RESUMO
Anaemia is a common sequela of surgery, although its relationship with patient recovery is unclear. The goal of this investigation was to assess the associations between haemoglobin concentrations at the time of hospital discharge following major surgery and early post-hospitalisation outcomes, with a primary outcome of 30 day unanticipated hospital readmissions. This investigation includes data from two independent population-based observational cohorts of adult surgical patients (aged ≥ 18 years) requiring postoperative intensive care unit admission between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019 in hospitals in Olmsted County, Minnesota, and between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2017 in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated healthcare system, California. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the associations between discharge haemoglobin concentrations (per 10 g.l-1 ) and outcomes, with prespecified multivariable adjustment. A total of 3260 patients were included from Olmsted County hospitals and 29,452 from Kaiser Permanente Northern California. In adjusted analyses, each 10 g.l-1 decrease in haemoglobin at hospital discharge was associated with a 9% (hazard ratio 1.09, 95%CI 1.02-1.18; p = 0.014) and 8% increase (hazard ratio 1.08, 95%CI 1.06-1.11; p < 0.001) in the hazard for readmission within 30 days in Olmsted County and Kaiser Permanente Northern California, respectively. In a sensitivity analysis exploring relationships across varying levels of pre-operative anaemia severity, these associations remained consistent, with lower discharge haemoglobin concentrations associated with higher readmissions irrespective of pre-operative anaemia severity. Anaemia at hospital discharge in surgical patients requiring postoperative intensive care is associated with increased rates of hospital readmission in two large independent cohorts. Future studies are necessary to evaluate strategies to prevent and/or treat anaemia in these patients for the improvement of post-hospitalisation outcomes.
Assuntos
Anemia , Readmissão do Paciente , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Humanos , Anemia/epidemiologia , Anemia/terapia , Cuidados Críticos , Hemoglobinas , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios/efeitos adversosRESUMO
In the intravenous iron therapy to treat iron deficiency anaemia in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery (PREVENTT) trial, the use of intravenous iron did not reduce the need for blood transfusion or reduce patient complications or length of hospital stay. As part of the trial protocol, serum was collected at randomisation and on the day of surgery. These samples were analysed in a central laboratory for markers of iron deficiency. We performed a secondary analysis to explore the potential interactions between pre-operative markers of iron deficiency and intervention status on the trial outcome measures. Absolute iron deficiency was defined as ferritin <30 µg.l-1 ; functional iron deficiency as ferritin 30-100 µg.l-1 or transferrin saturation < 20%; and the remainder as non-iron deficient. Interactions were estimated using generalised linear models that included different subgroup indicators of baseline iron status. Co-primary endpoints were blood transfusion or death and number of blood transfusions, from randomisation to 30 days postoperatively. Secondary endpoints included peri-operative change in haemoglobin, postoperative complications and length of hospital stay. Most patients had iron deficiency (369/452 [82%]) at randomisation; one-third had absolute iron deficiency (144/452 [32%]) and half had functional iron deficiency (225/452 [50%]). The change in pre-operative haemoglobin with intravenous iron compared with placebo was greatest in patients with absolute iron deficiency, mean difference 8.9 g.l-1 , 95%CI 5.3-12.5; moderate in functional iron deficiency, mean difference 2.8 g.l-1 , 95%CI -0.1 to 5.7; and with little change seen in those patients who were non-iron deficient. Subgroup analyses did not suggest that intravenous iron compared with placebo reduced the likelihood of death or blood transfusion at 30 days differentially across subgroups according to baseline ferritin (p = 0.33 for interaction), transferrin saturation (p = 0.13) or in combination (p = 0.45), or for the number of blood transfusions (p = 0.06, 0.29, and 0.39, respectively). There was no beneficial effect of the use of intravenous iron compared with placebo, regardless of the metrics to diagnose iron deficiency, on postoperative complications or length of hospital stay.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva , Deficiências de Ferro , Humanos , Anemia Ferropriva/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios/métodos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/prevenção & controle , Ferritinas/uso terapêutico , TransferrinasRESUMO
Anaemia is common, particularly in women and the commonest underlying cause, iron deficiency, is often overlooked. Anaemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing anaesthesia; however, women are defined as being anaemic at a lower haemoglobin level than men. In this narrative review, we present the history of iron deficiency anaemia and how women's health has often been overlooked. Iron deficiency was first described as 'chlorosis' and a cause of 'hysteria' in women and initial treatment was by iron filings in cold wine. We present data of population screening demonstrating how common iron deficiency is, affecting 12-18% of apparently 'fit and healthy' women, with the most common cause being heavy menstrual bleeding; both conditions being often unrecognised. We describe a range of symptoms reported by women, that vary from fatigue to brain fog, hair loss and eating ice. We also describe experiments exploring the physical impact of iron deficiency, showing that reduced exercise performance is related to iron deficiency independent of haemoglobin concentration, as well as the impact of iron supplementation in women improving oxygen consumption and fitness. Overall, we demonstrate the need to single out women and investigate iron deficiency rather than accept the dogma of normality and differential treatment; this is to say, the need to change the current standard of care for women undergoing anaesthesia.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/patologia , Anemia Ferropriva/complicações , Anemia Ferropriva/tratamento farmacológico , Metabolismo Energético , Fadiga/etiologia , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Ferro/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxigênio , Desempenho Físico FuncionalRESUMO
CAVIAR is a multicentre prospective stepped observational study encompassing 160 patients undergoing vascular intervention. The aim was to identify whether it was feasible to establish a preoperative anaemia pathway and, if so, the efficacy of intravenous iron for treatment of preoperative anaemia. Large barriers prevented implementation of an intravenous iron pathway, with only ten patients receiving intravenous iron and a small increase in haemoglobin level (mean 5·7 (95 per cent c.i. 4·5 to 6·9) g/l). Preoperative anaemia was associated with a longer hospital stay and greater transfusion requirement. Anaemia common and dedicated pathway difficult to instigate.
Assuntos
Anemia/complicações , Assistência Perioperatória/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/métodos , Idoso , Anemia/terapia , Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Clínicos , Feminino , Humanos , Tempo de Internação/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Carotid stenosis is a common cause of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Despite rising recognition and centralization of stroke services there has been a decline in interventions for carotid stenosis in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the current prevalence and management of carotid stenosis in the UK. METHODS: This was a 1-year prospective observational study of consecutive patients presenting with ischaemic stroke, TIA or ischaemic retinal artery occlusion to a central London hyperacute stroke unit. Patients with significant carotid stenosis, defined as atherosclerotic narrowing of 50 per cent or greater, underwent multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion to determine the cause of stroke/TIA and classify carotid stenosis as symptomatic or incidental. RESULTS: In total, 2707 patients were seen; half had an ischaemic event and the majority had carotid imaging (1252 of 1444). Carotid stenosis of at least 50 per cent was seen in 238 (prevalence 19·0 (95 per cent c.i. 16·6 to 21·4) per cent). Patients with significant carotid stenosis were more likely to have hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and ischaemic heart disease. Carotid stenosis was deemed symptomatic in 99 patients (7·9 (6·3 to 9·5) per cent); of these, 17 had carotid occlusion, 17 were unfit for surgery and 58 patients were referred for carotid intervention. Among 139 patients with asymptomatic stenosis, 75 had carotid stenosis ipsilateral to the stroke but, after MDT discussion, the cause was deemed to be atrial fibrillation (32), small-vessel disease (15), another determined cause (5), or not determined owing to atypical imaging or clinical presentation. CONCLUSION: Carotid stenosis is common, affecting one in five patients presenting with stroke or TIA. Careful MDT discussion may avoid unnecessary intervention and should be the standard of care.
Assuntos
Estenose das Carótidas/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Doença Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico , Estenose das Carótidas/terapia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Londres/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are not offered adequate risk factor modification, despite their high cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiovascular profiles of patients with PAD and quantify the survival benefits of target-based risk factor modification. METHODS: The Vascular and Endovascular Research Network (VERN) prospectively collected cardiovascular profiles of patients with PAD from ten UK vascular centres (April to June 2018) to assess practice against UK and European goal-directed best medical therapy guidelines. Risk and benefits of risk factor control were estimated using the SMART-REACH model, a validated cardiovascular prediction tool for patients with PAD. RESULTS: Some 440 patients (mean(s.d.) age 70(11) years, 24·8 per cent women) were included in the study. Mean(s.d.) cholesterol (4·3(1·2) mmol/l) and LDL-cholesterol (2·7(1·1) mmol/l) levels were above recommended targets; 319 patients (72·5 per cent) were hypertensive and 343 (78·0 per cent) were active smokers. Only 11·1 per cent of patients were prescribed high-dose statin therapy and 39·1 per cent an antithrombotic agent. The median calculated risk of a major cardiovascular event over 10 years was 53 (i.q.r. 44-62) per cent. Controlling all modifiable cardiovascular risk factors based on UK and European guidance targets (LDL-cholesterol less than 2 mmol/l, systolic BP under 140 mmHg, smoking cessation, antiplatelet therapy) would lead to an absolute risk reduction of the median 10-year cardiovascular risk by 29 (20-38) per cent with 6·3 (4·0-9·3) cardiovascular disease-free years gained. CONCLUSION: The medical management of patients with PAD in this secondary care cohort was suboptimal. Controlling modifiable risk factors to guideline-based targets would confer significant patient benefit.
Assuntos
Doença Arterial Periférica/terapia , Idoso , Pressão Sanguínea , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Lipídeos/sangue , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença Arterial Periférica/complicações , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar , Reino UnidoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leg ulceration is a feared complication of venous insufficiency. It is not known whether varicose veins predispose skin to poor wound healing. The expression pattern of gap junctional protein connexin, a known marker of poor wound healing, was investigated across various stages of venous disease. METHODS: Patients undergoing intervention for varicose veins were assessed according to the Clinical Etiologic Anatomic Pathophysiologic (CEAP) classification of varicose veins. Paired 4-mm punch biopsies were taken from above the ankle (pathological) and above the knee (control). Tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, and for connexin 43, connexin 30 and connexin 26. RESULTS: Forty-eight paired biopsies were taken (12 each for CEAP class C0, C2, C4 and C6). The pathological skin showed progressive epithelial hyperthickening, an increase in the number and depth of rete ridges, increased inflammation and loss of dermal architecture with disease progression from C4 onwards. The overall absolute connexin expression and mean connexin expression per cell in the pathological skin similarly increased across the CEAP classes from as early as C2. Increasing levels of connexin in control skin were also noted, indicating progression of the disease proximally. Connexin 43 expression showed the strongest positive correlation between pathological and control skin. CONCLUSION: Connexins were overexpressed in patients with simple varicose veins, with a stepwise increased expression through venous eczema to ulceration. Connexin 43 is a potential biomarker for venous disease. This finding suggests that varicose veins predispose skin to poor wound healing. Surgical relevance The overexpression of connexins, a family of gap junctional proteins, is known to cause poor healing in venous leg ulceration. It is not known whether there is any association with superficial venous disease. Here, connexin proteins were overexpressed in patients with uncomplicated varicose veins, before histological skin changes. Connexin could be a biomarker of venous disease progression.
Assuntos
Conexinas/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima , Varizes/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Biópsia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Microscopia Confocal , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pele/patologia , Varizes/patologia , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Pre-operative anaemia and perioperative red blood cell transfusion carry significant consequence when it comes to surgical outcomes. The establishment of patient-centred clinical pathways has been designed to harness and endorse good transfusion practice, termed the three pillars of patient blood management (PBM). These focus on the timely and appropriate management of anaemia, prevention of blood loss and restrictive transfusion where appropriate. This article reviews the current evidence and ongoing research in the field of PBM in surgery. Strategies to implement PBM have shown significant benefits in appropriate transfusion practice, reduced costs and improved length of hospital stay. Recently published national quality standards have recognised the features of the PBM blueprint such as the consideration of alternatives to red blood cell transfusion, the active measures to reduce perioperative blood loss and the appropriate management of post-operative anaemia. Adopting PBM in surgical patients should be paramount to reduce the risks posed by perioperative anaemia and blood transfusions. The principles of PBM help structure the interventions and decisions relating to anaemia and blood transfusion, but, more importantly, represent a paradigm shift towards a more considered approach to blood transfusion, acknowledging its risks, preventatives and alternatives.
Assuntos
Anemia/terapia , Perda Sanguínea Cirúrgica/prevenção & controle , Transfusão de Sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/terapia , Anemia/etiologia , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A simple and accurate scoring system to predict risk of transfusion for patients undergoing cardiac surgery is lacking. METHODS: We identified independent risk factors associated with transfusion by performing univariate analysis, followed by logistic regression. We then simplified the score to an integer-based system and tested it using the area under the receiver operator characteristic (AUC) statistic with a Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. Finally, the scoring system was applied to the external validation dataset and the same statistical methods applied to test the accuracy of the ACTA-PORT score. RESULTS: Several factors were independently associated with risk of transfusion, including age, sex, body surface area, logistic EuroSCORE, preoperative haemoglobin and creatinine, and type of surgery. In our primary dataset, the score accurately predicted risk of perioperative transfusion in cardiac surgery patients with an AUC of 0.76. The external validation confirmed accuracy of the scoring method with an AUC of 0.84 and good agreement across all scores, with a minor tendency to under-estimate transfusion risk in very high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS: The ACTA-PORT score is a reliable, validated tool for predicting risk of transfusion for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This and other scores can be used in research studies for risk adjustment when assessing outcomes, and might also be incorporated into a Patient Blood Management programme.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Reação Transfusional/epidemiologia , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Superfície Corporal , Creatinina/sangue , Feminino , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Reação Transfusional/sangueRESUMO
Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) measures peak exertional oxygen consumption ( VËO2peak ) and that at the anaerobic threshold ( VËO2 at AT, i.e. the point at which anaerobic metabolism contributes substantially to overall metabolism). Lower values are associated with excess postoperative morbidity and mortality. A reduced haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) results from a reduction in total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass) or an increase in plasma volume. Thus, tHb-mass might be a more useful measure of oxygen-carrying capacity and might correlate better with CPET-derived fitness measures in preoperative patients than does circulating [Hb]. Methods: Before major elective surgery, CPET was performed, and both tHb-mass (optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method) and circulating [Hb] were determined. Results: In 42 patients (83% male), [Hb] was unrelated to VËO2 at AT and VËO2peak ( r =0.02, P =0.89 and r =0.04, P =0.80, respectively) and explained none of the variance in either measure. In contrast, tHb-mass was related to both ( r =0.661, P <0.0001 and r =0.483, P =0.001 for VËO2 at AT and VËO2peak , respectively). The tHb-mass explained 44% of variance in VËO2 at AT ( P <0.0001) and 23% in VËO2peak ( P =0.001). Conclusions: In contrast to [Hb], tHb-mass is an important determinant of physical fitness before major elective surgery. Further studies should determine whether low tHb-mass is predictive of poor outcome and whether targeted increases in tHb-mass might thus improve outcome.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1 , Consumo de Oxigênio , Volume Sanguíneo , Teste de Esforço , Feminino , Hemoglobinas , Humanos , Masculino , OxigênioRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To describe parotid gland (PG) saliva organic and inorganic composition and flow rate changes, after curative intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC), and analyse the relationship between PG saliva analytes and xerostomia measures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-six patients recruited to five prospective phase 2 or 3 trials which assessed toxicity and efficacy of IMRT by HNC subsite, provided longitudinal PG saliva. Salivary flow rate, and subjective and objective xerostomia measures were prospectively collected and saliva tested for inorganic and organic analytes. Statistical comparisons of longitudinal analyte changes and analysis for a relationship between dichotomized xerostomia score and saliva analytes were performed. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two PG saliva samples from 26 patients were analysed. At 3-6 months after IMRT, stimulated and unstimulated saliva showed significantly decreased flow rate, total protein (TP) secretion rate, phosphate concentration and increased lactoferrin (LF) concentration. Stimulated saliva alone had elevated LF secretion rate and beta-2-microglobulin (B2 M) concentration with decreased calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+ ) concentrations and Ca2+ secretion rate. At >12 months, under stimulated and unstimulated conditions, increased LF concentration and decreased Mg2+ and phosphate concentration persisted and, in stimulated saliva, there was decreased potassium (K+ ) and Mg2+ concentration. Unstimulated TP secretion rate was lower in the presence of high-grade xerostomia. Otherwise, no relationship between xerostomia grade and PG salivary flow rate, TP and Ca2+ secretion rate was found. CONCLUSION: Fewer significant differences in PG saliva analytes >12 months after IMRT indicate good functional recovery. Residual xerostomia after IMRT will only be further reduced by addressing the sparing of subsites of the PG or other salivary gland tissues, in addition to the PG.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão , Glândula Parótida/efeitos da radiação , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/métodos , Saliva/química , Saliva/efeitos da radiação , Adulto , Idoso , Ensaios Clínicos Fase II como Assunto , Ensaios Clínicos Fase III como Assunto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Órgãos em Risco , Doses de Radiação , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/efeitos adversos , Saliva/metabolismo , Xerostomia/etiologiaRESUMO
Sarcopenia is the degenerative loss of core muscle mass. It is an aspect of frailty, which is associated with increased rates of peri-operative harm. We assessed the association of the cross-sectional areas of abdominal muscles, including psoas, with survival during a median (IQR [range]) follow-up of 3.8 (3.2-4.4 [0.0-5.1]) years after scheduled endovascular (132) or open (5) abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in 137 patients. In multivariate analysis, mortality hazard (95%CI) was independently associated with: age, 1.06 (1.01-1.13) per year, p = 0.03; and the adjusted area of the left psoas muscle, 0.94 (0.81-1.01) per mm2 .kg-0.83 , p = 0.08. Shortened hospital stay was independently associated with haemoglobin concentration and adjusted left psoas muscle area, hazard ratio (95%) 1.01 (1.00-1.02) per g.l-1 and 1.05 (1.02-1.07) per mm2 .kg-0.83 , p = 0.04 and 0.001, respectively.
Assuntos
Músculos Abdominais/patologia , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/cirurgia , Músculos Abdominais/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anatomia Transversal , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/diagnóstico por imagem , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/mortalidade , Estudos Transversais , Procedimentos Endovasculares , Feminino , Idoso Fragilizado , Hemoglobinas/análise , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Músculos Psoas , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sarcopenia/complicações , Sarcopenia/diagnóstico por imagem , Sarcopenia/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Vasculares/mortalidadeRESUMO
Despite current recommendations on the management of pre-operative anaemia, there is no pragmatic guidance for the diagnosis and management of anaemia and iron deficiency in surgical patients. A number of experienced researchers and clinicians took part in an expert workshop and developed the following consensus statement. After presentation of our own research data and local policies and procedures, appropriate relevant literature was reviewed and discussed. We developed a series of best-practice and evidence-based statements to advise on patient care with respect to anaemia and iron deficiency in the peri-operative period. These statements include: a diagnostic approach for anaemia and iron deficiency in surgical patients; identification of patients appropriate for treatment; and advice on practical management and follow-up. We urge anaesthetists and peri-operative physicians to embrace these recommendations, and hospital administrators to enable implementation of these concepts by allocating adequate resources.
Assuntos
Anemia/terapia , Consenso , Deficiências de Ferro , Assistência Perioperatória , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde , Humanos , Injeções Intravenosas , Ferro/administração & dosagemRESUMO
To measure the prevalence and severity of Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD), hypo- and hypercortisolaemia, and their association in a sample of prostate cancer (PCa) patients, 97 Australian PCa patients completed a background questionnaire and the GAD-7, and provided a sample of saliva collected 30-45 min after waking. The mean GAD7 score was 9.67 (SD = 3.09), and prevalence rates for current anxiety were higher than those reported for non-PCa males of a similar age. Mean salivary cortisol concentrations (30.78 nmol/L, SD = 13.97 nmol/L) were also higher than for age-comparative non-PCa men. There was a significant inverse correlation between GAD and cortisol (r = -. 209, p < .05), and four subgroups of GAD-cortisol patients were able to be identified, with evidence of both hyper- and hypocortisolaemia. These findings provide initial neurobiological evidence of the chronic and profound nature of stress experienced by PCa patients, and also suggest a possible measure that might be used to identify most at-risk PCa patients.
Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transtornos de Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/metabolismo , Austrália/epidemiologia , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Neoplasias da Próstata/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Saliva/química , Estresse Psicológico/epidemiologia , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current recommended treatment for lentigo maligna (LM) is surgical resection, which can cause significant scarring. The reported recurrence rate after Mohs micrographic surgery is 0-6·25%. There is little published data on long-term outcome after imiquimod therapy. Several reports record progression to LM melanoma during treatment. Clinical assessment of clearance is difficult. Histological confirmation is preferred but risks sampling error and missing areas of invasion. Confocal microscopy can be used to assess entire lesions. OBJECTIVES: To assess the 5-year recurrence rate of LM after imiquimod treatment. METHODS: Forty patients with LM were treated with imiquimod between 2002 and 2007. Their previous treatments included cryotherapy, incomplete surgical excision and radiotherapy. All applied imiquimod three times per week for 6 weeks; 25 (62·5%) experienced inflammation. The other 15 (37·5%) then applied imiquimod five times per week for a further 4 weeks; all experienced inflammation. All patients were subsequently examined and biopsied. Clinical clearance did not always correlate with histological clearance. Eleven patients (27·5%) had residual LM on histology and underwent surgical excision. At the time of this study, three patients had died (deaths were unrelated to LM). Eighteen of the 27 patients (66·7%) who were clear on biopsy after imiquimod attended for the study and were assessed using confocal microscopy (Vivascope 1500 and 3000). RESULTS: The recurrence rate of LM in patients who were clear on histology after imiquimod treatment who attended for this follow-up study was 0% (n = 18). CONCLUSIONS: Imiquimod is an effective long-term treatment for LM. Its use avoids potentially disfiguring surgical resection.
Assuntos
Aminoquinolinas/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Faciais/tratamento farmacológico , Sarda Melanótica de Hutchinson/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Imiquimode , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/etiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Identification of patients who will benefit from carotid endarterectomy is not entirely effective, primarily utilising degree of carotid stenosis. This study aimed at determining if microembolic signals (MES) detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) can provide clinically useful information regarding stroke risk in patients with carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS: A meta-analysis of prospective studies was performed. Three analyses were proposed investigating MES detection as a predictor of: stroke or TIA, stroke alone, and stroke or TIA but with an increased positivity threshold. Subgroup analysis was used to compare pre-operative (symptomatic or asymptomatic) patients and peri- or post-operative patients. RESULTS: Twenty-eight studies reported data regarding both MES status and neurological outcome. Of these, 22 papers reported data on stroke and TIA as an outcome, 19 on stroke alone, and eight on stroke and TIA with increased positivity threshold. At the median pre-test probability of 3.0%, the post-test probabilities of a stroke after a positive and negative TCD were 7.1% (95% CI 5-10.1) and 1.2% (95% CI 0.6-2.5), respectively. In addition, the sensitivities and specificities of each outcome showed that increasing the threshold for positivity to 10 MES per hour would make TCD a more clinically useful tool in peri- and post-operative patients. CONCLUSION: TCD provides clinically useful information about stroke risk for patients with carotid disease and is technically feasible in most patients. However, the generally weak level of evidence constituting this review means definitive recommendations cannot be made.
Assuntos
Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Embolia Intracraniana/diagnóstico por imagem , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doenças Assintomáticas , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Estenose das Carótidas/fisiopatologia , Estenose das Carótidas/cirurgia , Endarterectomia das Carótidas , Feminino , Humanos , Embolia Intracraniana/etiologia , Embolia Intracraniana/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Seleção de Pacientes , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS, ISRCTN25337470) randomized patients with recently symptomatic carotid artery stenosis > 50% to carotid artery stenting (CAS) or endarterectomy. CAS increased the risk of new brain lesions visible on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI-MRI) more than endarterectomy in the ICSS-MRI Substudy. The predictors of new post-stenting DWI lesions were assessed in these patients. METHODS: ICSS-MRI Substudy patients allocated to CAS were studied. Baseline or pre-stenting catheter angiograms were rated to determine carotid anatomy. Baseline patient demographics and the influence of plaque length, plaque morphology, internal carotid angulation, and external or common carotid atheroma were examined in negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients (70% male, average age 70.4) were included; 50.4% had at least one new DWI-MRI-positive lesion following CAS. Independent risk factors increasing the number of new lesions were a left-sided stenosis (incidence risk ratio [IRR] 1.59, 95% CI 1.04-2.44, p = .03), age (IRR 2.10 per 10-year increase in age, 95% CI 1.61-2.74, p < .01), male sex (IRR 2.83, 95% CI 1.72-4.67, p < .01), hypertension (IRR 2.04, 95% CI 1.25-3.33, p < .01) and absence of cardiac failure (IRR 6.58, 95% CI 1.23-35.07, p = .03). None of the carotid anatomical features significantly influenced the number of post-procedure lesions. CONCLUSION: Carotid anatomy seen on pre-stenting catheter angiography did not predict of the number of ischaemic brain lesions following CAS.
Assuntos
Angioplastia/efeitos adversos , Angioplastia/instrumentação , Isquemia Encefálica/diagnóstico , Artéria Carótida Primitiva , Estenose das Carótidas/terapia , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Stents , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Artéria Carótida Primitiva/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Estenose das Carótidas/diagnóstico por imagem , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Razão de Chances , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Radiografia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Sexuais , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The importance and variability of pre-operative anaemia in cardiac surgical patients across the UK is not known, and there is debate about its association with patient outcomes. The Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists carried out its first national audit on anaemia and transfusion, and analysed data from 19,033 patients operated on in 12 cardiac surgical centres between 2010 and 2012; 5895 (31%) had pre-operative anaemia. Centre-specific prevalence of anaemia varied from 23% to 45%; anaemia was associated with older patients, diabetes and surgical risk (EuroSCORE). Nevertheless, controlling for these factors, regional variation remained an independent effect (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated an independent association of anaemia with transfusion (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) 2.75 (2.55-2.95), p < 0.001), mortality (1.42 (1.18-1.71), p < 0.001) and hospital stay (geometric mean ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.15 (1.13-1.17), p < 0.001). Haemoglobin concentration per se was also independently associated with worse outcomes; a 10 g.l(-1) decrease in haemoglobin was associated with a 43% increase (95% confidence interval 40-46%) in the odds of transfusion and a 16% increase (95% confidence interval 10-22%) in the odds of mortality (both p < 0.001). This large UK-wide audit has demonstrated marked regional variation in both anaemia and transfusion, with a consistently high incidence of both. The independent association between pre-operative anaemia and worse outcomes in UK practice has also been confirmed, and robust prospective study of anaemia treatment before cardiac surgery is required; these data will assist in designing such trials.
Assuntos
Anemia/epidemiologia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos , Auditoria Médica , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transfusão de Sangue , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/mortalidade , Feminino , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Incidência , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Blood transfusion can be life-saving. Anaesthetists regularly request and administer blood components to their patients. All anaesthetists must be familiar with indications and appropriate use of blood and blood components and their alternatives, but close liaison with haematology specialists and their local blood sciences laboratory is encouraged. Considerable changes in approaches to optimal use of blood components, together with the use of alternative products, have become apparent over the past decade, leading to a need to update previous guidelines and adapt them for the use of anaesthetists working throughout the hospital system.
Assuntos
Transfusão de Componentes Sanguíneos/métodos , Anestesiologia , Humanos , Irlanda , Sociedades Médicas , Reino UnidoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Preoperative anaemia and perioperative blood transfusion are both identifiable and preventable surgical risks. Patient blood management is a multimodal approach to address this issue. It focuses on three pillars of care: the detection and treatment of preoperative anaemia; the reduction of perioperative blood loss; and harnessing and optimizing the patient-specific physiological reserve of anaemia, including restrictive haemoglobin transfusion triggers. This article reviews why patient blood management is needed and strategies for its incorporation into surgical pathways. METHODS: Studies investigating the three pillars of patient blood management were identified using PubMed, focusing on recent evidence-based guidance for perioperative management. RESULTS: Anaemia is common in surgical practice. Both anaemia and blood transfusion are independently associated with adverse outcomes. Functional iron deficiency (iron restriction due to increased levels of hepcidin) is the most common cause of preoperative anaemia, and should be treated with intravenous iron. Intraoperative blood loss can be reduced with antifibrinolytic drugs such as tranexamic acid, and cell salvage should be used. A restrictive transfusion practice should be the standard of care after surgery. CONCLUSION: The significance of preoperative anaemia appears underappreciated, and its detection should lead to routine investigation and treatment before elective surgery. The risks of unnecessary blood transfusion are increasingly being recognized. Strategic adoption of patient blood management in surgical practice is recommended, and will reduce costs and improve outcomes in surgery.