Mouse IL-2/CD25 Fusion Protein Induces Regulatory T Cell Expansion and Immune Suppression in Preclinical Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an IL-2-deficient state, with regulatory T cells (Tregs) showing diminished immune regulatory capacity. A low dose of IL-2 has shown encouraging clinical benefits in SLE patients; however, its clinical utility is limited because of the requirement of daily injections and the observation of increase in proinflammatory cytokines and in non-Tregs. We recently showed that a fusion protein of mouse IL-2 and mouse IL-2Rα (CD25), joined by a noncleavable linker, was effective in treating diabetes in NOD mice by selectively inducing Treg expansion. In this report, we show that mouse IL-2 (mIL-2)/CD25 at doses up to 0.5 mg/kg twice a week induced a robust Treg expansion without showing signs of increase in the numbers of NK, CD4+Foxp3-, or CD8+ T cells or significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines. In both NZB × NZW and MRL/lpr mice, mIL-2/CD25 at 0.2-0.4 mg/kg twice a week demonstrated efficacy in inducing Treg expansion, CD25 upregulation, and inhibiting lupus nephritis based on the levels of proteinuria, autoantibody titers, and kidney histology scores. mIL-2/CD25 was effective even when treatment was initiated at the time when NZB × NZW mice already showed signs of advanced disease. Furthermore, we show coadministration of prednisolone, which SLE patients commonly take, did not interfere with the ability of mIL-2/CD25 to expand Tregs. The prednisolone and mIL-2/CD25 combination treatment results in improvements in most of the efficacy readouts relative to either monotherapy alone. Taken together, our results support further evaluation of IL-2/CD25 in the clinic for treating immune-mediated diseases such as SLE.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine induces a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-resistant depression like phenotype in mice.

Preclinical studies have shown that administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces depression-like behaviors in mice; however, the effect of antidepressant drug treatment has not been reported earlier. In the present study, we induced depression-like behavior by administering BCG vaccine to BALB/c mice. BCG treatment produced robust serum sickness as shown by a decrease in body weight, reduced spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced voluntary wheel running activity. BCG treatment also elevated plasma IL6 and IFNγ levels and produced a marked activation of lung IDO activity. At a time point when serum sickness-related behaviors had fully recovered (i.e., day 14) BCG-treated mice showed a significant increase in immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) indicative of a pro-depressant phenotype. We observed significant increase in [(3)H]PK11195 binding in cortex and hippocampus regions of BGC-treated mice in comparison to saline-treated mice indicating prominent neuroinflammation. Pharmacological evaluation of FST behavior in BCG-treated mice demonstrated selective resistance to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine and escitalopram. In contrast the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, the dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) duloxetine, and the dual dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (DNRI) nomifensine retained antidepressant efficacy in these mice. The lack of efficacy with acute treatment with SSRIs could not be explained either by differences in drug exposure or serotonin transporter (SERT) occupancy. Our results demonstrate that BCG-vaccine induced depression like behavior is selectively resistant to SSRIs and could potentially be employed to evaluate novel therapeutic agents being developed to treat SSRI-resistance in humans.

Azatricyclic Inverse Agonists of RORγt That Demonstrate Efficacy in Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Psoriasis.

Structure-activity relationship studies directed toward the replacement of the fused phenyl ring of the lead hexahydrobenzoindole RORγt inverse agonist series represented by 1 with heterocyclic moieties led to the identification of three novel aza analogs 5-7. The hexahydropyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline series 5 (X = N, Y = Z=CH) showed potency and metabolic stability comparable to series 1 but with improved in vitro membrane permeability and serum free fraction. This structural modification was applied to the hexahydrocyclopentanaphthalene series 3, culminating in the discovery of 8e as a potent and selective RORγt inverse agonist with an excellent in vitro profile, good pharmacokinetic properties, and biologic-like in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.

Effect of anti-depressants on neuro-behavioural consequences following impact accelerated traumatic brain injury in rats.

Disruption of normal neuronal networks and neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine levels in post traumatic brain injury (TBI) are observed to be the primary causative agent for depression/anxiety. This communication reports the efficacy of various classes' anti-depressants in the treatment of depression/anxiety following TBI in rats. Chronic treatment with anti-depressants (escitalopram and venlafaxine) leads to improvement in the depressive/anxiogenic-like behaviour in the TBI rat and corroborates the notion of the involvement of serotonin and norepinephrine in the behavioural consequences of post-TBI. Chronic treatments with escitalopram and venlafaxine significantly reversed the effect of TBI as compared to vehicle-treated TBI group. The results showed a quantitative battery of neuro-behavioural functional assessments that correlates with neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury.

Effect of anti-depressants on neuro-behavioural consequences following impact accelerated traumatic brain injury in rats.

Disruption of normal neuronal networks and neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine levels in post traumatic brain injury (TBI) are observed to be the primary causative agent for depression/anxiety. This communication reports the efficacy of various classes’ anti-depressants in the treatment of depression/anxiety following TBI in rats. Chronic treatment with anti-depressants (escitalopram and venlafaxine) leads to improvement in the depressive/anxiogenic -like behaviour in the TBI rat and corroborates the notion of the involvement of serotonin and norepinephrine in the behavioural consequences of post-TBI. Chronic treatments with escitalopram and venlafaxine significantly reversed the effect of TBI as compared to vehicle-treated TBI group. The results showed a quantitative battery of neuro-behavioural functional assessments that correlates with neuronal damage following traumatic brain injury.