Rate of malignancy in MRI-detected probably benign (BI-RADS 3) lesions.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the malignancy rate in MRI-detected probably benign (BI-RADS 3) lesions in women without a history of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 1265 patients underwent breast MRI during a 7-year period. One hundred and eight (8.5%) patients with a nonpalpable breast lesion classified as BI-RADS 3 at MRI and with a needle biopsy or adequate follow-up of at least 24 months were included. Statistical analysis included calculation of the negative predictive value with its 95% CI. RESULTS: Of 108 lesions, 107 (99.1%) were correctly assessed as probably benign, resulting in a negative predictive value of 99.1% (95% CI, 94.99-99.98%). Histopathology was requested by the patient or referring physician in 44 patients. Of these, 43 (39.8%) lesions were classified as benign and one (0.9%) as malignant. There were no changes evident in any of the remaining 64 (59.2%) lesions during follow-up (range, 2-9 years). CONCLUSION: In MRI-detected probably benign (BI-RADS 3) lesions, the malignancy rate is low and within the accepted cancer rate for mammographically or sonographically detected BI-RADS 3 lesions. Short-term follow-up MRI at intervals of 6, 12, and 24 months in MRI BI-RADS 3 lesions remains a strong tool with which to detect suspicious lesions. Interval changes in size, morphology, or enhancement are regarded as indicative of malignancy.

Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas and associated diseases.

BACKGROUND: Agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is a very rare congenital pancreatic malformation and is associated with some other diseases. METHODS: A PubMed search revealed 53 cases of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas. RESULTS: In 28 patients with this congenital malformation hyperglycemia was demonstrated, 27 had abdominal pain, 16 had pancreatitis, 14 had an enlarged or prominent pancreatic head visible on computed tomography, and in a few cases, polysplenia, which may occur with various congenital anomalies of visceral organs, was described. CONCLUSIONS: Difficulties involved in obtaining a firm diagnosis have led to a variety of terms being used to describe this congenital disease. Diagnosis of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas is inconclusive without demonstration of the absence of the dorsal pancreatic duct. Here we describe the embryological development of the pancreas, the so-far known cases of agenesis of the dorsal pancreas with associated medical problems, and the diagnostic measures to find the right conclusions.

Food malabsorption/intolerance complaints triggered by primary epiploic appendagitis.

Primary epiploic appendagitis (PEA) is an uncommon and self-limiting cause of acute or subacute abdominal complaints. The diagnosis of PEA, with its characteristic appearance, is made with computed tomography (CT). This report describes a patient seven months after a CT-confirmed diagnosis of PEA. Because of persistent and recurring, functional, non-specific abdominal complaints, food intolerance/malabsorption was investigated. Fructose malabsorption combined with histamine intolerance was found. A registered dietician helped develop an individually-tailored diet to address the problem. Within four days of beginning the fructose-free and histamine-reduced diet, the patient's complaints resolved. In conclusion, abdominal symptoms caused by fructose malabsorption and histamine intolerance may have been triggered by PEA in this patient.

Acute pulmonary embolism: comparison of standard axial MDCT with paddlewheel technique.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of rotated paddlewheel reformations for the detection of central and peripheral pulmonary embolism (PE) compared to standard axial multi detector CT (MDCT) images. MATERIAL AND METHODS: CT scans of 35 patients with PE were reviewed by three independent readers for the detection of pulmonary emboli using standard axial CT scans and reformatted paddlewheel technique. All images were evaluated in random order. MDCT examinations were performed with a collimation of 1.25 mm, a pitch of six and a reconstruction interval of 0.8mm. For each patient MIP were reformatted by using a paddlewheel arrangement with 5mm slab thickness and 5 degrees rotation. Standard of reference for PE was a consensus reading of the axial images by all three readers. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity for the axial images for the three readers ranged between 91% and 96%; for paddlewheel reformations from 78% to 83%; the specificity for both methods was 98-99%. Inter- and intraobserver agreement was also higher for axial images than for paddlewheel reformations. CONCLUSION: Comparing standard axial MDCT scans and reformatted paddlewheel images no significant difference for the detection of central PE was found, whereas for the detection of peripheral emboli standard axial images showed a significant higher percentage of detecting PE than paddlewheel reformations.

Heart rate-reducing therapy with add-on ivabradine and bisoprolol before coronary computed tomographic angiography in a fast-track ambulatory setting.

Objective This study was performed to determine whether add-on oral ivabradine in patients treated with beta blockers 1 hour before coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is effective in lowering the heart rate and thus improving CCTA quality. Methods In this single-center cohort study, the data of 294 patients referred for ambulant CCTA were retrospectively screened. Patients with an initial heart rate of ≥75 bpm (n = 112) were pretreated with either a combination of bisoprolol and ivabradine or with bisoprolol alone. Results During the scan, there was no difference in heart rate between the two groups Likewise, there was no significant difference in additionally administered intravenous bradycardic agents, the number of motion artifacts, or the radiation dose. Both drug regimens were tolerated well. Conclusion Additive oral ivabradine 1 hour before CCTA does not result in a further reduction of the heart rate. Consequently, neither movement artifacts nor radiation dose can be reduced. Therefore, pretreatment with ivabradine does not seem reasonably appropriate in an outpatient clinical setting with short patient contact.

3 Tesla breast MR imaging as a problem-solving tool: Diagnostic performance and incidental lesions.

PURPOSE: To investigate the diagnostic performance and incidental lesion yield of 3T breast MRI if used as a problem-solving tool. METHODS: This retrospective, IRB-approved, cross-sectional, single-center study comprised 302 consecutive women (mean: 50±12 years; range: 20-79 years) who were undergoing 3T breast MRI between 03/2013-12/2014 for further workup of conventional and clinical breast findings. Images were read by experienced, board-certified radiologists. The reference standard was histopathology or follow-up ≥ two years. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were calculated. Results were stratified by conventional and clinical breast findings. RESULTS: The reference standard revealed 53 true-positive, 243 true-negative, 20 false-positive, and two false-negative breast MRI findings, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 96.4% (53/55), 92.4% (243/263), 72.6% (53/73), and 99.2% (243/245), respectively. In 5.3% (16/302) of all patients, incidental MRI lesions classified BI-RADS 3-5 were detected, 37.5% (6/16) of which were malignant. Breast composition and the imaging findings that had led to referral had no significant influence on the diagnostic performance of breast MR imaging (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: 3T breast MRI yields excellent diagnostic results if used as a problem-solving tool independent of referral reasons. The number of suspicious incidental lesions detected by MRI is low, but is associated with a substantial malignancy rate.

Psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: findings in contrast-enhanced MRI.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to define typical MRI findings of the wrist and the hand in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen PsA and 21 RA patients with arthralgia of the wrist or hand joints underwent gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the wrist and hand. Two experienced radiologists interpreted abnormalities in consensus with respect to periarticular soft-tissue swelling, synovitis with or without effusion, periostitis, bone edema, bone erosions, bone cysts, and tenosynovitis. The distribution of the abnormalities also was evaluated. RESULTS: Erosions were statistically more frequent in patients with RA (p < 0.05). Periostitis was statistically seen more frequently in patients with PsA (p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of synovitis, bone marrow edema, bone cysts, and tenosynovitis between the two groups (p > 0.05). The radiocarpal joint, the midcarpal joints, the carpometacarpal joints, and the metacarpophalangeal joints were significantly affected more frequently in patients with RA than in patients with PsA (p < 0.05), whereas the proximal interphalangeal joints were significantly more frequently affected in patients with PsA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Periostitis and synovitis of the proximal interphalangeal joints are typical MRI findings in patients with PsA, whereas synovitis with erosions of the wrist, the midcarpal joints, the carpometacarpal joints, and the metacarpophalangeal joints are typical findings in patients with RA.

Endoscopic resection of juvenile angiofibromas--long term results.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long term outcome after endoscopic endonasal resection of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (JNA). METHODS: Retrospective study of a series of 21 consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic resection of JNA (type I - IIIa according to Fisch) at two Hospital Centers between 1993 and 2002. Mean follow-up was 51.7 months (range 5-120). Extension to the medial aspect of infratemporal fossa and retromaxillary space was no contraindication against an endonasal endoscopic approach. In three cases of type IIIa tumours a computer assisted intraoperative guiding system was applied (ENTrak, GE Medical, Lawrence, USA). RESULTS: Fifteen patients (71.4%) were free of disease after one endoscopic resection. Three patients (14.3%) had an unmistakable recurrence with the need for further treatment at 6, 14, and 23 months, respectively. Two of the three recurrent tumours have been successfully resected endoscopically, one case was treated with gamma knife. In three patients (14.3%) postoperative MRI showed localized enhanced signal, presumably minimal persistent tumour tissue. Without further treatment all of these patients remained free of symptoms and MRI follow up showed no tumour growth over three, five and ten years, respectively. No postoperative long term sequela was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of nasopharyngeal angiofibromas type I-IIIa can be safely achieved endoscopically. The advantage of this minimally invasive technique is avoidance of external scars and low morbidity. The intraoperative computer assisted guiding system ENTrak was highly accurate and provided substantial help in selected cases.

Breast MRI used as a problem-solving tool reliably excludes malignancy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of breast MRI if used as a problem-solving tool in BI-RADS 0 cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this IRB-approved, single-center study, 687 women underwent high-resolution-3D, dynamic contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between January 2012 and December 2012. Of these, we analyzed 111 consecutive patients (mean age, 51 ± 12 years; range, 20-83 years) categorized as BI-RADS 0. Breast MRI findings were stratified by clinical presentations, conventional imaging findings, and breast density. MRI results were compared to the reference standard, defined as histopathology or an imaging follow-up of at least 1 year. RESULTS: One hundred eleven patients with BI-RADS 0 conventional imaging findings revealed 30 (27%) mammographic masses, 57 (51.4%) mammographic architectural distortions, five (4.5%) mammographic microcalcifications, 17 (15.3%) ultrasound-only findings, and two palpable findings without imaging correlates. There were 15 true-positive, 85 true-negative, 11 false-positive, and zero false-negative breast MRI findings, resulting in a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100% (15/15), 88.5% (85/96), 57.7% (15/26), and 100% (85/85), respectively. Breast density and reasons for referral had no significant influence on the diagnostic performance of breast MRI (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Breast MRI reliably excludes malignancy in conventional BI-RADS 0 cases resulting in a NPV of 100% (85/85) and a PPV of 57.7% (15/26).

Image guided surgery of paranasal sinuses and anterior skull base--five years experience with the InstaTrak-System.

We report on our experience with navigational tools in paranasal sinus and anterior skull base surgery, especially with electromagnetic guidance systems. During the last five years we operated over 80 selected cases with the InstaTrak system from VTI (Lawrence, MS, USA). Applicability and user friendliness were explored. The InstaTrak 3500 employs a Sun Workstation and is a frameless and free-arm and navigation system. Two different suction devices, used as sensors (receivers), and one transmitter are interconnected to this workstation. The position of the tip of the aspirator is displayed as a pair of crosshairs on the screen in axial, coronal and sagittal planes of the patient's CT-scan on the computerscreen online. Our results showed high accuracy-level, usually better than one millimeter and a setup-time less than ten minutes, on average. No additional personnel is required in the OR. We believe that the system enhances efficacy in selected cases like revision surgery, tumor surgery or difficult anterior skull base surgery. However, one should consider that medicolegal responsibility stays always with the surgeon and not with any navigation system.

MR arthrography of the shoulder: do we need local anesthesia?

PURPOSE: To assess pain intensity with and without subcutaneous local anesthesia prior to intraarticular administration of contrast medium for magnetic resonance arthrography (MRa) of the shoulder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center study was conducted after an IRB waiver of authorization, between January 2010 and December 2012. All patients provided written, informed consent for the procedure. Our prospectively populated institutional database was searched, based on our inclusion criteria. There were 249 outpatients (178 men and 71 women; mean age, 44.4 years ± 14.6; range, 15-79) who underwent MRa and were enrolled in this study. Patients were excluded if they had received surgery of the shoulder before MRa, had undergone repeated MRa of the same shoulder, and/or had undergone MRa of both shoulders on the same day. Patients were randomly assigned into one of three groups. Patients in group A (n=61) received skin infiltration with local anesthesia. Patients in control group B (n=92) and group C (n=96) did not receive local anesthesia. Pain levels were immediately assessed after the injection for MRa using a horizontal visual analog scale (VAS) that ranged from 0 to 10. To compare the pain scores of the three groups for male and female patients, a two-way analysis of variance was used. A p-value equal to or less than 0.05 was considered to indicate a significant result. RESULTS: Patients who received local anesthesia (group A) showed a mean pain level on the VAS of 2.6 ± 2.3. In patients who did not receive local anesthetics (groups B and C), a mean pain level on the VAS of 2.6 ± 2.2 and 2.7 ± 2.4 were detected, respectively. Between the three groups, no statistically significant difference in pain intensity was detected (p=.960). There were significant differences in subjective pain perception between men and women (p=.009). Moreover, the sex difference in all three groups was equal (p=.934). CONCLUSION: Local anesthesia is not required to lower a patient's pain intensity when applying intra-articular contrast media for MR arthrography of the shoulder. This could result in reduced costs and a reduced risk of adverse reactions, without an impact on patient comfort.

Patent abdominal subcutaneous veins caused by congenital absence of the inferior vena cava: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Patent paraumbilical and abdominal subcutaneous veins are found frequently as collaterals in patients due to portal hypertension mainly in liver cirrhosis. CASE PRESENTATION: For evaluation of portal hypertension in a 72-year-old Caucasian man without liver cirrhosis, magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium contrast-enhancement was performed and demonstrated a missing inferior vena cava. A blood return from the lower extremities was shown through enlarged collateral veins of the abdominal wall, vena azygos and hemiazygos continuation, and multiple liver veins emptying into the right cardiac atrium. We describe a rare case of abdominal subcutaneous wall veins as collaterals caused by a congenitally absent infrarenal inferior vena cava with preservation of a hypoplastic suprarenal segment. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of these congenital variations can be of clinical importance and it is imperative for the reporting radiologist to identify these anomalies as they can have a significant impact on the clinical management of the patient.

Routine use of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced moving-table MR angiography in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: comparison with selective digital subtraction angiography.

PURPOSE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced (CE) three-dimensional (3D) moving-table magnetic resonance (MR) angiography with that of selective digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for routine clinical investigation in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients underwent CE 3D moving-table MR angiography of the pelvic and peripheral arteries. A commercially available large-field-of-view adapter and a dedicated peripheral vascular phased-array coil were used. MR angiograms were evaluated for grade of arterial stenosis, diagnostic quality, and presence of artifacts. MR imaging results for each patient were compared with those of selective DSA. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-six arterial segments in 38 patients were evaluated by both selective DSA and MR angiography. No complications related to MR angiography were observed. There was agreement in stenosis classification in 204 (90.3%) segments; MR angiography overgraded 16 (7%) segments and undergraded 6 (2.7%) segments. Compared with selective DSA, MR angiography provided high sensitivity and specificity and excellent interobserver agreement for detection of severe stenosis (97% and 95%, kappa = 0.9 +/- 0.03) and moderate stenosis (96.5% and 94.3%, kappa = 0.9 +/- 0.03). CONCLUSION: Compared with selective DSA, moving-table MR angiography proved to be an accurate, noninvasive method for evaluation of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and may thus serve as an alternative to DSA in clinical routine.

Adrenocortical carcinomas and adrenal pheochromocytomas: mass and enhancement loss evaluation at delayed contrast-enhanced CT.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively measure the adrenal gland attenuation and the percentage loss of adrenal gland enhancement at delayed contrast medium-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in patients with adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas and to compare these data with those in patients with adenomas and metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee, which waived informed consent. Eleven patients with proved adrenocortical carcinoma, 17 with proved pheochromocytoma, 23 with adrenal adenoma, and 16 with metastasis to the adrenal gland underwent helical CT. Nonenhanced CT was followed by contrast-enhanced CT 1 minute and 10 minutes later. Attenuation and enhancement loss values were calculated. RESULTS: The mean attenuation of adenomas (8 HU +/- 18 [standard deviation]) was significantly lower than those of adrenocortical carcinomas (39 HU +/- 14), pheochromocytomas (44 HU +/- 11), and metastases (34 HU +/- 11) on nonenhanced CT scans (P < .001). Although the mean attenuation values for nonadenomas (ie, adrenocortical carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and metastases) were significantly higher than the value for adenomas on the 1-minute contrast-enhanced CT scans (P < .001), there was more overlap in attenuation between adenomas and nonadenomas on contrast-enhanced scans than on nonenhanced scans. On the 10-minute delayed contrast-enhanced scans, the mean attenuation of adenomas (32 HU +/- 17) was significantly lower than the mean attenuations of carcinomas (72 HU +/- 15), pheochromocytomas (83 HU +/- 14), and metastases (66 HU +/- 13) (P < .001). At optimal threshold values of 50% for absolute percentage of enhancement loss and 40% for relative percentage of enhancement loss at 10 minutes, both the sensitivity and the specificity for the diagnosis of adenoma were 100% when adenomas were compared with carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, and metastases. CONCLUSION: The enhancement loss in adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas is similar to that in adrenal metastases but significantly less than that in adrenal adenomas. The percentage change in contrast material washout is a useful adjunct to absolute CT attenuation values in differentiating adrenal adenomas from adrenocortical carcinomas and pheochromocytomas.

Pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in 114 patients.

The objective of the present study was to assess the high-resolution CT appearances of different types of pneumonia. The high-resolution CT scans obtained in 114 patients (58 immunocompetent, 59 immunocompromised) with bacterial, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, viral, fungal, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonias were analyzed retrospectively by two independent observers for presence, pattern, and distribution of abnormalities. Areas of air-space consolidation were not detected in patients with viral pneumonia and were less frequently seen in patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (2 of 22 patients, 9%) than in bacterial (30 of 35, 85%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (22 of 28, 79%), and fungal pneumonias (15 of 20, 75%; p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the prevalence or distribution of consolidation between bacterial, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and fungal pneumonias. Extensive symmetric bilateral areas of ground-glass attenuation were present in 21 of 22 (95%) patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and were not seen in other pneumonias except in association with areas of consolidation and nodules. Centrilobular nodules were present less commonly in bacterial pneumonia (6 of 35 patients, 17%) than in Mycoplasma pneumoniae (24 of 28, 96%), viral (7 of 9, 78%), or fungal (12 of 20, 92%) pneumonia ( p<0.01). Except for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, which often have a characteristic appearance, high-resolution CT is of limited value in the differential diagnosis of the various types of infective pneumonia.

Multiplanar spiral CT enterography in patients with Crohn's disease using a negative oral contrast material: initial results of a noninvasive imaging approach.

The aim of this study was to prospectively define the role of multiplanar spiral CT enterography with a new negative oral contrast material for noninvasive assessment of the small bowel in patients with Crohn's disease. Thirty patients with established Crohn's disease prospectively underwent spiral CT enterography at 45-60 min after distension of the small bowel with 1400 ml of a negative oral contrast material (Mucofalk water enema). Spiral CT scans were obtained 50 s after administration of intravenous contrast material with the following parameters: 5-mm collimation; 7.5-mm/s table feed; and 3-mm reconstruction interval. The adequacy of bowel opacification, luminal distension, and the contribution of two-dimensional multiplanar reformatted imaging were assessed by two observers. Spiral CT imaging findings were compared with results of enteroclysis as well as endoscopic and histological findings in all patients. Spiral CT enterography with Mucofalk water enema was well tolerated in 29 of 30 patients. Findings on spiral CT enterography were comparable with those of barium studies in 25 of 30 patients, superior to those on barium studies in 4 patients, and inferior in 1 patient ( p<0.05). The addition of multiplanar reformatted images to axial spiral CT scans significantly improved observers' confidence in image interpretation ( p<0.05) but did not reveal additional abnormalities. Multiplanar spiral CT enterography with Mucofalk excellently provides information in patients with Crohn's disease. This technique accurately depicts the level of small bowel obstruction and the extent of inflammatory small bowel disease and its extraluminal complications.