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PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) demonstrated robust antitumor activity and tolerable safety in advanced melanoma. Data on long-term outcome of patients who benefited from this therapy and who are still free of progression despite ICI discontinuation is now available. We review here the characteristics of long-term ICI responders and address the critical question of cure. RECENT FINDINGS: Long-term outcome of patients with metastatic melanoma enrolled in large phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials evaluating ICI in metastatic melanoma is now available. Durable responses, with more than 6 years of median follow-up, may persist after discontinuation. They occur more frequently in patients who achieved a complete response rather than in patients who had partial response or stable disease. Although long-term clinical benefit is more frequent in patients with high PDL-1 expression and smaller tumor burden, durable response may also be observed regardless of baseline characteristics. In patients with asymptomatic brain metastasis, combined immunotherapy (ipilimumab plus nivolumab) may also lead to long-term remission. Clinical trials confirm the durable antitumor activity of ICI. Although the hope for cure seems reasonable for many patients in this situation, late relapses may occur and no relapse-predictive biomarkers have been identified yet. Long-term responders who relapse can respond to a rechallenge of ICI although data are limited concerning the rate and the duration of this new response.
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Melanoma , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Nivolumabe/uso terapêutico , Ipilimumab/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/efeitos adversosRESUMO
In BRAF(V600)-mutant tumours, most mechanisms of resistance to drugs that target the BRAF and/or MEK kinases rely on reactivation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway, on activation of the alternative, PI(3)K-AKT-mTOR, pathway (which is ERK independent) or on modulation of the caspase-dependent apoptotic cascade. All three pathways converge to regulate the formation of the eIF4F eukaryotic translation initiation complex, which binds to the 7-methylguanylate cap (m(7)G) at the 5' end of messenger RNA, thereby modulating the translation of specific mRNAs. Here we show that the persistent formation of the eIF4F complex, comprising the eIF4E cap-binding protein, the eIF4G scaffolding protein and the eIF4A RNA helicase, is associated with resistance to anti-BRAF, anti-MEK and anti-BRAF plus anti-MEK drug combinations in BRAF(V600)-mutant melanoma, colon and thyroid cancer cell lines. Resistance to treatment and maintenance of eIF4F complex formation is associated with one of three mechanisms: reactivation of MAPK signalling, persistent ERK-independent phosphorylation of the inhibitory eIF4E-binding protein 4EBP1 or increased pro-apoptotic BCL-2-modifying factor (BMF)-dependent degradation of eIF4G. The development of an in situ method to detect the eIF4E-eIF4G interactions shows that eIF4F complex formation is decreased in tumours that respond to anti-BRAF therapy and increased in resistant metastases compared to tumours before treatment. Strikingly, inhibiting the eIF4F complex, either by blocking the eIF4E-eIF4G interaction or by targeting eIF4A, synergizes with inhibiting BRAF(V600) to kill the cancer cells. eIF4F not only appears to be an indicator of both innate and acquired resistance but also is a promising therapeutic target. Combinations of drugs targeting BRAF (and/or MEK) and eIF4F may overcome most of the resistance mechanisms arising in BRAF(V600)-mutant cancers.
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Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Fator de Iniciação 4F em Eucariotos/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Iniciação 4F em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Fator de Iniciação 4A em Eucariotos/antagonistas & inibidores , Fator de Iniciação 4A em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação 4E em Eucariotos/metabolismo , Fator de Iniciação 4F em Eucariotos/química , Fator de Iniciação Eucariótico 4G/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Triterpenos/farmacologia , Vemurafenib , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoAssuntos
Colangite , Hepatite , Melanoma , Humanos , Melanoma/complicações , Hepatite/diagnóstico , Hepatite/etiologiaRESUMO
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis onychomycosis with local cutaneous invasion was diagnosed in an acute leukemia patient and unsuccessfully treated with high-dose micafungin, based on antifungal susceptibility testing. This case should alert clinicians to the possible severe evolution of onychomycosis in neutropenic patients and suggests that surgery should be preferred in such a situation.
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Equinocandinas/uso terapêutico , Dermatoses do Pé/tratamento farmacológico , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Lipopeptídeos/uso terapêutico , Neutropenia/complicações , Onicomicose/complicações , Onicomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Scopulariopsis/fisiologia , Idoso , Antifúngicos/uso terapêutico , Dermatomicoses/complicações , Dermatomicoses/diagnóstico , Dermatomicoses/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatomicoses/imunologia , Feminino , Dermatoses do Pé/complicações , Dermatoses do Pé/diagnóstico , Dermatoses do Pé/imunologia , Humanos , Micafungina , Neutropenia/imunologia , Onicomicose/diagnóstico , Onicomicose/imunologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the immune checkpoint protein cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4; CD152) have been investigated in metastatic melanoma and other cancers and have shown promising results. Inhibition of CTLA-4 characteristically induces well-known side effects called "immune-related adverse events" (irAEs). IrAEs mainly include colitis, dermatitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies; uveitis, iridocyclitis, neuropathies, and inflammatory myopathy have occasionally been reported. Kidney involvement is rare. We report 2 cases of acute granulomatous interstitial nephritis and present, based on literature review, renal disorders related to Ipilimumab therapy. Autoimmune symptoms have to be carefully checked for patients treated with CTLA-4 inhibitors. In order to reduce the risk of sequelae, early recognition of irAEs and treatment initiation are crucial.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais/efeitos adversos , Nefropatias/induzido quimicamente , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Humanos , Ipilimumab , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs) whose management is based on expert opinion and may require the prescription of steroids and/or immunosuppressants (ISs). Recent data suggest that these treatments can reduce the effectiveness of ICBs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between the use of steroids and/or ISs and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) among ICB-treated patients with an irAE. METHODS: We prospectively collected data from the medical records of patients with solid tumors or lymphoma in the French REISAMIC cohort and who had been treated with ICBs between June 2014 and June 2020. RESULTS: 184 ICB-treated patients experienced at least one Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade ≥ 2 irAE. 107 (58.2%) were treated with steroids alone, 20 (10.9%) with steroids plus IS, 57 (31.0%) not received steroids or IS. The median OS was significantly shorter for patients treated with steroids alone (25.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.3-32.4] than for patients treated without steroids or IS (63 months [95%CI: 40.4-NA]) and those receiving an IS with steroids (53.4 months [95%CI: 47.3-NA]) (p < 0.001). The median PFS was significantly shorter for patients treated with steroids alone (17.0 months [95%CI: 11.7-22.9]) than for patients treated without steroids or IS (33.9 months [95%CI: 18.0-NA]) and those receiving an IS with steroids (41.1 months [95%CI: 26.2-NA]) (p = 0.006). There were no significant intergroup differences in the hospital admission and infection rates. CONCLUSION: In a prospective cohort of ICB-treated patients, the use of IS was not associated with worse OS or PFS, contrasting with the use of steroids for the management of irAEs.
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Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Imunossupressores , Neoplasias , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Imunossupressores/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Esteroides/uso terapêutico , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/etiologiaAssuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Doenças do Tecido Conjuntivo/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Sistema de RegistrosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Dual blockade of BRAF and MEK kinases is a standard of care for metastatic V600E/K BRAF mutant melanoma. This study reports the first systematic description of colitis due to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. METHODS: We studied consecutive patients with melanoma, treated with BRAF and MEK inhibitors, who had colitis requiring hospitalisation. Electronic files were studied; endoscopic biopsies and colectomy specimens were read centrally. RESULTS: Between January 2021 and March 2022, nine women and one man, aged 50-90 years, were studied. Nine patients received encorafenib and binimetinib; one patient received dabrafenib and trametinib. The main symptoms were diarrhoea, haematochezia, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. Blood tests showed anaemia, increased CRP and low serum albumin levels in most patients. All patients had ulcerations of the right colon with (2/10) or without (8/10) stenosis of the ileocecal valve, and 4/10 patients also had ulcerations distal to the right colon. Histopathological findings were suggestive of ischaemia and mild inflammation. Nine of the 10 patients discontinued BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Drugs were reintroduced in four patients, three of whom had a severe relapse of diarrhoea. Two patients required surgery and underwent intestinal resection. One patient died of enterocolitis. CONCLUSION: BRAF/MEK inhibitors can induce severe colitis characterised by ulcerations of the right colon.
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Melanoma , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/genética , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/uso terapêutico , Mutação , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/efeitos adversos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Androgen deprivation regenerates the thymus in adults, expanding of T-cell receptor V ß repertoire in blood and lymphoid organs and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in human prostate tumors. In melanoma murine models, androgen receptor promotes metastases and androgen blockade potentiates antitumor vaccine efficacy. This phase I study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and pharmocodynamics of androgen deprivation with the gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist triptorelin combined with nivolumab in male patients with melanoma resistant to anti-PD-1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adult male patients with advanced melanoma who progressed under anti-PD-1 containing regimens received triptorelin 3.75 mg every 4 weeks, nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks, and bicalutamide 50 mg once daily during the first 28 days. Tumor response was first assessed after 3 months; adverse events (AE) were monitored throughout the study. T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC), a biomarker of thymus activity, were explored throughout the study. RESULTS: Of 14 patients, 4 were locally advanced and 10 had distant metastases. There were no grade 4 or 5 AEs. Five grade three AEs were reported in 4 patients. According to RECIST v1.1, best overall response was partial response (PR) in one patient with a pancreas metastasis, stable disease (SD) in 5 patients, and progressive disease in 8 patients. According to iRECIST, a second PR occurred after an initial pseudoprogression, TRECs increased in 2 patients, one with PR who also had an increase in TILs, and the second with SD. CONCLUSIONS: This combination was well tolerated. Disease control was obtained in 42.8% (RECIST) and 50% (iRECIST). The evidence for thymus rejuvenation was limited.
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Melanoma , Neoplasias da Próstata , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Animais , Camundongos , Nivolumabe/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas de Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Pamoato de Triptorrelina , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/patologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Association of high body mass index (BMI) with longer survival has been reported in patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but results are inconsistent. This 'obesity paradox' is potentially confounded by the effects of BMI change over time and of skeletal muscle depletion. METHODS: We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort, including consecutive patients receiving ICI treatment for melanoma (n = 411) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 389) in routine care. RESULTS: In the univariable analysis of the entire population, overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) was associated with longer survival (p < 0.01); however, this effect was limited to NSCLC (p < 0.01) and was absent in melanoma. Weight loss (WL) and reduced skeletal muscle mass were observed in patients within all BMI categories. WL was associated with shorter survival in multivariable analysis in both tumour sites (p < 0.01), and for NSCLC, BMI lost significance when WL was included (p = 0.13). In models further adjusted for CT-defined skeletal muscle mass, WL retained significance for both tumour types (p < 0.01), and reduced skeletal muscle only for NSCLC (p = 0.02) was associated with shorter survival. WL retained significance when biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, albumin and derived neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio) were added to the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: The so-called 'obesity paradox', counterintuitive association between high BMI and longer survival, vanished when controlling for confounders, such as type of cancer, and manifestations of depletion (WL and reduced skeletal muscle mass).
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Melanoma , Humanos , Estudos Prospectivos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Redução de Peso , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Índice de Massa Corporal , Músculo Esquelético , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , ImunoterapiaRESUMO
We aimed to review the clinical and biological presentation of granulomatosis associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with melanoma and to explore its association with classical sarcoidosis as well as with cancer response to ICI. To this end, a retrospective study on 18 melanoma patients with histologically proven ICI-induced granulomatosis over a 12-year period in a single center, as well as on 67 similar cases reported in the literature, was conducted. Results indicate ICI-induced granulomatosis is an early side effect (median time to onset: 2 months). Its clinical presentation, with predominant (90%) thoracic involvement, histopathological appearance and supposed underlying biology (involving the mTOR pathway in immune cells, Th17 polarization and TReg dysfunction) are indistinguishable from those of sarcoidosis. Moreover, it appears to be associated with ICI benefit (>65% objective response rate). Evolution is generally favorable, and symptomatic steroid treatment and/or ICI discontinuation are rarely necessary. ICI-associated granulomatosis is critical to explore for several reasons. Practically, it is essential to differentiate it from cancer progression. Secondly, this "experimental" sarcoidosis brings new elements that may help to address sarcoidosis origin and pathophysiology. Its association with ICI efficacy must be confirmed on a larger scale but could have significant impacts on patient management and biomarker definition.
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PURPOSE: Less than 50% of patients with melanoma respond to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1), and this treatment can induce severe toxicity. Predictive markers are thus needed to improve the benefit/risk ratio of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Baseline tumor parameters such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, CD8+ T-cell infiltration, mutational burden, and various transcriptomic signatures are associated with response to ICI, but their predictive values are not sufficient. Interaction between PD-1 and its main ligand, PD-L1, appears as a valuable target of anti-PD-1 therapy. Thus, instead of looking at PD-L1 expression only, we evaluated the predictive value of the proximity between PD-1 and its neighboring PD-L1 molecules in terms of response to anti-PD-1 therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: PD-1/PD-L1 proximity was assessed by proximity ligation assay (PLA) on 137 samples from two cohorts (exploratory n = 66 and validation n = 71) of samples from patients with melanoma treated with anti-PD-1±anti-CTLA-4. Additional predictive biomarkers, such as PD-L1 expression (MELscore), CD8+ cells density, and NanoString RNA signature, were also evaluated. RESULTS: A PD-1/PD-L1 PLA model was developed to predict tumor response in an exploratory cohort and further evaluated in an independent validation cohort. This score showed higher predictive ability (AUC = 0.85 and 0.79 in the two cohorts, respectively) for PD-1/PD-L1 PLA as compared with other parameters (AUC = 0.71-0.77). Progression-free and overall survival were significantly longer in patients with high PLA values (P = 0.00019 and P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The proximity between PD-1 and PD-L1, easily assessed by this PLA on one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded section, appears as a new biomarker of anti-PD-1 efficacy.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/administração & dosagem , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Antígeno B7-H1/análise , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/administração & dosagem , Ipilimumab/administração & dosagem , Melanoma/diagnóstico , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Nivolumabe/administração & dosagem , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/análise , Humanos , Melanoma/mortalidade , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: While there is still a significant need to identify potential biomarkers that can predict which patients are most likely to respond to immunotherapy treatments, radiomic approaches have shown promising results. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether a previously validated radiomics signature of CD8 T-cells could predict progressions at a lesion level and whether the spatial heterogeneity of this radiomics score could be used at a patient level to assess the clinical response and survival of melanoma patients. METHODS: Clinical data from patients with advanced melanoma treated in our center with immunotherapy were retrieved. Radiomic features were extracted and the CD8 radiomics signature was applied. A progressive lesion was defined by an increase in lesion size of 20% or more. Dispersion metrics of the radiomics signature were estimated to evaluate the impact of interlesion heterogeneity on patient's response. Fine-tuned cut-offs for predicting overall survival were evaluated after splitting data into training and test sets. RESULTS: A total of 136 patients were included in this study, with 1120 segmented lesions at baseline, and 1052 lesions at first evaluation. A low CD8 radiomics score at baseline was associated with a significantly higher risk of lesion progression (AUC=0.55, p=0.0091), especially for lesions larger than >1 mL (AUC=0.59 overall, p=0.0035, with AUC=0.75, p=0.002 for subcutaneous lesions, AUC=0.68, p=0.01, for liver lesions and AUC=0.62, p=0.03 for nodes). The least infiltrated lesion according to the radiomics score of CD8 T-cells was positively associated with overall survival (training set HR=0.31, p=0.00062, test set HR=0.28, p=0.016), which remained significant in a multivariate analysis including clinical and biological variables. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm the predictive value at a lesion level of the biologically inspired CD8 radiomics score in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD1-based immunotherapy and may be interesting to assess the disease spatial heterogeneity to evaluate the patient prognosis with potential clinical implication such as tumor selection for focal ablative therapies.
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Imunoterapia , Melanoma , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Melanoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , PrognósticoRESUMO
Treatment of melanoma with immune checkpoints inhibitors .Immunotherapy with checkpoints inhibitors stimulates the anti-tumor response. It has dramatically changed the prognosis of advanced melanoma and other cancers. Anti-PD1, alone or in combination with anti-CTLA4, has demonstrated significantly better response and overall survival rates than chemotherapy. The immuno-mediated toxicity is more frequent and more serious with the combination of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4, which also appears as the most effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Adjuvant anti-PD1 therapy is also effective in preventing recurrence in patients with resected stage III or IV melanoma. Studies are underway to evaluate this treatment in a neo-adjuvant situation and in localized melanomas with high risk of recurrence (stage II) with promising results.
Traitement du mélanome par les inhibiteurs du contrôle immunitaire .L'immunothérapie, en inhibant les points de contrôle (« checkpoints ¼) immunitaire, stimule la réponse antitumorale. Elle a considérablement modifié la prise en charge du mélanome et d'autres cancers. Les anticorps monoclonaux anti-PD-1, seuls ou en association aux anti-CTLA4, ont permis d'obtenir des taux de réponse et de survie globale largement supérieurs à la chimiothérapie. La toxicité, immunomédiée, est plus fréquente et plus grave avec l'association anti-PD-1 et anti-CTLA4, qui semble aussi être le traitement le plus efficace actuellement dans le mélanome métastatique. L'immunothérapie adjuvante par anti-PD-1 a également démontré son efficacité en prévention d'une récidive dans les mélanomes de stade III ou IV opérés. Des études sont en cours pour évaluer ce traitement en situation néo-adjuvante et dans les mélanomes localisés à haut risque de récidive (stades II) avec des résultats prometteurs.
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Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Melanoma , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de NeoplasiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Sarcoid-like granulomatosis (SLG) reaction caused by immunotherapy remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the outcome of patients with cancer and SLG associated with immunotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 2016 and June 2020, 434 patients with immunological adverse events were screened from the ImmunoTOX assessment board of Gustave Roussy, an academic cancer centre in France. Among them, 28 patients had SLG associated with immunotherapy (SLG cohort) and 406 patients had other immunological adverse events (control cohort). Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients were compared from SLG and control cohort. RESULTS: The SLG cohort consisted of 28 patients, 14 women and 14 men, with the median (range) age of 56.5 (28.7-75.3) years. Patients in the SLG cohort with sarcoidosis were asymptomatic (only radiographical finding) in 13 (46.4%) cases; otherwise, the most frequent symptoms were dyspnoea in 8 (28.6%) patients and cough in 5 (17.8%) patients. The computerised tomography scan found sarcoidosis localisations in mediastinal or peri-hilar thoracic lymph nodes in 26 (92.9%) patients, and lung parenchymal involvement was found in 14 (50.0%) patients. The radiographic Scadding stages for sarcoidosis classification were distributed in stages 0, I, II, III and IV in 2 patients (7.1%), 13 patients (46.4%), 11 patients (39.3%), 1 patient (3.6%) and 1 patient (3.6%), respectively. Compared with patients with other immunological toxicities (cohort control), patients with sarcoidosis presented most frequently with melanoma (75.0% versus 21.9% of patients; p < 0.001) and more often received combined therapies of anti-programmed cell death 1 plus anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 protein (46.4% versus 12.6% of patients; p = 0.002). Patients with sarcoidosis had an improved overall survival (OS); the median OS was not reached in the SLG cohort and 40.4 months in the control cohort, hazard ratio = 0.232 (95% confidence interval: 0.086-0.630) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Sarcoidosis-like reactions in patients receiving immunotherapy were reported as non-severe immunological reactions in most cases and were correlated with improved OS. SLG should not be misdiagnosed as tumour progression in patients receiving immunotherapy treatment for cancer.
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Granuloma/induzido quimicamente , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Sarcoidose/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Granuloma/diagnóstico por imagem , Granuloma/mortalidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Sistema de Registros , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Sarcoidose/diagnóstico por imagem , Sarcoidose/mortalidade , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores de Tempo , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Emerging evidence suggests a correlation between the tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the response to programmed cell death-1 protein (PD-1) monotherapy across multiple cancer types. In skin cancers, as high TMB is mostly because of ultraviolet (UV) exposure, we hypothesized a correlation between the primary melanoma cutaneous location according to sun exposure and response to anti-PD-1 monotherapy. METHODS: The aim of this study was to analyze, in advanced melanoma, the relationship between TMB, locations according to sun exposure, and response to PD-1 inhibitors. We conducted a prospective multicentric analysis, by sequencing the most recent metastatic sample before PD-1 inhibitors using FoundationOne assay. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were included, with TMB available for 94 cases. In univariate and multivariate linear regression, TMB was significantly associated with sun-exposed areas of the primary melanoma location and with age (coefficients of the association with log-TMB: non-UV location, -1.05; chronic sun-exposed area, 1.12; P value for the location, < 10-5; age, 0.021 per year, P value for age, .002). Molecular UV signature present on the metastatic site was associated with higher TMB (P = .003). Melanomas bearing a high TMB had a higher probability of response to PD-1 inhibitors compared with melanomas with a low TMB, with a dose-dependent effect following an exponential curve and a negative odds ratio of 0.40 (95% CI, 0.20 to 0.72, P = .004) between log-TMB and 6-month progression. CONCLUSION: Cumulative sun exposure related to skin location and molecular UV signature present on the metastatic site appear to be relevant biomarkers directly linked to TMB. Because TMB is not yet available to all for routine clinical use, the location of the primary melanoma in a sun-exposed area may play an important role in clinical decisions regarding therapeutic choice.
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Antígeno B7-H1 , Melanoma , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Mutação , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is one of the most typical cutaneous drug adverse reactions. This localized drug-induced reaction is characterized by its relapse at the same sites. Few large series of FDE are reported. The aim of this study was to retrospectively collect and analyse well informed cases observed in a hospital setting. This study involved 17 academic clinical centers. A French nation-wide retrospective multicentric study was carried out on a 3-year-period from 2005 to 2007 by collecting data in seventeen departments of dermatology in France. Diagnosis of FDE was based essentially on clinical findings, at times confirmed by pathological data and patch-testing. Records were reviewed for demographics, causative drugs, localization, severity, and patch-tests, when available. Fifty nine cases were analysed. Patients were 59-years-old on average, with a female predilection. The most common drug was paracetamol, followed by the non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. The time between drug intake and skin symptoms was, on average, two days. Beside these classical characteristics, some original findings were found including, a frequent non pigmentation course and a sex-dependent pattern of distribution. Women often had lesions on the hands and feet, and men on the genitalia. Given the fact that skin pigmentation is an inconstant feature of FDE, its French name (erythème pigmenté fixe) should be reconsidered. The sex-dependent distribution could help our understanding of the pathophysiology of fixed drug eruption.
Assuntos
Sistemas de Notificação de Reações Adversas a Medicamentos , Toxidermias/epidemiologia , Acetaminofen/efeitos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Analgésicos/efeitos adversos , Análise de Variância , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Criança , Toxidermias/diagnóstico , Toxidermias/etiologia , Feminino , França/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes do Emplastro , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Emerging evidence indicates that non-mutational drug tolerance mechanisms underlie the survival of residual cancer "persister" cells. Here, we find that BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma persister cells tolerant to BRAF/MEK inhibitors switch their metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative respiration supported by peroxisomal fatty acid ß-oxidation (FAO) that is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Knockdown of the key peroxisomal FAO enzyme, acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), as well as treatment with the peroxisomal FAO inhibitor thioridazine, specifically suppresses the oxidative respiration of persister cells and significantly decreases their emergence. Consistently, a combination treatment of BRAF/MEK inhibitors with thioridazine in human-melanoma-bearing mice results in a durable anti-tumor response. In BRAF(V600E) melanoma samples from patients treated with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, higher baseline expression of FAO-related genes and PPARα correlates with patients' outcomes. These results pave the way for a metabolic strategy to overcome drug resistance.
Assuntos
3-Hidroxiacil-CoA Desidrogenases/metabolismo , Acetil-CoA C-Aciltransferase/metabolismo , Acil-CoA Oxidase/metabolismo , Isomerases de Ligação Dupla Carbono-Carbono/metabolismo , Enoil-CoA Hidratase/metabolismo , Melanoma/genética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/antagonistas & inibidores , Racemases e Epimerases/metabolismo , Animais , Humanos , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A synergy between radiotherapy and anti-cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) monoclonal antibody has been demonstrated preclinically. The Mel-Ipi-Rx phase 1 study aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of radiotherapy combined with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A 3+3 dose escalation design was used with 9, 15, 18 and 24 Gy dose of radiotherapy at week 4 combined with 10 mg/kg ipilimumab every 3 weeks for four doses. Patients with evidence of clinical benefit at week 12 were eligible for maintenance with ipilimumab 10 mg/kg every 12 weeks starting at week 24 until severe toxicity or disease progression. The database lock occurred on April 30, 2019. Tumor growth rate of irradiated lesions and non-irradiated lesions were analyzed to assess the systemic immunologic antitumor response. Blood immune monitoring was performed before and during treatment to determine if radiotherapy could modify ipilimumab pharmacodynamics. RESULTS: 19 patients received ipilimumab between August 2011 and July 2015. Nine patients received the four doses of ipilimumab. All patients received the combined radiotherapy. Grade 3 adverse events occurred in nine patients, the most common being colitis and hepatitis. No drug-related death occurred. Dose limiting toxicity occurred in two of six patients in the cohort receiving 15 Gy. The MTD was 9 Gy. Two patients had complete response, three had partial response response and seven had stable disease, giving an objective response rate of 31% and a clinical benefit rate of 75% at week 24. The median duration of follow-up was 5.8 years (Q1=4.5; Q3=6.8). The median overall survival (95% CI) was estimated at 0.9 years (0.5-2). The median progression-free survival (PFS) (95% CI) was 0.4 (0.2-1.4). Radiotherapy combined with ipilimumab was associated with increased CD4+ and CD8+ICOS+ T cells. Increased CD8+ was significantly associated with PFS. CONCLUSION: When combined with ipilimumab at 10 mg/kg, the MTD of radiotherapy was 9 Gy. This combination of ipilimumab and radiotherapy appears to be associated with antitumor activity. Increased CD8+ was significantly associated with PFS. Thus, immune biomarkers may be useful for early response evaluation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01557114.