Is Viewing Sexually Explicit Material Cheating on Your Partner? A Comparison Between the United States and Spain.

This cross-sectional study examined whether university students from the U.S. (n = 392) and Spain (n = 200) considered the viewing of sexually explicit material (SEM) to be tantamount to committing infidelity. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 36 (U.S. sample) and 18 to 35 (Spain sample), respectively. At both universities, the study was made available to students via a computer program that allows recruitment and completion of the questionnaires online. It was found that the majority of U.S. and Spanish participants (73 and 77%, respectively) indicated that they did not consider viewing SEM as an act of infidelity. Also, overall, U.S. participants, those who were not currently in a relationship, and those who do not view SEM, were significantly more likely to believe that viewing SEM constituted infidelity compared to Spanish participants, those currently in a relationship, and those who view SEM. Finally, it was found that among U.S. and Spanish participants, intolerance of infidelity in general, negative attitudes toward SEM, and the proclivity for jealousy significantly correlated with believing that viewing SEM was tantamount to infidelity. For U.S. participants only, religiosity and (low) self-esteem also correlated with the belief that viewing SEM was infidelity. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Parental Influence on Their Adult Children's Sexual Values: A Multi-National Comparison Between the United States, Spain, Costa Rica, and Peru.

We examined the influence of perceived parental sexual values, religiosity, and family environment on young adults' sexual values from the United States (n = 218), Spain (n = 240), Costa Rica (n = 172), and Peru (n = 105). On average, and across the four national groups, the messages young adults received from their parents about broad domains of sexual behaviors (masturbation, non-intercourse types of heterosexual sexual activity, premarital sex, same-sex activity, and cohabiting) were unequivocally restrictive. By contrast, across the four groups, young adults on average held rather permissive sexual values and their values differed significantly from those of their parents. Moreover, the nature of perceived parental sexual values (restrictive vs. permissive) was not associated significantly with young adults' sexual values, age of sexual debut, or number of sexual partners. Comparatively, Spanish young adults held the most permissive sexual values, whereas US young adults held the most restrictive sexual values. Religiosity was the strongest predictor of young adults' sexual values, followed by perceived parental sexual values and influence. In conclusion, it appears that despite having perceived restrictive parental messages about sex, these young adults currently hold permissive sexual attitudes, thus calling into question the influence parents actually have on their adult children's sexual values.

A relaxation technique enhances psychological well-being and immune parameters in elderly people from a nursing home: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The aging process involves a decline in immune functioning that renders elderly people more vulnerable to disease. In residential programs for the aged, it is vital to diminish their risk of disease, promote their independence, and augment their psychological well-being and quality of life. METHODS: We performed a randomized controlled study, evaluating the ability of a relaxation technique based on Benson's relaxation response to enhance psychological well-being and modulate the immune parameters of elderly people living in a geriatric residence when compared to a waitlist control group. The study included a 2-week intervention period and a 3-month follow-up period. The main outcome variables were psychological well-being and quality of life, biomedical variables, immune changes from the pre-treatment to post-treatment and follow-up periods. RESULTS: Our findings reveal significant differences between the experimental and control groups in CD19, CD71, CD97, CD134, and CD137 lymphocyte subpopulations at the end of treatment. Furthermore, there was a decrease in negative affect, psychological discomfort, and symptom perception in the treatment group, which increased participants' quality of life scores at the three-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents a first approach to the application of a passive relaxation technique in residential programs for the elderly. The method appears to be effective in enhancing psychological well-being and modulating immune activity in a group of elderly people. This relaxation technique could be considered an option for achieving health benefits with a low cost for residential programs, but further studies using this technique in larger samples of older people are needed to confirm the trends observed in the present study. TRIAL REGISTRATION: International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Register ISRCTN85410212.

Validation of a Spanish version of the Lille apathy rating scale for Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: To date, no rating scales for detecting apathy in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients have been validated in Spanish. For this reason, the aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of Lille apathy rating scale (LARS) in a cohort of PD patients from Spain. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 130 PD patients and 70 healthy controls were recruited to participate in the study. Apathy was measured using the Spanish version of LARS and the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI). Reliability (internal consistency, test-retest, and interrater reliability) and validity (construct, content, and criterion validity) were measured. RESULTS: Interrater reliability was 0.93. Cronbach's α for LARS was 0.81. The test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.97. The correlation between LARS and NPI scores was 0.61. The optimal cutoff point under the ROC curve was -14, whereas the value derived from healthy controls was -11. The prevalence of apathy in our population tested by LARS was 42%. CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of LARS is a reliable and useful tool for diagnosing apathy in PD patients. Total LARS score is influenced by the presence of depression and cognitive impairment. However, both disorders are independent identities with respect to apathy. The satisfactory reliability and validity of the scale make it an appropriate instrument for screening and diagnosing apathy in clinical practice or for research purposes.

Validation of the Spanish version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E).

INTRODUCTION: To translate and validate into Spanish (Spain) the screening instrument of major depressive episodes (MDEs), Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory in Epilepsy (NDDI-E), in patients with epilepsy. METHODS: A total of 121 outpatients, aged 18 years and older, with a diagnosis of epilepsy were included. The diagnosis of a current major depressive episode (MDE) was established with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). RESULTS: A diagnosis of current MDE was established in 20% of the patients with the MINI. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.89, with an internal consistency of 0.78. At a cutoff score >13, 22% of patients were considered to suffer from MDE with the NDDI-E (sensitivity: 84%; specificity: 78%; positive predictive value: 64.7%; and negative predictive value: 92.2%). DISCUSSION: The Spanish-Spain version of the NDDI-E appears to be a good screening instrument to identify MDE.

Validation of a mobility item bank for older patients in primary care.

BACKGROUND: To develop and validate an item bank to measure mobility in older people in primary care and to analyse differential item functioning (DIF) and differential bundle functioning (DBF) by sex. METHODS: A pool of 48 mobility items was administered by interview to 593 older people attending primary health care practices. The pool contained four domains based on the International Classification of Functioning: changing and maintaining body position, carrying, lifting and pushing, walking and going up and down stairs. RESULTS: The Late Life Mobility item bank consisted of 35 items, and measured with a reliability of 0.90 or more across the full spectrum of mobility, except at the higher end of better functioning. No evidence was found of non-uniform DIF but uniform DIF was observed, mainly for items in the changing and maintaining body position and carrying, lifting and pushing domains. The walking domain did not display DBF, but the other three domains did, principally the carrying, lifting and pushing items. CONCLUSIONS: During the design and validation of an item bank to measure mobility in older people, we found that strength (carrying, lifting and pushing) items formed a secondary dimension that produced DBF. More research is needed to determine how best to include strength items in a mobility measure, or whether it would be more appropriate to design separate measures for each construct.

[Short physical performance battery reference values for patients 70 years-old and over in primary health care]. / Valores de referencia de la Short Physical Performance Battery para pacientes de 70 y más años en atención primaria de salud.

OBJECTIVE: To provide new reference values for the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) for patients 70 years-old and over in primary health care (PHC), and analyse their relationship with demographic data, physical function, health and clinical status. DESIGN: Baseline interviews and observations of a longitudinal study on physical function and adverse health results. SETTING: Five Primary Care Centres in the provinces of Alicante and Valencia. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 593 persons 70 years-old and over. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The SPPB was applied using direct observation, and the rest of the variables by interview. Reference values were calculated according to sex and three age groups (70-75, 76-80, > 80 years), and the validity of the Battery was analysed using association statistics with the demographic, clinical, and function data. RESULTS: The reference values showed a poor performance in women, and a gradually poorer performance through the three age groups. The SPPB was significantly associated (P < 0.01) with age, sex, number of drugs taken, morbidity, body mass index, dependency in basic activities of daily living (BADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) for health reasons, the 10-item Physical Functioning Scale (PF-10), depression and health perception. CONCLUSIONS: The reference values of the complete SPPB by age and sex are provided, based category scores in Primary Care patients 70 years-old and over. The Battery results can give a rapid and valid assessment of the functional state of elderly patient in Primary Care.

Challenge of phosphorus control in hemodialysis patients: a problem of adherence?

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated nonadherence to phosphate binders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of adherence of our hemodialysis (HD) patients to phosphate binders and to determine which variables were related to nonadherence to treatment. METHODS: In 165 HD patients, the degree of adherence to the drugs prescribed was studied using the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of patients, 40% were nonadherent. Specific nonadherence to phosphate binder and hypotensive medication was admitted by 21% and 13% of patients, respectively. Nonadherent patients had significantly higher mean serum phosphorus (P) (4.7 ± 0.9 mg/dL vs. 4.4 ± 0.7 mg/dL; p=0.007) and potassium levels (6.3 ± 4.4 mEq/L vs. 5.3 ± 1.4 mEq/L; p=0.04). There was a statistically significant association between mean P levels >5.5 mg/dL in the last 6 months and nonadherence to treatment (X2=4.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.0-6.6; p=0.02). No relationship was found between patients with blood pressure levels >140/90 mm Hg and nonadherence to hypotensive medication (X2=0.02; 95% CI, 0.2-4.1; p=0.88). Patients specifically nonadherent to phosphate binders were more likely to have P levels >5.5 mg/dL (X2=4.7; 95% CI, 1.07-6.5; p=0.03). No statistically significant association was found between patients noncompliant with hypotensive agents and those noncompliant with phosphate binders (X2=0.39; 95% CI, 0.4-4.7; p=0.53). There were no significant differences between adherent and nonadherent patients in terms of age, time on hemodialysis, Charlson Comorbidity Index, number of drugs prescribed and number of tablets per day (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Nonadherence to pharmacological treatment in dialysis patients is high. Nonadherence to phosphate binders was greater than for hypotensive agents, did not coexist in the same patients and had a greater impact on target achievement.

Violated expectations and acculturative stress among U.S. Hispanic immigrants.

Expectancy violation theory (EVT) was tested with 112 Hispanic immigrants living in the United States by determining whether discrepancies between their retrospectively recalled pre-migration expectations about life in the United States and their post-migration (actual) experiences in the United States would predict their levels of acculturative stress. Discrepancies were assessed in 4 domains (ability to communicate with English speakers, perceiving their communities and the United States as safe, obtaining adequate employment, and experiencing racism). Overall, the results indicated that discrepancies between pre-migration expectations and post-migration experiences were associated significantly with acculturative stress, although some of the findings were counter to EVT. Also, on the basis of a hierarchical regression analysis, the discrepancies significantly, albeit modestly, contributed to the prediction of acculturative stress beyond the predictive ability of general demographic variables and post-migration experiences. Implications for clinical interventions and research opportunities with EVT and Hispanic immigrants are discussed.

Emotional distress and health-related quality of life in patients on hemodialysis: the clinical value of COOP-WONCA charts.

BACKGROUND: A significant percentage of patients on hemodialysis (HD) present with affective disorders such as anxiety and/or depression. The purpose of this study was to explore adaptive mixed affective disorders of patients on HD and to analyze the clinical value of a brief health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) instrument, the COOP-WONCA charts, in our population of HD patient. METHODS: Seventy-five patients (mean age 49.2 years; range 20.1-64.9), who had been on HD for a mean 110 months (range 6.1-364.5 months) were studied. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Hamilton Scale of Depression (HDRS) and Hamilton Scale of Anxiety (HARS) were used. To evaluate patient HRQoL, we used the validated Spanish version of the COOP-WONCA charts. RESULTS: Of the 75 patients studied, 44.0% (BDI) and 53.4% (HDRS) had some depressive symptoms which were moderate-severe in 14.7% (BDI) and in 22.7% (HDRS). Anxiety symptoms were observed in 46.6% of the patients (13.3% were of moderate-severe degree). There was a high level of association between both depression scales (BDI and HDRS) (r=0.70; p<0.001), as well as between both scales and the HARS (HDRS, r=0.82; p<0.001; BDI, r=0.53; p<0.001). The most affected dimensions of the COOP-WONCA charts were "Physical fitness" and "Overall health," whereas the least affected were "Social activities" and "Daily activities." The global score of the COOP-WONCA charts was associated with the presence of depressive (BDI, r=0.64, and HDRS, r=0.75; p<0.001) and anxiety symptoms (HARS, r=0.52; p<0.001). A score of >or= 3 corresponding to the dimension "Feelings" on the COOP-WONCA charts allowed the detection of 81.8% of the patients with clinically significant depressive symptoms (BDI >18), with a sensitivity of 96.8% and a specificity of 75% for this cutoff point. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients on HD present with mixed emotional disorders (anxiety and/or depression); a good correlation is observed between HRQoL and the levels of anxiety and depression in these patients; and measuring HRQoL with the COOP-WONCA charts may help diagnose such problems.

Smoking expectancies in smokers and never smokers: an examination of the smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Spanish.

The factor structure of smoking expectancies was examined in daily smokers and never smokers. Participants completed the Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Spanish (SCQ-Spanish; [Cepeda-Benito, A., & Reig-Ferrer, A. (2000). Smoking consequences questionnaire-Spanish. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 14, 219-230.]). Using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the eight-factor structure of the SCQ-Spanish was replicated in smokers only. Except for beliefs about negative-health outcome expectancies, daily smoking rate was strongly associated with all types of smoking outcome expectancies. In comparison to men, women smokers reported greater weight control and negative-affect reduction consequences from smoking. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) suggested a four-factor structure for the scores of never smokers. The findings represent not only the first cross-validation of the SCQ-Spanish but they were also congruent with the notion that first-hand smoking experience is not necessary for the development of multifaceted smoking expectancies. Nonetheless, the finding of a more complex factors structure in smokers than in never smokers is in line with the hypothesis that drug-use expectancies become more complex with drug-use experience.

Assessment of health-related quality of life in chronic dialysis patients with the COOP/WONCA charts.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present work was to determine the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of our patients on hemodialysis using the COOP/WONCA charts. A further aim was to explore its psychometric characteristics. METHODS: The present study included all patients attending the hemodialysis unit of our hospital. The comparative study of the results was conducted with other population groups in which this questionnaire has been applied previously (primary-care patients, their accompanying persons, pregnant women, Alzheimer patient carers and drug addicts). The dimensional structure of the questionnaire was explored by factorial analysis of principal components, and internal consistency was evaluated with the Cronbach alpha factor. Concurrent validity was determined by comparative analysis of the results of the COOP/WONCA charts with those of another questionnaire, the 36-item short form of the Quality of Life Score (SF-36). To do so, 60 randomly chosen patients completed both questionnaires. RESULTS: 98.9% of patients completed the COOP/WONCA charts in their entirety. The mean scores of all the charts, with the exception of overall health, are in the range of what could be called 'favorable area of quality of life' (below 3). With respect to the rest of the groups, the dialysis patients had the best scores on the 'feelings' and 'social activities' charts and none of the worst ones. The joint factorial analysis revealed that the questionnaire has a 3-factor structure: factor 1 or daily functioning, factor 2 or quality of life and health, factor 3 or the psychosocial factor. The Cronbach alpha value for the 9 charts was 0.766. All the correlations between equivalent dimensions of questionnaires COOP/WONCA and SF-36 were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The convergent validity mean was 0.57 and the discriminant validity mean was 0.22, appreciably lower than convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that the process of psychological adaptation to problems deriving from dialysis is satisfactory. Moreover, the COOP/WONCA charts are a useful instrument for the determination of the HRQOL in hemodialysis patients without losing psychometric quality.

Development of a brief questionnaire of smoking urges--Spanish.

Using 2 different samples of smokers, the authors developed and cross-validated a Spanish, brief version of the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU; S. T. Tiffany & D. J. Drobes, 1991). The smokers in Study 1 (N = 245) and Study 2 (N = 225) were from the province of Alicante, Spain. In both samples, a 2-factor model provided an excellent fit for a 10-item, all positively worded version of the QSU. Moreover, in both studies each factor uniquely contributed to predict nicotine dependence. Overall, there was clear evidence of construct validity for the multidimensionality of smoking cravings among Spanish smokers.

Utility of the Spanish translation of the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised in Spain.

This study examined psychometric characteristics of the Spanish translation of the Marital Satisfaction Inventory-Revised (MSI-R) in a community sample of 205 couples from Spain. Overall, analyses of the scales' internal consistency compared favorably with findings for both the English and Spanish versions of this instrument with U.S. samples. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed similar scale factor structures across the original measure and Spanish translation, lending further support to using the MSI-R with couples from diverse cultural backgrounds whose sole or preferred language is Spanish. Mean profile comparisons between the current Spanish sample and the original standardization sample revealed significant differences on several scales. Implications of findings for clinical applications and further research are discussed.

Psychological homelessness and enculturative stress among US-deported Salvadorans: a preliminary study with a novel approach.

The purpose of this study was to examine the construct psychological homelessness-feelings of not belonging in one's home country-within the context of deported Salvadorans' enculturation to El Salvador. Participants (n = 66) who had been deported from the United States completed a set of questionnaires related to their deportation experience. Results indicated that deportees, in various degrees, experienced the phenomenon of psychological homelessness and enculturative stress related to living in El Salvador. As hypothesized, enculturative stress related to re-adapting to life in El Salvador significantly correlated with psychological homelessness after controlling for time spent in the United States, acculturation, and enculturation. Additional analyses revealed that maladaptive cognitions related to the deportation experience also predicted psychological homelessness. Our findings suggest psychological homelessness appears to be a valid construct and is experienced by many undocumented immigrants.

What do older people understand by mobility-related difficulties?

UNLABELLED: Despite the centrality of the difficulty concept in the study of disability, there has been little research on its significance from the point of view of people with functional limitations. The main objective of this study was to describe what older people understand when asked about difficulty in undertaking mobility activities. As a secondary objective, we considered whether there are any differences depending on the type of activities, according to the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) mobility domains. METHODS: Seventeen community-dwelling men and women aged 70 years old or over were interviewed by means of a questionnaire containing 55 items covering the ICF mobility domains. The participants responded to the items while thinking aloud, saying what led them to give a specific answer about their level of difficulty. Inductive content analysis was conducted and categories, subthemes and themes were identified. RESULTS: Causes of difficulty (pathologies, impairments, symptoms) and accommodations (task modifications and use of aids) were the two themes identified; and their importance (and that of the subthemes included) varied across the types of activity. All the participants said that they had no difficulty in at least one task, despite mentioning changes in the way they performed them. CONCLUSIONS: Older people's opinions were consistent with theoretical models of disability and with the standard practice of measuring functional limitations by asking about the degree of difficulty; however, the design of these measures needs to be improved in order to detect perceptions of no difficulty in the presence of task modification.

Confiabilidad y validez de criterio del cuestionario del sentido de la vida en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica / Reliability and criterion validity of the meaning in life scale in chilean chronic hemodialysis patients

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la confiabilidad y validez de criterio de la versión española del Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida (Meaning in Life Scale, MiLS) en pacientes chilenos en hemodiálisis crónica. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo transversal, sobre una muestra consecutiva de 244 personas en hemodiálisis crónica, beneficiarios del Servicio de Salud de la Región de Ñuble. El cuestionario MiLS consta de 21 ítems y cuatro dimensiones: Propósito de Vida, Falta de Significado, Paz Interior y Beneficios de la Espiritualidad. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva y análisis correlacional. La consistencia interna se determinó mediante el a de Cronbach. Los datos fueron analizados con el software estadístico SPSS v. 23. Resultados: La consistencia interna del cuestionario fue de 0,82. La puntuación global normalizada fue de 6,3. La puntuación global del cuestionario al igual que sus dimensiones correlacionan significativamente con todas las subvariables de bienestar subjetivo (p <0,01). Conclusión: El Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida ha mostrado ser un instrumento viable, fiable y presentar apropiada validez de criterio para evaluar el bienestar espiritual de las personas en hemodiálisis. La evaluación del bienestar espiritual puede ser de utilidad para la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the reliability and criterion validity of the Spanish version of the Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS) in Chilean chronic hemodialysis patients. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study on a consecutive sample of 244 patients under chronic hemodialysis in the Ñuble Region Health Service. The MiLS questionnaire consists of 21 items and 4 dimensions: Life Purpose, Lack of Meaning, Inner Peace and Benefits of Spirituality. Descriptive statistics and correlational analysis were applied. Internal consistency was determined using Cronbach's a. Data were analyzed with the statistical software SPSS v. 23. Results: Internal consistency of the questionnaire was 0.82. Standard global score was 6.3. The overall questionnaire score as well as the dimensions correlate significantly with all subjective well-being variables (p <0.01). Conclusions: The Meaning in Life Questionnaire has been shown to be a viable, reliable instrument and to present appropriate criterion validity to evaluate the spiritual well-being of patients under hemodialysis therapy. Consequently, the evaluation of spiritual well-being may be useful for clinical practice.

Evaluation of spiritual well-being in haemodialysis patients.

INTRODUCTION: Spirituality can be defined as a personal search for meaning and purpose in life that may or may not encompass religion. In this article we report on the development and testing of an instrument for measuring spiritual well-being within a sample of haemodialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The main instrument, a 21-item Meaning in Life Scale (MiLS), comprises four scales: Life Perspective, Purpose and Goals, Confusion and Lessened Meaning, Harmony and Peace, and Benefits of Spirituality. A total score for spiritual well-being is also produced. We also used the following variables: clinical (time on haemodialysis, modified Charlson comorbidity index), sociodemographic (age, gender), and self-assessments of health, quality of life (general and recent), personal happiness, religiosity, and belief in the afterlife. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 94 haemodialysis patients. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that the MiLS-Sp is a psychometrically sound measure of spiritual well-being for dialysis patients (reliability, validity) as they manage the complex demands of a chronic illness. Spiritual well-being was significantly associated with various quality of life variables, health status, personal happiness, or religiosity in patients on dialysis. There was no relationship between spirituality scores and comorbidity, HD duration, gender, or age. Spiritual well-being is relatively low in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION: Spirituality may play an important role on psychological well-being, quality of life, and self-rated health for patients on haemodialysis. Spiritual well-being in these patients is relatively low. Results suggest that assessing and addressing spiritual well-being in dialysis patients may be helpful in clinical practice.

Evaluación del bienestar espiritual en pacientes en cuidados paliativos / Assessment of spiritual well-being in palliative care patients

OBJETIVO: La evaluación del bienestar espiritual del paciente es un aspecto crítico y fundamental en la atención holística y multidisciplinar. Disponer de un instrumento válido de evaluación de la espiritualidad con finalidad tanto investigadora como clínica es muy conveniente. En este estudio se examina la presencia de bienestar espiritual, o sentido de la vida, en pacientes en cuidados paliativos a través de un cuestionario con garantías psicométricas de calidad. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Han participado en este estudio con diseño transversal un total de 60 pacientes en cuidados paliativos. El instrumento básico empleado ha sido la versión española del Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida (Meaning in Life Scale), de 21 ítems y 4 escalas: Propósito, Falta de significado, Paz, y Beneficios de la espiritualidad. Se proporciona, también, una puntuación global de espiritualidad. Se registraron, además, variables de tipo clínico y sociodemográfico, así como estimaciones del estado de salud, calidad de vida (general y actual), felicidad personal, el grado de religiosidad y la creencia en la existencia de vida ultraterrena. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que la versión española de este instrumento (Cuestionario del Sentido de la Vida [Meaning in Life Scale]) es una medida de bienestar espiritual con garantías psicométricas de calidad (buena fiabilidad y validez), adecuada para evaluar la complejas exigencias generadas por la enfermedad crónica del paciente en cuidados paliativos. El bienestar espiritual se relaciona significativamente con diversas variables de calidad de vida, percepción de salud, felicidad personal o religiosidad. No existe una relación significativa entre las puntuaciones de espiritualidad y variables sociodemográficas como la edad o el sexo. La presencia de bienestar espiritual en estos pacientes es más baja de la esperada. CONCLUSIÓN: Este cuestionario de espiritualidad resulta un instrumento válido para valorar las 4 dimensiones básicas del bienestar espiritual. Los resultados sugieren que considerar y evaluar el bienestar espiritual de los pacientes en cuidados paliativos puede ser de ayuda para la práctica clínica. La presencia de espiritualidad parece desempeñar un papel importante en el bienestar psicológico, el estado de salud y la calidad de vida percibidos por el paciente en cuidados paliativos. El grado de bienestar espiritual de estos pacientes es relativamente bajo

OBJECTIVE: Assessing spiritual well-being is an essential and critical aspect of holistic and multidisciplinary patient care practice. A valid assessment of spirituality is necessary for clinical and research purposes. This study examined the presence of spiritual well-being, or meaning in life, in palliative care patients using a psychometrically-sound questionnaire of spirituality. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 60 palliative care patients. The main instrument, a Spanish-language version of the 21-item Meaning in Life Scale, comprises 4 scales: PURPOSE, Lessened Meaning, Peace, and Benefits of Spirituality. A total score for Spiritual well-being is also achieved. The following variables were also used: clinical, sociodemographic and assessments on self-rated health, quality of life (general and recently), personal happiness, religiosity, and belief in an afterlife. Results: Results of this study demonstrated that the Meaning in Life Scale is a psychometrically-sound measure of spiritual well-being for the palliative care patient (good reliability and validity), as they manage the complex demands of a chronic illness. Spiritual well-being was significantly associated with various quality of life variables, health status, personal happiness, or religiosity in patients on palliative care. No association was found between spirituality scores and sex or age. The presence of spiritual well-being in palliative care patients was lower than expected. CONCLUSION: This spirituality questionnaire is a valid instrument to assess 4 core dimensions of spiritual well-being. The results suggest that to address and assess spiritual well-being with palliative care patients may be helpful for clinical praxis. Spirituality may play an important role in the psychological well-being, quality of life, and self-rated health for palliative care patients. Spiritual well-being in these patients was relatively low

¿Existe Violencia Escolar en Educación Infantil y Primaria? Una propuesta para su evaluación y gestión / Does School Violence Occur in Preschool and Primary Education? An Assessment and Management Proposal

La tradición investigadora de la violencia escolar se ha centrado fundamentalmente en los últimos ciclos de Educación Primaria y en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, abordándose muy poco la presencia, características, evaluación e intervención de los problemas interpersonales en edades tempranas. El objetivo del presente estudio es la construcción y validación de un cuestionario que identifique el inicio y las formas más frecuentes de violencia escolar en los primeros años de escolarización para diseñar programas de prevención eficaces. Los participantes fueron 195 niños/as del último curso de educación infantil y primer ciclo de educación primaria. La investigación realizada ha mostrado que el instrumento denominado Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria (CEVEIP) presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. El instrumento consta de 27 ítems en formato de autoinforme que evalúa siete tipologías de violencia que se dan en el contexto escolar en edades tempranas desde tres perspectivas: violencia observada, vivida y realizada. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el comportamiento violento está presente desde los primeros años de escolarización, siendo éste de baja o moderada frecuencia e intensidad. Estos niveles de violencia podrían ser aprovechados en el ámbito educativo para una gestión más positiva en el desarrollo personal del alumno/a (AU)

Traditional research on school violence has focused mainly on the later primary education grades and on secondary education, and has barely addressed the presence, characteristics, assessment, and intervention of interpersonal problems at early ages. The aim of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that identifies the onset and the most frequent forms of school violence in the first years of schooling in order to design effective prevention programs. The study participants were 195 children from the last year of preschool and the first stage of primary education. The research carried out demonstrates that the instrument, the Questionnaire for the Assessment of School Violence in the Preschool and Primary School (Cuestionario de Evaluación de Violencia Escolar en Infantil y Primaria, CEVEIP), has adequate psychometric properties. The instrument includes 27 self-report items that assess seven typologies of violence that occur in the school setting at early ages from three perspectives: observed violence, experienced violence, and perpetrated violence. The results reveal that violent behaviour of a low or moderate frequency and intensity is present, beginning in the first years of schooling. These levels of violence could be better managed in the educational setting in order to enhance students´ personal development (AU)