33, P < 0.001) and medical (n = 35; 1.57 versus 1.37, P = 0.03) treatment groups demonstrated reduced OSA probability. BMI remained unchanged after PA treatment (29.1 versus 28.6, P = nonsignificant), and the impact of treatment on OSA probability was independent of BMI. The control surgical group showed no change in OSA probability after adrenalectomy (1.25 versus 1.25, P = nonsignificant). CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical and medical treatments of PA reduce sleep apnea probability independent of BMI and are associated with improvements in hypertension and fatigue. Improved screening for PA could reduce OSA burden.

Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use After Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery-A Pilot, Prospective SMS-Based Survey.

BACKGROUND: New persistent opioid use has been identified following minor surgical procedures and may contribute to the national opioid epidemic. Prescription patterns vary and we have limited data on patient pain experiences in the outpatient setting. We devised a novel short messaging service survey to record pain scores and opioid use following outpatient thyroid or parathyroid surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Automated short messaging service was sent daily starting the evening of the operation until postoperative day (POD) 10. Pain was assessed on a 0-10 numeric pain rating scale and opioid use over the prior 24 h was queried. RESULTS: A total of 1264 survey questions were sent with overall response rate of 84.3%. Fifty-three of 58 patients had a response rate >50% and were included in the final analysis. Average pain score was highest on POD1 at 3.2. Overall, 42.5% of patients utilized opioids on POD0, 55.6% on POD1, and steadily decreased to 7% by POD10. Overall, 34% of patients did not utilize any opioids postoperatively. Scaled total pain scores were higher in patients with thyroid surgery (23.5 versus 12.1, P = 0.02) and lower in those who reported alcohol use (14.9 versus 31.6, P < 0.02). Scaled total opioid days were lower in those aged >60 (1.5 versus 3.6, P < 0.01) and higher in those with active tobacco use (4.5 versus 2.3, P = 0.04). Pain scores correlated weakly with total opioid days (r = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a novel approach of obtaining patient reported daily, prospective pain scores. This may help us understand patient pain and opioid use in the acute postoperative period especially following outpatient surgery.

Technical Innovation in Transoral Endoscopic Endocrine Surgery: A Modified "Scarless" Technique.

BACKGROUND: The transoral endoscopic approach to thyroidectomy aims to eliminate a visible neck incision. Early experience has demonstrated promising safety and efficacy results but has uncovered unique drawbacks from the middle oral incision. We present a case series of our institutional experience with a technical innovation called the TransOral and Submental Technique (TOaST) designed to address these limitations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed all patients who successfully underwent TOaST thyroidectomy at our institution from November 2017 to November 2018. Demographics, surgical indications, technical details, and perioperative outcomes were recorded in a prospective database and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Fourteen patients underwent TOaST thyroidectomy, with mean follow-up of 17 wk. Mean age was 38 y, and all but one was female. Most cases were cytologically benign or indeterminate nodules. There were no injuries to the recurrent laryngeal or mental nerves. TOaST had no instances of chin pain or specimen disruption, two complications that have been associated with the standard transoral approach. The cosmetic outcomes remained excellent. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study of TOaST indicates that it is a technically feasible and safe approach to thyroidectomy for selected patients.

Genomic and phenotypic analyses of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Streptococcus thermophilus S-3.

Streptococcus thermophilus, one of the most important industrial lactic acid bacteria, is widely used as a starter culture in the dairy industry. Streptococcus thermophilus S-3 isolated from Chinese traditional dairy products has shown great potential for the production of larger amounts of exopolysaccharides (EPS), which significantly affect the organoleptic properties of fermented milk products. To understand the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of S. thermophilus S-3 in terms of EPS biosynthesis, its genome of strain S-3 was sequenced and the genes related to carbohydrate utilization, nucleotide sugars synthesis, and EPS biosynthesis were investigated. The genomic analysis revealed that S. thermophilus S-3 can use sucrose, mannose, glucose, galactose, and lactose. Phenotypic analysis showed that S-3 prefers fermenting lactose to fermenting glucose or galactose. The genetic analysis of nucleotide sugars and EPS biosynthesis revealed that S-3 can synthesize uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose, deoxythymidine diphosphate-glucose, deoxythymidine diphosphate-rhamnose, UDP-galactose, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. A high yield of EPS from S-3 cultivated with lactose rather than glucose as the carbon source was correlated with high transcriptional levels of the genes associated with metabolism of these nucleotide sugars and EPS biosynthesis. Our results provide a better understanding of EPS biosynthesis in S. thermophilus and can facilitate enhanced EPS production by lactic acid bacteria fermentation via genetic and metabolic engineering approaches.

Role of Additional Organ Resection in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Analysis of 167 Patients from the U.S. Adrenocortical Carcinoma Database.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer. This report describes factors and outcomes associated with resection of extra-adrenal organs en bloc during index adrenalectomy. METHODS: Patients who underwent ACC resection for non-metastatic disease from 1993 to 2014 at 13 participating institutions of the US-ACC Group were included in the study. Factors associated with en bloc resection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The primary end point was overall survival. RESULTS: In this study, 167 patients were included and categorized as adrenalectomy with en bloc resection (AdEBR) if they had extra-adrenal organs removed or adrenalectomy (Ad) if they did not. The demographics were similar between the AdEBR (n = 68, 40.7%) and Ad groups, including age, gender, race, American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) class, and body mass index (BMI). The AdEBR group had larger tumors (13 vs. 10 cm), more open operations (97.1 vs. 63.6%), and more lymph node dissections (LNDs) (36.8 vs. 12.1%). The most common organs removed were kidney (55.9%), liver (27.9%), and spleen (23.5%). Multiple organs were removed in 38.2% (n = 26) of the patients. Margin-negative resections were similar between the two groups. In the multivariate Cox regression adjusted for T and N stages, LND, margin, size, and hormone hypersecretion, en bloc resection was not associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; p = 0.323). CONCLUSION: The study findings validated current practice by showing that en bloc resection should occur at index adrenalectomy for ACC when a T4 lesion is suspected pre- or intraoperatively, or when it is necessary to avoid tumor rupture. However, in this study, when a negative margin resection was otherwise achieved, removal of extra-adrenal organs en bloc was not associated with additional survival benefit.

A Novel T-Stage Classification System for Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Proposal from the US Adrenocortical Carcinoma Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The 7th AJCC T-stage system for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), based on size and extra-adrenal invasion, does not adequately stratify patients by survival. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a known poor prognostic factor. We propose a novel T-stage system that incorporates LVI to better risk-stratify patients undergoing resection for ACC. METHOD: Patients undergoing curative-intent resections for ACC from 1993 to 2014 at 13 institutions comprising the US ACC Group were included. Primary outcome was disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS: Of the 265 patients with ACC, 149 were included for analysis. The current T-stage system failed to differentiate patients with T2 versus T3 disease (p = 0.10). Presence of LVI was associated with worse DSS versus no LVI (36 mo vs. 168 mo; p = 0.001). After accounting for the individual components of the current T-stage system (size, extra-adrenal invasion), LVI remained a poor prognostic factor on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio 2.14, 95% confidence interval 1.05-4.38, p = 0.04). LVI positivity further stratified patients with T2 and T3 disease (T2: 37 mo vs. median not reached; T3: 36 mo vs. 96 mo; p = 0.03) but did not influence survival in patients with T1 or T4 disease. By incorporating LVI, a new T-stage classification system was created: [T1: ≤ 5 cm, (-)local invasion, (+/-)LVI; T2: > 5 cm, (-)local invasion, (-)LVI OR any size, (+)local invasion, (-)LVI; T3: > 5 cm, (-)local invasion, (+)LVI OR any size, (+)local invasion, (+)LVI; T4: any size, (+)adjacent organ invasion, (+/-)LVI]. Each progressive new T-stage group was associated with worse median DSS (T1: 167 mo; T2: 96 mo; T3: 37 mo; T4: 15 mo; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the current T-stage system, the proposed T-stage system, which incorporates LVI, better differentiates T2 and T3 disease and accurately stratifies patients by disease-specific survival. If externally validated, this T-stage classification should be considered for future AJCC staging systems.

NCCN Guidelines Insights: Thyroid Carcinoma, Version 2.2018.

The NCCN Guidelines for Thyroid Carcinoma provide recommendations for the management of different types of thyroid carcinoma, including papillary, follicular, Hürthle cell, medullary, and anaplastic carcinomas. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel discussion behind recent updates to the guidelines, including the expanding role of molecular testing for differentiated thyroid carcinoma, implications of the new pathologic diagnosis of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features, and the addition of a new targeted therapy option for BRAF V600E-mutated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Squamous differentiation in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a rare feature of aggressive disease.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinoma with squamous differentiation (PTC-SD) is a poorly understood pathologic finding of unknown clinical significance. Selected case reports have suggested that PTC-SD is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Here we present the largest case series of PTC-SD reported in the United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cancer registry at our tertiary care referral center was reviewed to identify all patients from 1995-2015 who had been diagnosed with PTC-SD on initial total thyroidectomy or lymph node dissection for recurrent disease. All cases were reviewed by an endocrine pathologist to confirm the diagnosis. Patient demographic, pathology, and outcomes data were collected and reviewed. RESULTS: During the study period, ten patients were diagnosed with PTC-SD, six in the primary tumor at the time of initial surgery, and four in lymph node metastases during surgery for recurrent disease. The median age at diagnosis was 56 y and half of the patients were male. Aggressive features such as multifocality (67%), extrathyroidal extension (67%), positive margin (89%), lymph node metastases (80%), and extranodal extension (60%) were far more prominent than is typically seen in classic PTC. Long-term follow-up (median 56.5 mo) demonstrated high rates of locoregional recurrence (60%), pulmonary metastases (30%), and mortality (10%). CONCLUSIONS: Squamous differentiation is a rare finding in PTC that is associated with aggressive pathologic features and poor long-term outcomes. This phenomenon may represent a step in progression toward dedifferentiation; thus, patients with PTC-SD should have close, life-long surveillance and should be treated according to evidence-based guidelines for high-risk thyroid cancers.

Trends of genetic screening in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: 15-year experience in a high-volume tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Genetic testing for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma allows for early detection of hereditary syndromes and enables close follow-up of high-risk patient. We investigated the trends in genetic testing among patients at a high-volume referral center and evaluated the prevalence of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of 129 patients who underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma between January 2000 and July 2015. To evaluate for trends in genetic testing, patients were divided by year of diagnosis: 2000-2005 (group 1, n = 35), 2006-2010 (group 2, n = 44), and 2011-2015 (group 3, n = 50). RESULTS: Among 129 patients the mean age was 47 years and 56% were women. Groups 2 and 3 were more frequently referred for genetic consultation than group 1, 73%, and 94% versus 26% (P < 0.001). A total of 67% followed up on the referral. The prevalence of genetic mutation was 50% (21/42 tested). The percentage with a genetic syndrome was 23%, 28%, and 22% respectively for groups 1, 2, and 3. CONCLUSIONS: Referral for genetic counseling significantly increased in the past 15 years. However, only two-thirds of patients followed up with genetic counselors and, therefore, clinicians can do more to improve the adherence rate for genetic counseling.