A systematic study for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media using Sorghum bicolor: an efficient biosorbent.

This review is based on the adsorption characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media. Different parameters like pH, temperature of the medium, sorghum concentration, sorghum particle size, contact time, stirring speed and heavy metal concentration control the adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass for heavy metal ions. Sorghum biomass showed maximum efficiency for removal of heavy metal ions in the pH range of 5 to 6. It is an agricultural waste and is regarded as the cheapest biosorbent, having high adsorption capacity for heavy metals as compared to other reported adsorbents, for the treatment of heavy metal polluted wastewater. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto sorghum biomass follows pseudo second order kinetics. Best fitted adsorption isotherm models for removal of heavy metal ions on sorghum biomass are Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic aspects of heavy metal ions adsorption onto sorghum biomass have also been elaborated in this review article. How adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass can be improved by different physical and chemical treatments in future has also been elaborated. This review article will be highly useful for researchers working in the field of water treatment via biosorption processing. The quantitative demonstrated efficiency of sorghum biomass for various heavy metal ions has also been highlighted in different sections of this review article.

Therapeutic benefits and side effects of Azathioprine and Aspirin in treatment of childhood primary arterial stroke.

BACKGROUND: Childhood primary angiitis of central nervous system (cPACNS) is rare idiopathic vasculitis most frequently in adults. Children with this disorder can present with a range of neurological symptoms and signs including decreased consciousness, seizures, hemiparesis, cranial nerve deficits, and cognitive deficits. Delayed diagnosis and treatment may compromise the outcome. Therapeutic modalities including Anti-Platelet agents, Corticosteroids, Azathioprine, Cyclophosphamide and other Immunomodulatory agents have been used with variable success. PURPOSE: We wanted to study a cohort of children with childhood primary angiitis of Central Nervous System (cPACNS); and evaluate efficacy and safety of their management. METHODS: Current study is an observational cohort study that included 68 patients admitted with acute ischemic strokes (AIS) within 14 days of symptoms onset at Department of Neurosciences at Children's Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from January 2009 to December 2010 with an age ≤16 years. They were subjected to physical examination laboratory and neuroimaging evaluation. They received pulses of intravenous steroids and/or Immunoglobulins for 4 weeks with maintenance dose of Azathioprine and low dose Aspirin for 24 months and kept on follow for 2 years. RESULTS: Sixty eight patients were included; 42 (62.76%) boys and 26 (38.23%) girls whose mean age was 8.5 ± 3.5 years. Presenting symptoms and signs included fever (20%), headache (64%), disturbed consciousness (30%), seizures 55%, hemiparesis (60%), and motor deficit (70%). Neuroimaging studies revealed ischemic strokes in 50 patients (73.5%), hemorrhagic strokes in 10 (14.7%) and ischemic-hemorrhagic lesions in 8 (11.8%). Males with, deep coma and raised intracranial pressure were poor prognostic signs. Mortality was encountered in 12 patients (17.64%) with normal outcome in 11 (16.17%), minor disabilities in 14 (20.59%), moderate disabilities in 11 (16.17%) and severe disabilities in 20 (29.41%). CONCLUSIONS: Characteristic features of cPACNS on presentation may predict later progression and outcome, identify high-risk patients which may guide selection of patients for immunosuppressive therapy. Further studies are required to substantiate our findings regarding immunosuppressive therapy for such patients.