Informal Caregivers of Palliative Oncohematologic Patients: The Invisible Guests: An Exhaustive Review of the Literature Available.

Informal caregivers are crucial members of the teams that care for palliative patients with cancer, including those with oncohematological malignancies. Publications concerning specific aspects of this latter group of carers are limited. This literature review indicates that palliative oncohematologic patients' caregivers do not differ from those of patients with solid tumors in ethical and related problems. However, there are specific problems for the former group with regard to negotiating the curative system, which are experienced as distressing, often without support from the health system and without offers of the possibility of being referred to palliative teams that they would have valued as very positive. Although this tendency seems to be changing, there is still considerable work to be done to improve the role of these carers.

Transfusion in palliative cancer patients: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion is not an exceptional circumstance in palliative cancer patients (PCPs). This makes it necessary to confront not only medical aspects but also those of infrastructure and ethical issues. On some occasions, literature needs to be consulted to work out the best approach in a patient's particular case. Our aim was to review the literature contained in PubMed and EMBASE so as to find out about the information available on transfusion in PCPs. METHODS: A search for literature was carried out in databases PubMed and EMBASE, using "transfusion," "cancer," "end-of-life care," "terminal care," and "palliative care" as key words. Publications were classified according to the main topic discussed (clinical, infrastructure, and ethics) and the information included in each article critically assessed. RESULTS: We found 334 articles but only 43 were considered valuable for the present study. Of these 43 articles, 21 deal with clinical topics while 12 deal with infrastructure and 10 with ethical issues. There is an absolute lack of randomized controlled trials or clinical guidelines. Trigger parameters for transfusion are not clearly established. Benefits of the procedure are shortly experienced and remain controversial. Home transfusions are encouraged, but this sole procedure has not been demonstrated to be cost effective. Different cultures, cases, and realities illustrate the diversity of the ethical management of transfusion in PCPs. DISCUSSION: Although transfusion is certainly a common practice in PCPs, there is a relative lack of literature on this topic. Publications are unconnected and hardly any prospective studies have been performed. A large part of the little literature available only concerns descriptive and very general aspects of the issue. As transfusional products and financial and human resources are finite, it would be desirable to establish clear research lines on the different aspects considered (clinical, infrastructure, and ethical) that can help clinicians, nurses, patients, and carers to make a decision.

Manejo de las complicaciones hemorrágicas en cuidados paliativos oncológicos / Medical management of hemorrhagic complications in oncologic palliative care

Las neoplasias son ampliamente reconocidas como entidades capaces de alterar el equilibrio hemostático del organismo predisponiendo fundamentalmente a la trombosis, aunque también pueden generarse fenómenos hemorrágicos. Este hecho obliga a los equipos de cuidados paliativos a realizar en ocasiones el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas últimas eventualidades. El presente trabajo realiza primeramente una revisión de la fisiopatología de los fenómenos hemorrágicos en relación con los procesos tumorales y, posteriormente, de las medidas médicas disponibles destinadas al tratamiento de dichos fenómenos y que incluyen: antifibrinoliticos, transfusión de plaquetas, vitamina K, transfusión de plasma fresco congelado, factores específicos, concentrado de factores del complejo protrombínico o factor VII recombinante activado, con especial énfasis en sus indicaciones, complicaciones, problemas en el manejo y aspectos prácticos en este tipo de pacientes.

Manejo de las complicaciones hemorrágicas en cuidados paliativos oncológicos / Medical management of hemorrhagic complications in oncologic palliative care

Las neoplasias son ampliamente reconocidas como entidades capaces de alterar el equilibrio hemostático del organismo predisponiendo fundamentalmente a la trombosis, aunque también pueden generarse fenómenos hemorrágicos. Este hecho obliga a los equipos de cuidados paliativos a realizar en ocasiones el diagnóstico y tratamiento de estas últimas eventualidades. El presente trabajo realiza primeramente una revisión de la fisiopatología de los fenómenos hemorrágicos en relación con los procesos tumorales y, posteriormente, de las medidas médicas disponibles destinadas al tratamiento de dichos fenómenos y que incluyen: antifibrinoliticos, transfusión de plaquetas, vitamina K, transfusión de plasma fresco congelado, factores específicos, concentrado de factores del complejo protrombínico o factor VII recombinante activado, con especial énfasis en sus indicaciones, complicaciones, problemas en el manejo y aspectos prácticos en este tipo de pacientes.(AU)