Identifying High-Risk Subgroups of College Students with Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: A Latent Profile Analysis and Two-Years Follow-up Study.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is associated with a heightened overall risk of future psychopathological problems. However, elucidating specific characteristics that determine an increased risk for certain individuals remains an area requiring further exploration. This study aimed to identify latent subgroups in a sample of college students with NSSI. Additionally, it sought to explore the differential associations of these subgroups with their psychopathological status (e.g., borderline symptoms and suicidal tendencies) both at baseline and after two years. The sample comprised 259 participants (89% females, Mage = 20.39, SD = 1.90) who reported engaging in NSSI in the last year. Three latent groups were found. The group exhibiting severe NSSI-features, high emotion dysregulation, and low perceived social support was the profile with high-risk of psychopathology both at baseline and follow-up. The findings enhance our understanding of the complex association between NSSI and future mental health issues, aiding in the early identification of at-risk individuals.

Childhood maltreatment disrupts HPA-axis activity under basal and stress conditions in a dose-response relationship in children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the impact of childhood maltreatment (CM) on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning and on anxiety perception. Moreover, the influence of CM severity and frequency was also explored. METHODS: In total, 187 participants aged 7-17 were assessed for CM history using validated questionnaires and ad hoc interviews to be classified according to the criteria of the Tool for Assessing the Severity of Situations in which Children are Vulnerable (TASSCV). Psychopathology was ascertained using the K-SADS-PL5. To assess HPA-axis functioning, salivary cortisol samples were collected throughout a normal day and during an acute psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C). Subjective anxiety was evaluated using STAI/-C. RESULTS: Youth with a CM history had higher overall diurnal cortisol levels (p = 0.001), blunted cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress (p = 0.002) and greater perceived anxiety (p = 0.003), than those without CM. Specifically, participants exposed to moderate/severe or often/frequent CM showed the greater diurnal cortisol output (pseverity = 0.002; pfrequency = 0.003), and blunted cortisol response during the TSST-C (pseverity = 0.006; pfrequency = 0.008). Meanwhile, youth with low CM severity/frequency exhibited a similar cortisol response to those without CM. However, perceived anxiety was higher in those exposed to CM (p < 0.001), regardless of its severity/frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbances in HPA-axis functioning are already evident early after CM exposure, while psychological and physiological responses to an acute stressor are dissociated in youth exposed to CM. The dose-response relationship described in this paper highlights the need to comprehensively evaluate CM so that vulnerable children can be identified and assigned to proper interventions.

Secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) reactivity to acute psychosocial stress in children and adolescents: The influence of pubertal development and history of maltreatment.

BACKGROUND: Mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) is an antibody protein-complex that plays a crucial role in immune first defense against infection. Although different immune biomarkers have been associated with stress-related psychopathology, s-IgA remains poorly studied, especially in youth. OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated how s-IgA behaves in front of acute psychosocial stress in children and adolescents, including possible variability associated with developmental stage and history of childhood maltreatment (CM). METHODS: 94 children and adolescents from 7 to 17 years (54 with a current psychiatric diagnostic and 40 healthy controls) drawn from a larger Spanish study were explored (EPI-Young Stress Project). To assess biological reactivity, participants provided five saliva samples during an acute laboratory-based psychosocial stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Samples were assayed for s-IgA, as well as for cortisol. Pubertal development was ascertained by Tanner stage and CM following TASSCV criteria. RESULTS: We observed s-IgA fluctuations throughout the stressor, indicating the validity of TSST-C to stimulate s-IgA secretion (F(4,199) = 6.200, p <.001). Although s-IgA trajectories followed a reactivity and recovery pattern in adolescents, children exhibited no s-IgA response when faced with stress (F(4,197) = 3.406, p =.010). An interaction was found between s-IgA and CM (F(4,203) = 2.643, p =.035). Interestingly, an interaction between developmental stage, CM history and s-IgA reactivity was identified (F(12,343) = 2.036, p =.017); while children non-exposed to maltreatment exhibited no s-IgA changes to acute stress, children with a history of CM showed a similar response to adolescents, increasing their s-IgA levels after the psychosocial stressor. CONCLUSION: Acute psychosocial stress stimulates s-IgA secretion, but only after puberty. However, children with a history of maltreatment exhibited a response resembling that of adolescents, suggesting an early maturation of the immune system. Further studies are needed to clarify the validity of s-IgA as an acute stress biomarker, including additional measures during stress exposure.

Brain structural trajectories in youth at familial risk for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder according to development of psychosis spectrum symptoms.

BACKGROUND: The evaluation of child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia (SzO) or bipolar disorder (BpO) may help understand changes taking place in the brain in individuals at heightened risk for disease during a key developmental period. METHODS: One hundred twenty-eight individuals (33 SzO and 46 BpO, considered jointly as 'Familial High Risk' (FHR), and 49 controls) aged 6-17 years underwent clinical, cognitive and neuroimaging assessment at baseline, 2- and 4-year follow-up. Twenty FHR participants (11 SzO and 9 BpO) developed psychotic spectrum symptoms during follow-up, while 59 FHR participants did not. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a 3Tesla scanner; cortical surface reconstruction was applied to measure cortical thickness, surface area and grey matter volume. RESULTS: FHR participants who developed psychotic spectrum symptoms over time showed greater time-related mean cortical thinning than those who did not and than controls. By subgroups, this effect was present in both BpO and SzO in the occipital cortex. At baseline, FHR participants who developed psychotic spectrum symptoms over time had smaller total surface area and grey matter volume than those who did not and than controls. Over time, all FHR participants showed less longitudinal decrease in surface area than controls. In those who developed psychotic spectrum symptoms over time, this effect was driven by BpO, while in those who did not, this was due to SzO, who also showed less grey matter volume reduction. CONCLUSION: The emergence of psychotic spectrum symptoms in FHR was indexed by smaller cross-sectional surface area and progressive cortical thinning. Relative preservation of surface area over time may signal different processes according to familial risk. These findings lay the foundation for future studies aimed at stratification of FHR youth.

Neuropsychological, clinical and environmental predictors of severe mental disorders in offspring of patients with schizophrenia.

Offspring of individuals with schizophrenia (SZCOff) are at an increased risk for this disorder. Neuropsychological decline is a core feature of the disorder and researchers have reported increasing impairments in cognition during the prodromal phase in high-risk adolescents. Additionally, factors like the presence of prodromal symptoms or specific behavioral patterns could predict, together with neurocognitive functioning, the risk of conversion to severe mental disorders in SCZOff. This study aims to compare the neuropsychological functioning of a sample of 41 SCZOff children and adolescents and 105 community control offspring (CCOff) and to develop a prediction model to examine whether neuropsychological functioning, clinical and behavioral factors predict subsequent risk of severe mental disorders. We collected demographic, clinical and neuropsychological data. We found significant differences between groups in working memory, speed of processing, verbal memory and learning, visual memory and intelligence quotient (IQ). The socioeconomic status, verbal memory, working memory and positive prodromal symptoms predicted a significant proportion of the dependent variable variance. In conclusion, SCZOff showed neurocognitive impairments in several neuropsychological domains compared to CCOff. Neuropsychological functioning, environmental factors and positive prodromal symptoms could predict the risk of onset of severe mental disorders in SCZOff.

Activation in Children and Adolescents Treated With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: A Weighty Reason?

BACKGROUND: Activation is a behavioral adverse event related to the use of psychotropic medication. Its high incidence in pediatrics and in childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders suggests it may be linked to neurodevelopment. However, previous studies have scarcely examined the role that factors relevant to developmental pharmacokinetics, such as body weight, may play in the onset of activation in children and adolescents. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients to identify the risk factors for activation in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Our focus was on factors related to development, including body weight, to explore the relationship between activation and neurodevelopmental processes. RESULTS: Among the 139 participants (mean age, 14 ± 2.3 years), activation appeared in 29 (20.9%). Age 12 years or younger and comorbid diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder were associated with statistically significant increases in the risk of activation, but no association was found regarding body weight. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the hypothesis that activation is closely linked to brain development processes. Longitudinal studies are needed to explore this line of research further.

Dermoscopic features of idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma.

Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma is a recently described condition with defined clinical features, natural history, and underlying histopathologic findings. Several reports have recently described the potential diagnostic usefulness of ultrasound findings in idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma. We describe herein the dermoscopic features of idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma.

Temperament in child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Shared vulnerability in offspring of individuals with schizophrenia (SzO) and bipolar disorder (BpO) might manifest early during development through common temperament traits. Temperament dimensions in child and adolescent BpO (N = 80), SzO (N = 34) and the offspring of community controls (CcO) (N = 101) were assessed using the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey. The association between temperament dimensions and lifetime psychopathology (including threshold and subthreshold DSM-IV-TR diagnoses) and current socio-academic adjustment was assessed using logistic regression. Fully adjusted models showed that both BpO and SzO scored significantly lower in the positive mood dimension and in the adaptability factor than CcO, with small-medium effect sizes (Cohen's d ~ 0.3-0.5). BpO also scored lower in the activity factor and the activity dimensions than CcO (Cohen's d ~ 0.3). Lower scores in the positive mood dimension were associated with increased risk of impaired adjustment both in BpO [OR 2.30, 95% CI (1.18-4.46)] and in SzO [OR 2.87, 95% CI (1.07-7.66)]. In BpO, lower scores in positive mood were also associated with increased likelihood of internalizing [OR 1.84, 95% CI (1.28-2.64)] and externalizing disorders [OR 1.48, 95% CI (1.01-2.18)]; in SzO, higher scores in activity and flexibility were associated with increased likelihood of internalizing [OR 2.31, 95% CI (1.22-4.38)] and externalizing disorders [OR 3.28, 95% CI (1.2-9)], respectively. Early difficulties in emotion regulation might represent a shared vulnerability phenotype in BpO and SzO. The identification of extreme temperament traits could help to characterize subgroups at greater risk of psychopathology and impaired adjustment, in which targeted interventions are warranted.

Review and update on non-suicidal self-injury: who, how and why?

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the direct and deliberate destruction of one’s own body tissue in the absence of lethal intent. Following decades of progressive increase in the incidence of NSSI among adolescents and young adults, as well as growing scientific interest, the disorder was listed as a condition for further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fifth edition). In this review we provide updated information on this phenomenon, focusing on: prevalence, course and prognosis; associated factors; its relationship with psychopathology; and the role of the mass media, social networks, and the internet. Finally, we discuss some conclusions and future proposals, emphasizing the need for collaborative work to better understand NSSI in Spain, and to improve prevention and treatment strategies.

Intrinsic functional connectivity of fronto-temporal networks in adolescents with early psychosis.

Adults with psychotic disorders have abnormal connectivity of fronto-temporal networks. However, whether these abnormalities are present in adolescents with early psychosis has not been fully assessed. One-hundred and thirty-nine adolescents aged 12-18 underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Following motion correction, data were available for 44 participants with a psychosis risk syndrome, 34 patients with a first episode psychosis (FEP) and 35 healthy controls. Independent component analysis was performed to assess functional networks showing a fronto-temporal scope; this identified a language and a salience network. Mean fractional anisotropy was measured in clusters showing between-group differences in intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC). For the language network, there was a group effect within the right middle/inferior frontal gyrus, explained by reduced iFC in patients with an FEP relative to healthy controls, while in participants with a psychosis risk syndrome values of iFC were intermediate. In this region, values of iFC were positively correlated with mean fractional anisotropy in patients with an FEP. No group differences were observed in the salience network. Reduced iFC of the language network, in association with disrupted white matter microstructure, may characterize FEP during adolescence.

A developmental approach to dimensional expression of psychopathology in child and adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder.

The aim of this is to describe psychopathology, functioning and symptom dimensions accounting for subthreshold manifestations and developmental status in child and adolescent offspring of parents with bipolar disorder ("high-risk offspring"). The study population comprised 90 high-risk offspring (HR-offspring) and 107 offspring of community control parents (CC-offspring). Direct clinical observations and parental and offspring reports based on selected standardized clinical scales were used to assess offspring threshold and subthreshold diagnoses, symptoms and functioning. All outcomes were compared between the whole HR-offspring and CC-offspring samples and then by developmental status. After controlling for potential confounders, HR-offspring showed significantly poorer adjustment for childhood (r = 0.18, p = 0.014) and adolescence (r = 0.21, p = 0.048) than CC-offspring, as well as more emotional problems (r = 0.24, p = 0.001) and higher depression scores (r = 0.16, p = 0.021). As for differences in lifetime categorical diagnoses (threshold and subthreshold) between HR-offspring and CC-offspring, the prevalence of disruptive disorders was higher in pre-pubertal HR-offspring (OR 12.78 [1.45-112.42]), while prevalence of mood disorders was higher in post-pubertal HR-offspring (OR 3.39 [1.14-10.06]). Post-pubertal HR-offspring presented more prodromal (r = 0.40, p = 0.001), negative (r = 0.38, p = 0.002), manic (r = 0.22, p = 0.035) and depressive (r = 0.23, p = 0.015) symptoms than pre-pubertal HR-offspring, as well as more peer relationship problems (r = 0.31, p = 0.004), poorer childhood adjustment (r = 0.22, p = 0.044) and worse current psychosocial functioning (r = 0.27, p = 0.04). Externalizing psychopathology is more prevalent in pre-pubertal HR-offspring, while depressive and prodromal symptoms leading to functional impairment are more prominent in post-pubertal HR-offspring. Developmental approaches and dimensional measures may be useful for identifying children at high risk of developing bipolar disorder and help guide specific preventive strategies.

Seasonal mood variation in youth and young adults with bipolar spectrum disorder: A longitudinal prospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are latitude and seasonal differences in the prevalence of mood episodes (depression and mania) in youth and young adults with Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (BD). METHODS: Mood polarity was prospectively evaluated in 413 participants with BD. Participants were enrolled in the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study at three sites (University of California Los Angeles-UCLA, Brown University, and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-UPMC) and interviewed on average every 7 months for an average of 91.9 months (range: 6-228 months), with a total of 274,123 weekly mood ratings. Associations between light exposure and mood polarity were estimated using generalized linear mixed models with time-varying covariates, considering the latitude and seasonality of the study sites and other potential confounders. RESULTS: Average age at intake and at last assessment was 12.6 ±â€¯3.3 and 27.2 ±â€¯4.8 years-old, respectively. There were significantly more depressive episodes during winter than during summer, spring, and autumn. Considering latitude, UCLA showed significantly lower prevalence of depressive episodes, and an absence of seasonal pattern of depression, compared to the Brown/UPMC sites. For the entire sample, there were more manic/hypomanic episodes during summer than during winter. However, there were no significant between site seasonal differences in the prevalence of manic/hypomanic episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive episodes are more prevalent during the winter and although less significant, manic/hypomanic episodes during the summer. Awareness and interventions to prevent or ameliorate the effects of seasonal variations in mood changes in BD are warranted.

Further evidence for the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation in young individuals: A twin based study.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is a major cause of death among youth. Childhood trauma (CT) has emerged as a leading environmental risk factor for suicidal ideation (SI). The present study intends to understand the association between CT and SI in a sample of twins, highlighting the relevance of CT per se, regardless of genetic vulnerability. METHODS: Data were derived from a general population young twin study, the TwinssCan project (N = 796; mean age = 17.4). Different types of CT (physical, emotional and sexual) were explored with CTQ and SI through SCL-90-R. The discordance within twin-pairs was used to dissect the genetic and CT effects in SI. RESULTS: Total CT and all subdomains were associated with an increased risk for SI. The within-pair differences analysis in monozygotic and dizygotic twins suggested that part of this association is not attributable to genetic predisposition, which points out the relevance of CT itself upon the increase of SI. This result converged with CT subdomain analyses of physical abuse and neglect. LIMITATIONS: While within-pair twin analyses control for genetic risk, additional environmental shared and individual characteristics should be controlled for (such as poverty or protective factors). More detailed information on SI would be of great interest to better capture the complexity of this construct. CONCLUSION: CT appears to be an important environmental risk factor for SI and at least partly independent of Gene-Environment correlation (rGE). This study highlights the importance of including the history of CT in psychiatric evaluations of patients. The burden of the psychosocial environment on SI could be disentangled by further research on environmental risk and protective factors.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) of ICD-11 in youths with childhood maltreatment: Associations with age of exposure and clinical outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM) increases the risk of psychiatric morbidity in youths. The new Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) diagnosis captures the heterogeneity and complexity of clinical outcomes observed in youths exposed to CM. This study explores CPTSD symptomatology and its association with clinical outcomes, considering the impact of CM subtypes and age of exposure. METHODS: Exposure to CM and clinical outcomes were evaluated in 187 youths aged 7-17 (116 with psychiatric disorder; 71 healthy controls) following the Tools for Assessing the Severity of Situations in which Children are Vulnerable (TASSCV) structured interview criteria. CPTSD symptomatology was explored by confirmatory factor analysis, considering four subdomains: post-traumatic stress symptoms, emotion dysregulation, negative self-concept and interpersonal problems. RESULTS: Youths exposed to CM (with or without psychiatric disorders) showed greater internalizing, externalizing and other symptomatology, worse premorbid adjustment and poorer overall functioning. Youth with psychiatric disorder and exposed to CM reported more CPTSD symptomatology, psychiatric comorbidity and polypharmacy and earlier onset of cannabis use. Different subtypes of CM and the developmental stage of exposure differentially impact CPTSD subdomains. LIMITATIONS: Small percentage of resilient youths was studied. It was not possible to explore specific interactions between diagnostic categories and CM. Direct inference cannot be assumed. CONCLUSIONS: Gathering information on type and age of exposure to CM is clinically useful to understand the complexity of psychiatric symptoms observed in youths. Inclusion of the CPTSD diagnosis should increase the implementation of early specific interventions, improving youths' functioning and reducing the severity of clinical outcomes.

Altered White Matter Integrity at Illness Onset in Adolescents With a First Episode of Psychosis.

Background: Disruption in white matter integrity has been consistently observed in individuals with psychosis. However, whether such abnormalities are already present at illness onset or are related to downstream processes remains elusive. The study of adolescents with a recent onset of psychosis provides the opportunity to evaluate white matter integrity proximally to disease onset. Methods: Twenty-six adolescents (aged 15.9 ± 1.3 years) with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) (less than 6 months duration) were compared with 26 age and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) (16.8 ± 2 years). In participants with a FEP, clinical diagnoses were confirmed after a minimum of 1 year follow-up (main categories: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or schizoaffective disorder). Anatomical images and diffusion tensor sequences were acquired using a 1.5T scanner. Whole brain, voxel-wise group differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) were investigated between participants with a FEP and controls. Results: Relative to HC, FEP participants displayed decreased FA in the right posterior cingulate gyrus, encompassing the right superior and posterior corona radiata, and the right parahippocampal gyrus, including the cingulum and fornix. FEP patients showed no areas of increased FA relative to HC. The results remained significant after controlling for medication, cannabis use and intelligence. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that adolescents with recent onset of psychotic disorders show decreased white matter integrity in circuits implicated in cognitive functions and emotion regulation.

Borderline personality traits mediate the relationship between low perceived social support and non-suicidal self-injury in a clinical sample of adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious public health concern among adolescents, especially in clinical settings. Social support plays a critical role in the onset and maintenance of NSSI in adolescence. NSSI is closely associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD), yet no previous work has analyzed the mediating role of borderline traits in the relationship between perceived social support (PSS) and NSSI. This study aimed to address this gap. METHODS: Participants were 228 adolescent patients (12 to 18 years old), who completed a clinical interview and self-report measures of BPD-traits, current psychological distress, emotion dysregulation and PSS. They were grouped based on the presence (vs. absence) of NSSI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors of NSSI, and a mediation analysis was conducted to examine the intermediary role of borderline traits in the relationship between PSS and NSSI. RESULTS: NSSI was highly prevalent in our sample (58%) and was associated with higher clinical severity. Low PSS predicted NSSI in univariate, but not multivariate regression. Mediation analyses showed that borderline traits fully accounted for the relationship between low PSS and NSSI, even when controlling for current psychological distress and gender. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional design through self-report assessment. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that adolescents with low PSS are especially vulnerable for developing NSSI due to elevated BPD traits. In clinical settings, interventions aimed to reduce borderline symptoms may be a promising treatment option for adolescents with NSSI and low PSS.

Social, Epidemiological, and Virological Characteristics from Peruvian Subjects Living with HIV-1/AIDS with Different Sexual Risk Behavior.

HIV-1 genetic diversity and resistance profile might change according to the risky sexual behavior of the host. To show this, we recruited 134 individuals between the years 2015 and 2017 identified as transgender women sex workers (TWSW, n = 73) and Heterosexual Military Officers (HET-MO, n = 61). After obtaining informed consent, we collected a blood sample to perform the HIV genotyping, CD4 cell count, and viral load. We used bioinformatics approaches for detecting resistance mutations and recombination events. Epidemiological data showed that both groups reported sexually transmitted diseases and they were widespread among TWSW, especially syphilis and herpes virus (35.6%). Illegal drugs consumption was higher among TWSW (71.2%), whereas condom use was inconsistent for both HET-MO (57.4%) and TWSW (74.0%). TWSW showed the shortest time exposition to antiretroviral therapy (ART) (3.5 years) and the lowest access to ART (34.2%) that conducted treatment failure (>4 logs). HIV-1 sequences from TWSW and HET-MO were analyzed to determine the genetic diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance. Phylogeny analysis revealed 125 (93%) cases of subtype B, 01 subtype A (0.76%), 07 (5.30%) BF recombinants, and 01 (0.76%) AG recombinant. Also, TWSW showed a higher recombination index (9.5%, 7/73) than HET-MO (1.5%, 1/68). HET-MO only showed acquired resistance (26.23%, 16/61), whereas TWSW showed both acquired as transmitted resistance (9.59% for each). In conclusion, TWSW and HET-MO showed significant differences considering the epidemiological characteristics, genetic diversity, recombination events, and HIV resistance profile.

Transmitted resistance in HIV-1 of patients from nine departments of Peru. / Resistencia transmitida en VIH-1 de pacientes provenientes de nueve departamentos del Perú.

The main aim of this research is to identify the transmitted resistance (RT) of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in subjects from nine cities of Peru. For this, a descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 135 adult subjects who agreed to participate through an informed consent. Blood samples were collected to perform the CD4 / CD8 cell count, viral load and HIV Genotyping. Socio-epidemiological information was collected from the participants through surveys. The results revealed a RT frequency of 9.8% (13/132). The information from this research might help improve the intervention and monitoring programs for antiretroviral resistance in the country.

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la resistencia transmitida (RT) del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en pacientes procedentes de nueve departamentos del Perú. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 132 adultos que aceptaron participar mediante un consentimiento informado. Se colectaron muestras de sangre para realizar el recuento de células CD4/CD8, determinar la carga viral y la genotipificación del VIH. Se recabó información socioepidemiológica de los participantes mediante encuestas. Los resultados revelaron una frecuencia de RT de 9,8% (13/132). Los resultados del estudio ayudarán a mejorar los programas de intervención y monitoreo de la resistencia a los antirretrovirales en el país.

Visual memory improvement in adolescents at high risk for suicide who are receiving psychotherapy at a community clinic.

The current study aims to: 1) investigate cognitive differences among adolescents at risk for suicide versus healthy controls (HC) and 2) identify cognitive changes associated with response to psychotherapy among adolescents at high risk for suicide. Thirty-five adolescents at high risk for suicide (HR), and 14 HC adolescents were recruited. Clinical and cognitive assessments were conducted in both groups at baseline and 16 weeks later (after the patients completed psychotherapy). HR and HC adolescents were compared at baseline and at completion of the study. We also conducted further analysis by separating into two groups the HR adolescents who responded to psychotherapy (n=17) and those who did not (n=11). At baseline, the HR group had significantly lower performance on verbal memory and processing speed than the HC group. At week 16, HR adolescents performed as well as HC adolescents in all cognitive domains. Among patients, better performance on visual memory was observed in those who responded to psychotherapy compared to those who did not. We concluded that lower performance on verbal memory and processing speed may be associated with a high risk for suicide among adolescents. Improvement in visual memory might be related to a lower risk for suicide in adolescents.

Risk of Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Maltreatment: The Mediating Role of Borderline Personality Traits and Recent Stressful Life Events.

Childhood maltreatment (CM) is associated with increased non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior (SB), independently of demographic and mental health conditions. Self-Trauma Theory and Linehan's Biopsychosocial Model might explain the emergence of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) symptoms as mediators of the association between CM and the risk of SB. However, little is known regarding such relationships when the exposure is recent for young persons. Here, we study 187 youths aged 7-17, with or without mental disorders. We explore CM experiences (considering the severity and frequency of different forms of neglect and abuse), recent stressful life events (SLEs), some BPD traits (emotion dysregulation, intense anger and impulsivity), and the risk of SB (including NSSI, suicide threat, suicide ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt). We study the direct and mediating relationships between these variables via a structural equation analysis using the statistical software package EQS. Our findings suggest that youths exposed to more severe/frequent CM have more prominent BPD traits, and are more likely to have experienced recent SLEs. In turn, BPD traits increase the risk of SLEs. However, only emotion dysregulation and recent SLEs were found to be correlated with SB. Therefore, targeted interventions on emotion dysregulation are necessary to prevent NSSI or SB in children and adolescents exposed to CM, as is the minimization of further SLEs.