Verbal memory network mapping in individual patients predicts postoperative functional impairments.

Verbal memory decline is a significant concern following temporal lobe surgeries in patients with epilepsy, emphasizing the need for precision presurgical verbal memory mapping to optimize functional outcomes. However, the inter-individual variability in functional networks and brain function-structural dissociations pose challenges when relying solely on group-level atlases or anatomical landmarks for surgical guidance. Here, we aimed to develop and validate a personalized functional mapping technique for verbal memory using precision resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and neurosurgery. A total of 38 patients with refractory epilepsy scheduled for surgical interventions were enrolled and 28 patients were analyzed in the study. Baseline 30-min rs-fMRI scanning, verbal memory and language assessments were collected for each patient before surgery. Personalized verbal memory networks (PVMN) were delineated based on preoperative rs-fMRI data for each patient. The accuracy of PVMN was assessed by comparing post-operative functional impairments and the overlapping extent between PVMN and surgical lesions. A total of 14 out of 28 patients experienced clinically meaningful declines in verbal memory after surgery. The personalized network and the group-level atlas exhibited 100% and 75.0% accuracy in predicting postoperative verbal memory declines, respectively. Moreover, six patients with extra-temporal lesions that overlapped with PVMN showed selective impairments in verbal memory. Furthermore, the lesioned ratio of the personalized network rather than the group-level atlas was significantly correlated with postoperative declines in verbal memory (personalized networks: r = -0.39, p = .038; group-level atlas: r = -0.19, p = .332). In conclusion, our personalized functional mapping technique, using precision rs-fMRI, offers valuable insights into individual variability in the verbal memory network and holds promise in precision verbal memory network mapping in individuals.

Personalized fMRI Delineates Functional Regions Preserved within Brain Tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating evidence from invasive cortical stimulation mapping and noninvasive neuroimaging studies indicates that brain function may be preserved within brain tumors. However, a noninvasive approach to accurately and comprehensively delineate individual-specific functional networks in the whole brain, especially in brain tissues within and surrounding tumors, is still lacking. The purpose of the study is to develop a clinically useful technique that can map functional regions within tumoral brains. METHODS: We developed an individual-specific functional network parcellation approach using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) that effectively captured functional networks within and nearby tumors in 20 patients. We examined the accuracy of the functional maps using invasive cortical stimulation and task response. RESULTS: We found that approximately 33.2% of the tumoral mass appeared to be functionally active and demonstrated robust functional connectivity with non-tumoral brain regions. Functional networks nearby tumors were validated by invasive cortical stimulation mapping. Intratumoral sensorimotor networks mapped by our technique could be distinguished by their distinct cortico-cerebellar connectivity patterns and were consistent with hand movement evoked fMRI task activations. Furthermore, in some patients, cognitive networks that were detected in the tumor mass showed long-distance and distributed functional connectivity. INTERPRETATION: Our noninvasive approach to mapping individual-specific functional networks using rsfMRI represents a promising new tool for identifying regions with preserved functional connectivity within and surrounding brain tumors, and could be used as a complement to presurgical planning for patients undergoing tumor resection surgery. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:353-366.

Performing group-level functional image analyses based on homologous functional regions mapped in individuals.

Functional MRI (fMRI) studies have traditionally relied on intersubject normalization based on global brain morphology, which cannot establish proper functional correspondence between subjects due to substantial intersubject variability in functional organization. Here, we reliably identified a set of discrete, homologous functional regions in individuals to improve intersubject alignment of fMRI data. These functional regions demonstrated marked intersubject variability in size, position, and connectivity. We found that previously reported intersubject variability in functional connectivity maps could be partially explained by variability in size and position of the functional regions. Importantly, individual differences in network topography are associated with individual differences in task-evoked activations, suggesting that these individually specified regions may serve as the "localizer" to improve the alignment of task-fMRI data. We demonstrated that aligning task-fMRI data using the regions derived from resting state fMRI may lead to increased statistical power of task-fMRI analyses. In addition, resting state functional connectivity among these homologous regions is able to capture the idiosyncrasies of subjects and better predict fluid intelligence (gF) than connectivity measures derived from group-level brain atlases. Critically, we showed that not only the connectivity but also the size and position of functional regions are related to human behavior. Collectively, these findings suggest that identifying homologous functional regions across individuals can benefit a wide range of studies in the investigation of connectivity, task activation, and brain-behavior associations.

Individual Variability in Functional Organization of the Human and Monkey Auditory Cortex.

Accumulating evidence shows that auditory cortex (AC) of humans, and other primates, is involved in more complex cognitive processes than feature segregation only, which are shaped by experience-dependent plasticity and thus likely show substantial individual variability. However, thus far, individual variability of ACs has been considered a methodological impediment rather than a phenomenon of theoretical importance. Here, we examined the variability of ACs using intrinsic functional connectivity patterns in humans and macaques. Our results demonstrate that in humans, interindividual variability is greater near the nonprimary than primary ACs, indicating that variability dramatically increases across the processing hierarchy. ACs are also more variable than comparable visual areas and show higher variability in the left than in the right hemisphere, which may be related to the left lateralization of auditory-related functions such as language. Intriguingly, remarkably similar modality differences and lateralization of variability were also observed in macaques. These connectivity-based findings are consistent with a confirmatory task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis. The quantification of variability in auditory function, and the similar findings in both humans and macaques, will have strong implications for understanding the evolution of advanced auditory functions in humans.

Dissociable Auditory Cortico-Cerebellar Pathways in the Human Brain Estimated by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity.

The cerebellum, a structure historically associated with motor control, has more recently been implicated in several higher-order auditory-cognitive functions. However, the exact functional pathways that mediate cerebellar influences on auditory cortex (AC) remain unclear. Here, we sought to identify auditory cortico-cerebellar pathways based on intrinsic functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. In contrast to previous connectivity studies that principally consider the AC as a single functionally homogenous unit, we mapped the cerebellar connectivity across different parts of the AC. Our results reveal that auditory subareas demonstrating different levels of interindividual functional variability are functionally coupled with distinct cerebellar regions. Moreover, auditory and sensorimotor areas show divergent cortico-cerebellar connectivity patterns, although sensorimotor areas proximal to the AC are often functionally grouped with the AC in previous connectivity-based network analyses. Lastly, we found that the AC can be functionally segmented into highly similar subareas based on either cortico-cerebellar or cortico-cortical functional connectivity, suggesting the existence of multiple parallel auditory cortico-cerebellar circuits that involve different subareas of the AC. Overall, the present study revealed multiple auditory cortico-cerebellar pathways and provided a fine-grained map of AC subareas, indicative of the critical role of the cerebellum in auditory processing and multisensory integration.

Co-activation patterns across multiple tasks reveal robust anti-correlated functional networks.

Whether antagonistic brain states constitute a fundamental principle of human brain organization has been debated over the past decade. Some argue that intrinsically anti-correlated brain networks in resting-state functional connectivity are an artifact of preprocessing. Others argue that anti-correlations are biologically meaningful predictors of how the brain will respond to different stimuli. Here, we investigated the co-activation patterns across the whole brain in various tasks and test whether brain regions demonstrate anti-correlated activity similar to those observed at rest. We examined brain activity in 47 task contrasts from the Human Connectome Project (N = 680) and found robust antagonistic interactions between networks. Regions of the default network exhibited the highest degree of cortex-wide negative connectivity. The negative co-activation patterns across tasks showed good correspondence to that derived from resting-state data processed with global signal regression (GSR). Interestingly, GSR-processed resting-state data was a significantly better predictor of task-induced modulation than data processed without GSR. Finally, in a cohort of 25 patients with depression, we found that task-based anti-correlations between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex were associated with clinical efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy targeting the DLPFC. Overall, our findings indicate that anti-correlations are a biologically meaningful phenomenon and may reflect an important principle of functional brain organization.

Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Modulates 2 Distinct Neurocircuits.

OBJECTIVE: Current understanding of the neuromodulatory effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on large-scale brain networks remains elusive, largely due to the lack of techniques that can reveal DBS-induced activity at the whole-brain level. Using a novel 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible stimulator, we investigated whole-brain effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease. METHODS: Fourteen patients received STN-DBS treatment and participated in a block-design functional MRI (fMRI) experiment, wherein stimulations were delivered during "ON" blocks interleaved with "OFF" blocks. fMRI responses to low-frequency (60Hz) and high-frequency(130Hz) STN-DBS were measured 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postsurgery. To ensure reliability, multiple runs (48 minutes) of fMRI data were acquired at each postsurgical visit. Presurgical resting-state fMRI (30 minutes) data were also acquired. RESULTS: Two neurocircuits showed highly replicable, but distinct responses to STN-DBS. A circuit involving the globus pallidus internus (GPi), thalamus, and deep cerebellar nuclei was significantly activated, whereas another circuit involving the primary motor cortex (M1), putamen, and cerebellum showed DBS-induced deactivation. These 2 circuits were dissociable in terms of their DBS-induced responses and resting-state functional connectivity. The GPi circuit was frequency-dependent, selectively responding to high-frequency stimulation, whereas the M1 circuit was responsive in a time-dependent manner, showing enhanced deactivation over time. Finally, activation of the GPi circuit was associated with overall motor improvement, whereas M1 circuit deactivation was related to reduced bradykinesia. INTERPRETATION: Concurrent DBS-fMRI using 3T revealed 2 distinct circuits that responded differentially to STN-DBS and were related to divergent symptoms, a finding that may provide novel insights into the neural mechanisms underlying DBS. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1178-1193.

Correction: Individual-specific functional connectivity markers track dimensional and categorical features of psychotic illness.

The original version of this article omitted the author "Roscoe O. Brady Jr." from the "Psychotic Disorders Division, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA" and the "Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA". This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.

Individual-specific functional connectivity markers track dimensional and categorical features of psychotic illness.

Neuroimaging studies of psychotic disorders have demonstrated abnormalities in structural and functional connectivity involving widespread brain networks. However, these group-level observations have failed to yield any biomarkers that can provide confirmatory evidence of a patient's current symptoms, predict future symptoms, or predict a treatment response. Lack of precision in both neuroanatomical and clinical boundaries have likely contributed to the inability of even well-powered studies to resolve these key relationships. Here, we employed a novel approach to defining individual-specific functional connectivity in 158 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (n = 49), schizoaffective disorder (n = 37), or bipolar disorder with psychosis (n = 72), and identified neuroimaging features that track psychotic symptoms in a dimension- or disorder-specific fashion. Using individually specified functional connectivity, we were able to estimate positive, negative, and manic symptoms that showed correlations ranging from r = 0.35 to r = 0.51 with the observed symptom scores. Comparing optimized estimation models among schizophrenia spectrum patients, positive and negative symptoms were associated with largely non-overlapping sets of cortical connections. Comparing between schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder patients, the models for positive symptoms were largely non-overlapping between the two disorder classes. Finally, models derived using conventional region definition strategies performed at chance levels for most symptom domains. Individual-specific functional connectivity analyses revealed important new distinctions among cortical circuits responsible for the positive and negative symptoms, as well as key new information about how circuits underlying symptom expressions may vary depending on the underlying etiology and illness syndrome from which they manifest.

Network localization of cervical dystonia based on causal brain lesions.

Cervical dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained, involuntary movements of the head and neck. Most cases of cervical dystonia are idiopathic, with no obvious cause, yet some cases are acquired, secondary to focal brain lesions. These latter cases are valuable as they establish a causal link between neuroanatomy and resultant symptoms, lending insight into the brain regions causing cervical dystonia and possible treatment targets. However, lesions causing cervical dystonia can occur in multiple different brain locations, leaving localization unclear. Here, we use a technique termed 'lesion network mapping', which uses connectome data from a large cohort of healthy subjects (resting state functional MRI, n = 1000) to test whether lesion locations causing cervical dystonia map to a common brain network. We then test whether this network, derived from brain lesions, is abnormal in patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia (n = 39) versus matched controls (n = 37). A systematic literature search identified 25 cases of lesion-induced cervical dystonia. Lesion locations were heterogeneous, with lesions scattered throughout the cerebellum, brainstem, and basal ganglia. However, these heterogeneous lesion locations were all part of a single functionally connected brain network. Positive connectivity to the cerebellum and negative connectivity to the somatosensory cortex were specific markers for cervical dystonia compared to lesions causing other neurological symptoms. Connectivity with these two regions defined a single brain network that encompassed the heterogeneous lesion locations causing cervical dystonia. These cerebellar and somatosensory regions also showed abnormal connectivity in patients with idiopathic cervical dystonia. Finally, the most effective deep brain stimulation sites for treating dystonia were connected to these same cerebellar and somatosensory regions identified using lesion network mapping. These results lend insight into the causal neuroanatomical substrate of cervical dystonia, demonstrate convergence across idiopathic and acquired dystonia, and identify a network target for dystonia treatment.

Recognition of Daily Activities of Two Residents in a Smart Home Based on Time Clustering.

With the development of population aging, the recognition of elderly activity in smart homes has received increasing attention. In recent years, single-resident activity recognition based on smart homes has made great progress. However, few researchers have focused on multi-resident activity recognition. In this paper, we propose a method to recognize two-resident activities based on time clustering. First, to use a de-noising method to extract the feature of the dataset. Second, to cluster the dataset based on the begin time and end time. Finally, to complete activity recognition using a similarity matching method. To test the performance of the method, we used two two-resident datasets provided by Center for Advanced Studies in Adaptive Systems (CASAS). We evaluated our method by comparing it with some common classifiers. The results show that our method has certain improvements in the accuracy, recall, precision, and F-Measure. At the end of the paper, we explain the parameter selection and summarize our method.

[Preliminary study on two analytical methods for evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine syndromes model in rats with blood stasis due to sleep deprivation].

The comparison on evaluating blood stasis syndrome in sleep deprived rats was carried out by using R, G, B image analysis of Tongue and palm as well as auricle, palm surface laser Doppler flow perfusion. The experiment was performed by means of a small platform on the water environment for sleep deprivation. The rats were weekly weighed at fixed time, and their macroscopic signs were observed; and their tongue and palm images of the control and model group were respectively collected by the SLR camera at the 2nd, 4th and 6th week. Then the color saturation analysis was performed by means of proofreading with the standard colorimetric card. At the same time, the laser dopper flowmetry was used to analyze the perfusion of auricle and foot flow in rats. It turned out that there was no significant difference in the R,G,B value of the tongue and palm in rats between normal group and model group at the first stage(at the 2nd week), so were the perfusion of auricle and foot flow in rats. But at the second stage (at the 4th week), the R value of tongue in model group rats was obviously lower than that in normal group(P<0.01), and the other value (G,B) of tongue in module rats had a decease tendency, but there was no statistical significance. However, the perfusion of left and right auricle flow in model group rats were dramatically decreased as compared with the normal group(P<0.01); there was still no significant difference in the perfusion of the palm between two groups. It was found that R,G,B value in model group had a lower trend as compared with the control group of the tongue and palm images at the third stage (at the 6th week), but no statistically significant difference. The perfusion of left and right auricle flow in model group was constantly decreased as compared with the normal group(P<0.01).Right and left foot blood flow was lower than the normal group, but no statistically significant difference. We can safely conclude that the results of the R, G, B values of the tongue in rats could objectively reflect the characteristics of the rats with blood stasis syndrome, which were consistent with the diagnosis of clinical tongue image. As a method of microcirculation evaluation, the surface laser doppler perfusion of auricle can exhibit the characteristics of blood stasis in model rats, but also was more objective and reproducible. Therefore, the combination of R, G, B value of tongue as well as auricle laser doppler blood flow is more beneficial to the objective evaluation of index in the later study of traditional Chinese medicine blood stasis syndrome model.

[Effects of sleep deprivation induced blood stasis syndrome on platelet activation in rats].

Blood stasis syndrome is the pre-state of thrombotic disease. The model of blood stasis syndrome in rats was induced by sleep deprivation to study on effects of blood stasis syndrome on platelet activation. The weight, the color of tongue and hemorheology for the blood stasis syndrome of Chinese medicine were measured after modeling. The release of platelet granules and platelet activation factors in plasma were detected by ELISA kit related indicators to provide experimental basis for platelet function evaluation and related drug effects in syndrome research. The results showed that the weight of the model group rats was significantly lower than that of the normal group (P<0.01). The tongue showed a dark purple blood stasis pattern, and the R, G and B values of the tongue surface in model group were significantly lower than those of the normal group (P<0.01). The hemorheological parameters including high shear, middle shear and low shear viscosity in whole blood were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). But plasma viscosity did not change significantly. The release levels of platelet α particles (GMP-140, ß-TG, PF4) and dense particles (ADP, 5-HT) were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The levels of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1α in plasma were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The ratios of TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF2α were also significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). The levels of PAF in plasma in model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P<0.01). It was concluded that platelet functions could be changed induced by sleep deprivationin rats with blood stasis syndrome, and there might be inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction.

[Recent advances on pericytes in microvascular dysfunction and traditional Chinese medicine prevention].

Pericytesis a kind of widespread vascular mural cells embedded within the vascular basement membrane of blood microvessels, constituting the barrier of capillaries and tissue spaces together with endothelial cells. Pericytes communicate with microvascular endothelial cells through cell connections or paracrine signals, playing an important role in important physiological processes such as blood flow, vascular permeability and vascular formation. Pericytes dysfunction may participate in some microvascular dysfunction, and also mediate pathological repair process, therefore pericytes attracted more and more attention. Traditional Chinese medicine suggests that microvascular dysfunction belongs to the collaterals disease; Qi stagnation and blood stasis in collaterals result in function imbalance of internal organs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown effects on pericytes in microvascular dysfunction, for example qi reinforcing blood-circulation activating medicines can reduce the damage of retinal pericytes in diabetic retinopathy. However, there are some limitations of research fields, inaccuracy of research techniques and methods, and lack of mechanism elaboration depth in the study of microvascular lesion pericytes. This paper reviewed the biological characteristics of pericytes and pericytes in microvascular dysfunction, as well as the intervention study of TCM on pericytes. The article aims to provide reference for the research of pericytes in microvascular dysfunction and the TCM study on pericytes.

[Advances in animal model and traditional Chinese medicine prevention in coronary microvascular dysfunction].

Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is a common mechanism for some heart disease like cardiac X syndrome and no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). With the development of medical imageology, CMD has received increased attention. Animal model of CMD is indispensable tool for the research of pathogenesis and treatment evaluation, therefor choose an appropriate animal model is the first issue to carry out CMD research. Experimental and clinical studies have shown unique effectiveness of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in CMD therapy. Clarifying of the TCM therapeutic effect mechanisms and seeking an optimal solution of combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine will be the focus of future research. This paper reviewed the establishment and evaluation of CMD animal model, as well as the intervention study of TCM on CMD. The article aims to provide reference for the basic research of CMD and the TCM experimental study on CMD.

[Research and development on efficacy of Chinese herbal compound].

The efficacy not only is summarized by clinical effect of Chinese herbal compound on theory of traditional Chinese medicine, but also is manifested to clinical effect by interaction of many intricate chemical substances. The efficacy of Chinese herbal compound is current research focus in field of traditional Chinese medicine. By currently knowing in different aspects which included the progression in efficacy of Chinese herbal compound, symptomatic efficacy of Chinese herbal compound, the relationship between the efficacy and pharmacologic effect of Chinese herbal compound, the efficacy related pharmacodynamic substance and the evaluation of efficacy, it had been summarized mainly problems and methods in research and development process of the efficacy of Chinese herbal compound in this paper. Paper also elucidated problems that need to pay attention in research of efficacy in order to provide references for clinical and experimental studies of efficacy in Chinese herbal compound, boost research and development level of new traditional Chinese drug and facilitate modernization of traditional Chinese medicines.

[Mechanisms of total flavones of Epimedium on oxidative stress induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats].

To investigate the effects and mechanisms of total flavones of Epimedium (TFE) on oxidative stress induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, forty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operated group, model group, diltiazem group and flavonoids of Epimedium low and high doses groups with 8 rats in each. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury model was induced by ligaturing the left anterior descending artery for 30 min followed reperfusion for 4 h after TFE was taken by intragastric administration for 4 days. The degree of myocardial infarct was observed by N-BT staining. The concentrations of MDA and activities of SOD and T-AOC in cardiac tissue were measured by colorimetry. Serum TnI concentrations were checked by ELISA. HE stain was used to observe myocardium structure under light microscope. Expressions of SIRT1 and Nrf2 in cardiac tissue were evaluated by immunohistochemistry method and Western blot, respectively. Compared with the model group, the degree of myocardial infarct, MDA concentration in cardiac tissue and the levels of TnI in serum significantly decreased in the diltiazem group and flavonoids of Epimedium low and high doses groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01); flavonoids of Epimedium low and high doses groups and the diltiazem group also showed improvements in myocardium structure under ischemia/reperfusion injury. TFE significantly increased the activity of SOD and T-AOC and the expression of SIRT1 and Nrf2 in cardiac tissue when compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Therefore, TFE can increase anti-peroxidant capacity of myocardium tissue by using intrinsically anti-oxidant signaling pathway of SIRT1 and Nrf2, which can inhibit irreversible damage of cardiomyocytes in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and protect normal function of cardiac tissue.

[Effect of salvianolic acid A on anesthetized canine experimental myocardial infarction].

Salvianolic acid A (SAA), one of the major active water-soluble salvianolic acids of traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been reported to be effective on anti-myocardial ischemia, anti-oxidation and anti-thrombus. This study aimed to investigate appropriate administration route on dogs with acute myocardial ischemia(AMI). Twenty-four dogs were randomized into four groups (n=6), model, oral administration of SAA (8 mg•kg⁻¹), intravenous administration of SAA (4 mg•kg⁻¹), intravenous administration of Herbesser(0.5 mg•kg⁻¹) as positive drug group. AMI model was established by ligating left anterior descending coronary arteries(LAD) of dogs. Changes of ST segment were determined by epicardial electrocardiogram(ECG), coronary blood flow (CBF) and myocardial oxygen consumption were measured by ultrasonic Doppler flow meter, serum creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were observed by fully automatic biochemical analyser. Myocardial infarct size was assessed by nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining. Both oral and intravenous administration of SAA reduced the myocardial infarct area/left ventricle area significantly [(16.73±6.52)% and (13.19±2.38)%, compared with (24.35±4.89)% in model group, P<0.01). Oral administration of SAA improved the ECG performance of Σ-ST from 30-190 min after ischemia (P<0.05-0.01), while intravenous SAA had a rapid onset (10-190 min after ischemia, P<0.05-0.01). Compared with model group, oral and intravenous SAA both decreased serum CK and LDH significantly (P<0.05-0.01), while the difference of intravenous administration is more significant. SAA protects myocardium in canine experimental myocardial infarction models. Intravenous administration of SAA alleviates myocardial infarction with greater significance than oral route.

[Establishment of coronary heart disease models of Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome in rats].

To establish Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome type coronary heart disease models by fatigue running exercise and high ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into sham operation group (JSS), coronary ligation group (DZ), fatigue running exercise+coronary ligation group (PZ). Coronary ligation alone was done in DZ group; while the rats in PZ group had running exercise in on the animal treadmill system for 2 weeks to establish fatigue models, and then coronary ligation was done based on the models. The exhausted running was maintained for 28 days at the frequency of 1 time/2 days after operation. Twenty-eight to thirty-one days after the operation, all the rats were observed for macroscopic physical signs, and ultrasonic echocardiography indexes and breathing extent of the rats were collected to evaluate the main symptoms of rats with Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome type coronary heart disease; related indexes of open field test, exhaustive running time, and colorimetric analysis data on images of plantar were collected to evaluate the accompanied symptoms; colorimetric analysis data on lingual surface was collected to evaluate the tongue characteristics; pulse distension data was collected to evaluate the pulse condition, and meanwhile, blood rheology and coagulation function were also detected. From the 28th day postoperatively, the main symptoms, accompanied symptoms, tongue characteristics and pulse conditions of rats in PZ group conformed to the symptoms of coronary heart disease and Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome. Combined with related pathological results, the study revealed that Qi-deficiency and blood-stasis syndrome type coronary heart disease models could be successfully established by fatigue running exercise and high ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for the rats.

[Clinical analysis of syndrome-relative biological indices in acute lacuna encephalon infarction patients of upper hyperactivity of Gan Yang syndrome].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and summarize changes of syndrome-related biological indices in acute lacuna encephalon infarction patients of upper hyperactivity of Gan yang syndrome (UHGYS), thus providing objective evidence for syndrome typing and disease identification. METHODS: Recruited were 50 patients at Department of Encephalopathy, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, who were in line with diagnostic criteria of UHGYS as the experimental group in this study. Another 40 healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group from May 2010 to July 2012. Blood routines (including WBC, RBC, Hb, NEUT%, and LY%), hepatic and renal functions tests (including ALT, AST, TBIL, TP, ALB, Cr, and BUN) were performed by automatic whole blood analyzer and colorimetric technique. The levels of fasting blood glucose, HbAlc, blood lipids (including TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C), and coagulation functions (including AT-III, PT, PTA, INR, TT, APTT, and FBG, reaction time), renin, angiotensin II, hs-CRP, and Hcy were also measured. The thyroid functions (including FT3, FT4, T3, T4, and TSH) were detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-1 in serum were measured by ELISA and radioimmunoassay respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, RBC, LY%, ALT, TP, ALB, HDL-C, AT-III activities, contents of PTA and FT4 obviously decreased, TBIL, BUN, Glu, HbAlc, TSH, hs-CRP, renin, Ang II, TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 significantly increased in the experimental group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The pathological process of acute lacuna encephalon infarction patients of UHGYS was closely correlated with thyroid functions, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, the extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation systems, as well as inflammation reaction.