Assessment of Changes in the Outcome of Autogenous Tooth Grafts Over Time: A Clinical Study Evaluating Periodontal Healing in Bone Defects After Lower Third Molar Removal.

BACKGROUND: The removal of impacted lower third molars (ILTMs) is associated with bone defects in the distal area of second molars. Different methods have been described to minimize these defects. PURPOSE: The primary objective was to assess changes in probing depth (PD) over time (up to 36 months) between test (grafted) and control (ungrafted) groups; the graft was obtained from the extracted ILTM. STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE: This split-mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Postgraduate Course in Oral Surgery of the Faculty of Dentistry of the Complutense University of Madrid. Adult patients requiring bilateral ILTM extraction with adjacent second molars were recruited, excluding pregnant/lactating women, patients in treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and patients with periodontal diseases. PREDICTOR/EXPOSURE/INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The predictor variable was the graft technique. The bone defect after ILTM removal was treated with autogenous tooth graft (ATG) in the test group, leaving the control group ungrafted. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: PD on the distobuccal, distomedial, and distolingual surfaces was recorded in both groups and averaged at baseline (T0), 3 (T1), 6 (T2), and 36 months (T3) postoperatively. COVARIATES: Sex, age, surgical time, ILTM situation and position between groups were assessed. ANALYSES: ANOVA repeated measures for comparisons between groups and the Friedman test for comparisons within the groups over time were applied. Statistical significance was established with a confidence interval of 95% (P < .05). RESULTS: The sample comprised 22 patients (6 males, 16 females) with a mean age of 21.68 ± 2.19 years; 44 ILTM extractions were performed. Statistically significant differences in PD average were found between groups (P < .001, 95% confidence interval) at 3 (1.63 ± 0.29), 6 (1.76 ± 0.3), and 36 months (1.74 ± 0.36). Reductions from T0 to T3 of 2.74 ± 0.28 (P < .001) and 0.54 ± 0.3 (P = .43) were observed in test and control groups, respectively. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: ATG placed on the distal surface of lower second molars and almost completely filling the extraction socket improved PD 3, 6 and 36 months after ILTM. Furthermore, no significant changes in PD were observed over time; no major complications occurred. ATG appears to be a viable alternative graft material for this procedure.

Patient-reported outcomes in patients with severe maxillary bone atrophy restored with zygomatic implant-supported complete dental prostheses: a systematic review.

Introduction and Objective: Zygomatic implants (ZI) offer a good and predictable alternative to reconstructive procedures of atrophic maxillae. The main objetive of this systematic review was to assess the effect of rehabilitation with zygomatic implants on patient's quality of life (QLP) using Patient Reported Outcomes Measures (PROMs).Materials and Methods: This review followed PRISMA guidelines. An automated electronic search was conducted in four databases supplemented by a manual search for relevant articles published until the end of January 2021. The Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were used to assess the quality of evidence in the studies reviewed.Results: General findings of this systematic review showed substantial increases in Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients restored with ZI and high scores in terms of general satisfaction, especially in chewing ability and esthetics. An overall survival rate of ZI was 98.3% after a mean follow-up time of 46.5 months was observed. Occurrence of 13.1% biological complications and 1.8% technical complications were reported.Conclusions: Patients rehabilitated with zygomatic implant-supported complete dental prostheses showed substantial improvements in OHRQoL and general satisfaction with the treatment received.

Potential application of lactic acid bacteria in the biopreservation of red grape from mycotoxigenic fungi.

BACKGROUND: Filamentous fungi are the main contamination agent in the viticultural sector. Use of synthetic fungicides is the regular answer to these contaminations. Nevertheless, because of several problems associated with the use of synthetic compounds, the industry demands new and safer methods. In the present work, the biopreservation potential of four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains was studied against the principal grape contaminant fungi. RESULTS: Agar diffusion test evidenced that all four culture-free supernatant (CFS) had antifungal properties against all tested fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) test values evidenced that media fermented by the Lactobacillus plantarum E3 and Lactobacillus plantarum E4 strains showed the highest antifungal activity, resulting in an MFC from 6.3 to 100 g L-1 . Analysis of CFS evidenced the presence of different antifungal compounds, such as lactic acid, phenyllactic acid and pyrazines. In tests on red grapes, an average reduction of 1.32 log10 of the spores per gram of fruit was achieved by all CFS in grapes inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus and by 0.94 log10 for L. plantarum E3 CFS against Botrytis cinerea. CONCLUSION: The antifungal activity of the fermented CFS by L. plantarum E3 reduced the growth of B. cinerea and A. ochraceus in grapes, which are the main contaminant and main producer of ochratoxin A in these crops, respectively. Therefore, based on the results obtained in this work, use of the strain L. plantarum E3 could be an interesting option for the biopreservation of grapes. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Aflatoxins and A. flavus Reduction in Loaf Bread through the Use of Natural Ingredients.

In this study, the antifungal activity of yellow mustard (YMF) and oriental mustard (OMF) meal extracts against 14 strains of fungi was tested on a solid medium. The results obtained with the YMF were next confirmed in liquid medium determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicide concentration (MFC). Finally, the use of YMF as a natural preservative to extend the useful life of bread was evaluated. Breads with different concentrations of YMF (2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg) were prepared and contaminated with Aspergillus flavus ISPA 8111 and Penicilliumnordicum CECT 2320. For 10 days the formation of mycelium was observed, and after that the fungal growth and the mycotoxins production was determined. The results obtained with the YMF were compared with breads treated with the commercial additive sodium propionate (E-281). The results showed a significant reduction of the fungal population using 6 g/kg and 8 g/kg of YMF in bread contaminated with A. flavus and with P.nordicum and an extensions of the breads shelf life of 7 and 5 days, respectively, in comparison with the control experiment. A reduction of 78% of AFB1 was observed using 6 g/kg of YMF while no AFB1 production was detected employing 8 g/kg of YMF in bread preparation.

Fumigation of Brazil nuts with allyl isothiocyanate to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and aflatoxin production.

BACKGROUND: Brazil produces approximately 40 000 tons of Brazil nuts annually, which is commonly contaminated with fungi and mycotoxins. Gaseous allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was used to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and its production of aflatoxins (AFs) in Brazil nuts. RESULTS: Nuts were inoculated with 104 spores g-1 of A. parasiticus and placed in airtight glass jars with controlled relative humidity (RH = 95 or 85%). Samples were treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.5 µL L-1 of gaseous AITC and analyzed after 30 days to determine the fungal population and AFs content. Samples were also submitted to sensory evaluation. AITC at 2.5 µL L-1 could completely inhibit the fungal growth and AFs production in both the RH tested. AITC at 0.5 and 1 µL L-1 did not affect the microbial growth at RH = 95%, but 1 µL L-1 reduced the production of AFs by ∼50%. All AITC treatments reduced the fungal population and AFs to undetectable levels at RH = 85%. None of the concentrations altered sensory characteristics of Brazil nuts. CONCLUSION: Gaseous AITC could be used as an alternative to inhibit the growth of A. parasiticus during storage and transport of Brazil nuts. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Complications in the use of the mandibular body, ramus and symphysis as donor sites in bone graft surgery. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: To develop a systematic review by assessing and comparing the different complications that occurs in bone graft surgery using the mandibular body, ramus and symphysis as donor sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In order to respond to the following question, a systematic review was developed: does the use of intraoral mandibular body and ramus as donor sites in bone graft surgery, produce fewer and less severe complications in comparison to the use of the mandibular symphysis in patients that present bone resorption that needs augmentation using autologous grafts? The review was carried out between January 1990 and 2015, during which only clinical essays with a minimum follow-up period of six months were included. RESULTS: The initial search yielded a total of 2912 articles, of which 6 were finally selected. In total, 259 graft surgeries were performed; 118 using the mandibular body and ramus as donor sites, and 141, the symphysis. The most frequent complications that arose when using the mandibular symphysis were temporary sensory alterations in the anterior teeth (33.87%), followed by sensory alterations of the skin and mucosa (18.57%). As for the mandibular body and ramus donor sites, the most frequent complications relate to temporary sensory alterations of the mucosa (8.19%) and to minor postoperative bleeding (6.55%). CONCLUSIONS: The analyzed results show a higher prevalence and severity of complications when using mandibular symphysis bone grafts, producing more discomfort for the patient. Therefore, it would be advisable to perform further clinical essays due to the lack of studies found.

Complications in the treatment with alveolar extraosseous distractors. Literature review.

BACKGROUND: To review the literature that analyses the types and frequency of complications associated with the use of extraosseous alveolar distraction from 2007 to 2013. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Review of the literature in PubMed, using these keywords; alveolar ridge, alveolar distraction osteogenesis, complication, literature review. Inclusion criteria were: articles published between 2007 and 2013 that included the distraction protocol, the complications encountered and the time when they occurred. RESULTS: According to the above criteria, 12 articles were included in this review, where 334 extraosseous distractors were placed and 395 complications were encountered, of which 19 (4.81%) were intraoperative, 261 (66.07%) postoperative and 115 (29.11 %) were post-distraction. The most common complication was the incorrect distraction vector found in 105 cases (26.58%), in 23 cases (5.82%) there were severe complications, of which 14 (3.54%) were mandibular fracture and 9 (2.27%) were fractures of the distractor elements. CONCLUSIONS: According to this review, although alveolar distraction is a safe and predictable technique, it can cause complications; however, they are usually minor and easily resolved without affecting the treatment outcome.

Effect of the oriental and yellow mustard flours as natural preservative against aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 production in wheat tortillas.

Reduction of the AFs produced by Aspergillus parasiticus CECT 2681 in wheat tortillas by isothiocyanates (ITCs) from oriental and yellow mustard flours was evaluated in this study. Polyethylene plastic bags were introduced with wheat tortillas contaminated with A. parasiticus and treated with 0, 0.1, 0.5 or 0.1 g of either oriental or yellow mustard flour added with 2 ml of water. The wheat tortillas were stored at room temperature during 1 month. The quantification of the AFs produced was analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to the mass spectrometry detection in tandem (MS/MS). Gaseous allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) from oriental mustard was more effective than p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (p-HBITC) from yellow mustard to inhibit the production of AFs. More importantly, 1 g of AITC was able to reduce >90 % of AFs B1, B2, G1 and G2. p-HBITC is less stable and volatile than AITC, leading to a much lower AFs (average of 17.7 to 45.2 %). Further studies should investigate the use of active packaging using oriental mustard flour and water to reduce the production of AFs by Aspergillus species in bakery goods.

Effects of local melatonin application on post-extraction sockets after third molar surgery. A pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and osteogenic early effects of melatonin on post-extraction sockets of patients requiring third molars extraction. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized, triple-blind clinical trial was made using a split-mouth design. Both lower third molars of 10 patients were extracted and 3 mg of local melatonin or placebo were applied. Concentrations of interleukin-6 and nitrotyrosine were determined on samples of the clot from the socket by independent ELISA tests. Radiographic bone density was evaluated by measuring Hounsfield Units in panoramic and cross sections obtained by digital scanner. Statistical analysis by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed for ELISA data. Bone density was analyzed by Shapiro-Wilk test. Subsequently t test was applied. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: The concentration of interleukin-6 increased with the application of melatonin without statistically significance (361.32 ± 235.22 pg/ml vs 262.58 ± 233.92 pg/ml). Nitrotyrosine concentrations showed values below to the detectability pattern (<0.001 nM) in Optic Density curve. Bone density in panoramic sections at socket after melatonin application showed no significant difference (561.98 ± 105.92 HU vs 598.82 ± 209.03 HU). In cross sections, bone density in the alveolar region showed no significant difference(377.42 ± 125.67 HU vs 347.56 ± 97.02 HU). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this pilot study, no differences with the application of melatonin were found in terms of the concentration of interleukin-6 and bone density in post-extraction socket of retained mandibular third molars.

Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies.

Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.

Self-Esteem and Coping Strategies in Adolescent Cancer Patients during the Period of Illness and Follow-Up.

The importance of self-esteem during the course of oncological illness has been well-documented by some previous studies. However, data assessing its association with various coping strategies, especially considering the period of illness, are still scarce. The objective of this study is to analyze the differences in coping strategies among oncological adolescents, taking into account their self-esteem, illness period, age, and sex. A total of 201 oncological patients between the ages of 12 and 17 from three different Spanish cities were included in this study. All of them were asked to answer a tailored questionnaire, encompassing information about age, sex, and illness period. Additionally, the coping strategies were measured using the ACS scale, while self-esteem was evaluated using the SENA questionnaire. The results demonstrated that male adolescents and older individuals exhibited higher levels of self-esteem. The main coping strategies associated with higher self-esteem were "ignore the problem", "focus on positive", "physical recreation", and "wishful thinking" both during the treatment and the follow-up phases. We conclude that higher self-esteem is associated with some of the coping strategies such as "focus on positive", "ignore the problem", and "wishful thinking". Sociodemographic variables influence the relationship between self-esteem and coping strategies, but no differences were found regarding the period of illness.

A strip free gingival graft and a xenogeneic collagen matrix to increase keratinized tissue after vertical bone augmentation.

PURPOSE: After vertical bone augmentation (VBA) surgery, loss of both keratinized tissue (KT) and vestibule depth (VD) take place. This article evaluated KT gain, patient satisfaction, and aesthetic outcomes after a modified apically repositioned flap (ARF) in combination with a strip-free gingival graft (FGG) harvested from the palate and a xenogeneic collagen matrix (XCM) to correct mucogingival distortion (MGD) after VBA. This technique minimizes patient morbidity by reducing the need for extensive masticatory mucosa grafts. MATERIALS: The study included 12 patients with ≤3 mm KT after vertical augmentation procedures. KT gain and tissue thickness were measured. Patient morbidity and aesthetic outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-four months after surgery, significant VD gain was observed, obtaining a vertical KT augmentation of 5.38 ± 2.06 mm, although tissue thickness increase was only 0.42 ± 0.42mm. Regarding patient satisfaction, aesthetic results evaluating tissue color and texture were satisfactory; the pain was slight, obtaining a score of 2.10 ± 1.13 out of 10, measured using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). CONCLUSION: The present retrospective case series study shows that using an apically repositioned flap combined with a strip FGG and an XCM might offer a valid means of achieving KT gain.

Bread Biopreservation through the Addition of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Sourdough.

Nowadays, the consumer seeks to replace synthetic preservatives with biopreservation methods, such as sourdough in bread. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used as starter cultures in many food products. In this work, commercial yeast bread and sourdough breads were prepared as controls, as well as sourdough breads with L. plantarum 5L1 lyophilized. The impact of L. plantarum 5L1 on the properties of bread was studied. Antifungal compounds and the impact on the protein fraction by the different treatments in doughs and breads were also analyzed. In addition, the biopreservation capacity of the treatments in breads contaminated with fungi was studied and the mycotoxin content was analyzed. The results showed significant differences with respect to the controls in the properties of the bread and a higher total phenolic and lactic acid content in breads with higher amounts of L. plantarum 5L1. In addition, there was a higher content of alcohol and esters. Furthermore, adding this starter culture produced hydrolysis of the 50 kDa band proteins. Finally, the higher concentration of L. plantarum 5L1 delayed fungal growth and reduced the content of AFB1 and AFB2 compared to the control.

Carotid resistive index in treated hypertensive patients: relationship with target organ damage.

AIM: The resistive index (RI) is a hemodynamic parameter that reflects local wall extensibility and related vascular resistance. We analyze the relationship between common carotid RI and target organ damage in treated hypertensive patients. METHODS: We analyzed 265 consecutive hypertensive patients. Risk factors, cardiovascular history and treatments were collected; blood test, urinary albumin excretion (UAE), echocardiography to determine left ventricular mass index (LVMI), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and carotid echo-Doppler ultrasound to calculate the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and RI of both common carotids arteries were performed. RESULTS: A positive correlation was found between carotid RI and age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, carotid IMT, LVMI, UAE and a negative correlation was found with diastolic blood pressure and ABI. Subjects at the top quartile of carotid RI showed a higher prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy and peripheral artery disease (increased IMT, carotid plaques and lower ABI) compared with those with low RI (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and LVMI independently influence carotid RI. CONCLUSION: Carotid RI is related with age, systolic-diastolic blood pressure and LVMI in hypertensive patient. This evaluation could predict the presence of early cardiovascular damage and provide an accurate estimation of overall risk in this population.

Mindfulness-based psychotherapy in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A meta-analytical Study.

Background/Objective: Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of special relevance in mental health, however, not all patients respond adequately to traditional intervention systems. The present work aims to study the usefulness of mindfulness-based interventions in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Method: An exhaustive search of the literature between 1996 and 2021 allowed us to locate 11 published articles. The effect size was the pretest-posttest standardized mean change calculated for obsession-compulsion, as well as depression symptoms and conscious coping. Results: he results showed mean effect sizes for mindfulness in the reduction of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (d + = 0.648) and, to a lesser extent, depression (d + = 0.417) and the improvement in Mindfull coping (d + = 0.509). There was no significant decrease in effect size when mindfulness was applied in patients with residual symptoms from previous treatments. Conclusions: These results are promising regarding the usefulness of the application of intervention programs based on mindfulness in people with obsessive compulsive disorder, both as an alternative option and as a complementary treatment to more traditional intervention formats.

Family care prior to the admission of the elderly in a nursing home and continuity in family care: A comparative study of Colombia and Spain.

This study examined the background before admission to a nursing home and the conditions for the continuity of care, of the relatives of older adults of Colombia and Spain. The study sample comprised 546 participants: 278 and 268 from Colombia and Spain, respectively. Structured interviews were conducted with the older adults' relatives. Sociodemographic similarities predominated, although in the Colombian sample there were significantly more unrelated people. Similarities in previous and current care conditions also predominated too. Cluster 1 included all the cases of Colombian low-resource nursing homes, and Cluster 2 included all the relatives of Colombian high-resource nursing homes and all the Spanish centers. The type of nursing home was the variable more important to identify the abovementioned clusters. Conclusions: Family members from Colombia and Spain continue to care for the elderly admitted to geriatric homes. The type of geriatric center is what establishes the differences in the users.

Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) and leukocyte-platelet rich fibrin (L-PRF): comparative release of growth factors and biological effect on osteoblasts.

PURPOSE: To compare the release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) and leucocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and to evaluate their biological implication in osteoblasts. METHODS: Blood from 3 healthy volunteers was processed into PRGF, immediate L-PRF (L-PRF 0') and L-PRF 30 min after collection (L-PRF-30') and a control group. Growth factors release were analyzed at 7 times by ELISA. Cell proliferation, collagen-I synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity were assessed in primary cultures of human osteoblasts. RESULTS: A slower controlled release of IGF-I, VEGF and PDGF was observed in the PRGF group at day 14. A higher synthesis of type I collagen was also quantified in PRGF. L-PRF released significantly higher amounts of IL-1ß, that was almost absent in the PRGF. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of leukocytes dramatically increases the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which are likely to negatively influence the synthesis of type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) by osteoblasts.

Pathological ankle-brachial index is equivalent of advanced age in acute coronary syndromes.

BACKGROUND: Age is one the factors associated with poor prognosis in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and elderly patients are a high-risk collective with few parameters for mid-term cardiovascular stratification. We aimed to assess the predictive value of ankle-brachial index (ABI) in patients (> 75 years) for 1-year mortality after an ACS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, observational and multicentre study of ACS patients in whom ABI was assessed during hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 1·054 patients were included, mean age 66·6 (11·7) years from whom 26·6% were > 75 years. Elderly patients showed more history of cardiovascular disease and higher prevalence of all risk factors, except current smoking. Angiography and revascularization were performed less frequently in the elderly. Patients > 75 years showed higher presence of three vessel coronary disease and received fewer guideline-recommended treatments. Patients who died through the follow-up, mean time 387·9 ± 7·2 days, had lower ABI (0·73 ± 0·24 vs. 0·92 ± 0·22; P < 0·01), also in the elderly patients (0·73 ± 0·24 vs. 0·86 ± 0·23; P < 0·01). Cox regression analysis identified age > 75 years (HR: 2·30; IC 95% 1·26-4·18; P < 0·01) and ABI < 0·90 (HR: 3·58; IC 95% 1·80-7·15; P < 0·01) as risk factors for to 1-year mortality. Mortality was similar in elderly patients with ABI > 0·90 and young patients with ABI < 0·90; the worst prognosis was observed in elderly patients with ABI < 0·90 (HR: 10·01; 95% CI 3·74-27·15). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients represent a relevant collective of patients with ACS and are treated less optimally. ABI predicts 1-year mortality after an ACS in elderly patients.

Bio-Preservative Potential of Microorganisms Isolated from Red Grape against Food Contaminant Fungi.

Fungal spoilage is one of the main reasons of economic losses in the food industry, especially in the wine sector. Consequently, the search for safer and new preservation techniques has gained importance in recent years. The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic activity from 28 microorganisms (MO) isolated from red grape. The antifungal activity of a cell free supernatant of fermented medium by the isolated MO (CFS) was tested with the agar diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) assay. Additionally, different antifungal compounds from the CFS were identified and quantified (organic acids, phenolic compounds, and volatile organic compounds). Finally, the most active CFS were tested as red grape bio-preservative agents. Results evidenced that CFS fermented by the strain UTA 6 had the highest antifungal activity, above all isolates, and produced a wide pool of antifungal compounds. The use of UTA 6 CFS as bio-preservative agent showed a reduction of 0.4 and 0.6 log10 spores per gram of fruit in grapes contaminated by A. flavus and B. cinerea, respectively. Moreover, UTA 6 CFS treatment reduced the occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin (B2, B3, and B4) production in grapes contaminated by 28-100%.