Symptomatic, Inspiration-Induced Atrioventricular Block: Treated with Pacemaker Implant.

BACKGROUND: The respiratory sinus arrhythmia is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It consists of phasic variations of sinus cycle length produced by an autonomic reflex, and is characterized by increased heart rate during inspiration and decline in expiration. This phenomenon is due to a reduction of the parasympathetic tone during inspiration, causing a rise in the heart rate, while during expiration the opposite phenomenon occurs. This arrhythmia is more frequent in young adults, although it can also be seen in any age group. METHODS AND RESULTS: We report the case of a 46-year-old female, who was transferred to our institution because of dizziness and loss of balance reported during deep inspiration, associated with sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular block.

Movement Disorder Perspectives on Monocarboxylate 8 Deficiency: A Case Series of 3 Colombian Patients with Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Deficiencies in the thyroid hormone transporter monocarboxylate 8 (MCT8) due to pathogenic variants in the SLC16A2 gene (OMIM 300095) result in a complex phenotype with main endocrine and neurologic symptoms. This rare disorder, named Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) (OMIM 300523), is inherited in an X-linked trait. One of the prominent features of AHDS is the presence of movement disorders (MD), which are complex and carry a significant burden of the disease. CASES: Patient 1: male with hypotonia since birth, developmental delay, dystonic posturing at 4 months and at 15 months, and startle reaction developed with sensory stimuli. Patient 2: male, at 2 months, shows hypotonia and developmental delay, paroxysmal episodes triggered by a stimulus with sudden blush, tonic asymmetric posture, and no epileptiform activity. At 10 months, generalized dystonic posturing. Patient 3: typical neurodevelopmental milestones until 6 months; at 24 months, dystonia, startle reaction, and upper motoneuron signs. CONCLUSIONS: We aim to describe our patients diagnosed with AHDS, focusing on MD phenomenology and strengthening the phenotype-genotype correlations for this rare condition.

Levodopa treatment of late onset extrapyramidal movements in a child after high voltage electrocution.

We present the case of a 12-year-old girl with abnormal extrapyramidal movements associated with basal ganglia lesions after electrical injury. After her injury, our patient initially did well and recovered from acute cardiovascular and hemodynamic instability, and the results of her neurological examination, head computed tomography scan, and electroencephalogram were normal on discharge from hospital. Two weeks after discharge, she developed extrapyramidal movements, and head magnetic resonance imaging showed areas of bilateral, symmetrical enhanced associated with signal intensity in the basal ganglia, hypoxic encephalopathy, and cerebral edema that may have occurred secondary to the cardiopulmonary arrest that she suffered immediately after her accident. The symptoms disappeared after low dose levodopa was instituted and have not recurred during the 15 months of treatment. Injury and death from electric current, although rare, are not uncommon and occur mostly as a result of accidental contact with a live wire. This is the first case report documenting the use of levodopa for extrapyramidal movements secondary to high-tension electrocution.

[Idiopathic generalized epilepsies]. / Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas.

Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) is a group of epilepsies age-dependent, a subgroup of EGG genetic generalized epilepsies, with electro-clinical features and polygenic inheritance. Four syndromes comprising the IGEs: childhood absence epilepsy (CAD), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures epilepsy. Clinically characterized by the presence of one or a combination of absence seizures, myoclonus, tonic-clonic, or myoclonictonic- clonic with common electroencephalographic patterns of 2.5-5.5 Hz generalized spike-wave and activated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation. They generally have a good prognosis for seizure control, not evolve to an epileptic encephalopathy. Frequent clinical overlap between the first three, being able to evolve between them; the probability and age of remission varies in each one. About 80% responding to broad-spectrum anti-seizure drugs such as valproic acid, may worsen with sodium or GABAergic blockers. Development is typically normal; however, they are frequently associated with mood disorders, attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning disabilities, but do not have cognitive deficits. The recognition of this group of EGI is important for the adequate use of the resources, avoiding unnecessary studies, adequate orientation of the prognosis and an optimal treatment.

Las epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) son un grupo de epilepsias generalizadas edad dependientes, subgrupo de las Epilepsias genéticas generalizadas(EGG), con hallazgos electro-clínicos característicos y herencia poligénica. Las EGI incluyen las cuatro epilepsias generalizadas clásicas más comunes de las EGG: la epilepsia de ausencias de la infancia (EAI), epilepsia de ausencias juveniles (EAJ), epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ) y la epilepsia con crisis tónico clónicas generalizadas. Clínicamente caracterizadas por la presencia de una o una combinación de crisis de ausencias, mioclonías, tónicaclónicas omioclónica-tónica-clónicas con patrón electroencefalográfico de punta onda lenta de 2.5 a 6cps y activación con la hiperventilación y fotoestimulación, Sobresalen de las EGG por compartir atributos particulares como el buen pronóstico con control frecuente de las crisis, la no evolución a encefalopatías epilépticas, frecuente superposición clínica entre las tres primeras, pudiendo evolucionar entre ellas; la probabilidad y edad de remisión varía en cada una. Más del 80% se controlan adecuadamente con medicamentos anticrisis de amplio espectro como el ácido valproico y pueden empeorar con bloqueadores de sodio o gabaérgicos. Si bien los pacientes son previamente sanos con neurodesarrollo normal, frecuentemente se asocian con trastornos del ánimo, déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y problemas del aprendizaje pero no presentan déficit cognitivo. El reconocimiento de este grupo de EGI es importante para el uso adecuado del recurso, evitando estudios innecesarios, adecuada orientación del pronóstico y un tratamiento óptimo.

[Epileptic encephalopathies of onset in neonates and infants]. / Encefalopatías epilépticas de inicio en recién nacidos y lactantes.

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recently socialized the proposed classification for epileptic syndromes of neonatal onset and up to the first 2 years of age, dividing them into self-limited epileptic syndromes and epileptic and developmental encephalopathies (DEEs). In this review we will focus on DEEs, defined as disorders in which there is developmental impairment related to both the underlying aetiology independent of epileptiform activity and epileptic encephalopathy. These include early infantile epileptic encephalopathy or Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy in the neonatal period, now grouped under the name of epileptic and early childhood developmental encephalopathies (EIDEE). Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome, childhood epilepsy with migratory crises and Dravet syndrome are part of the infant-onset encephalopathies. The importance of early recognition of epileptic encephalopathies lies not only in the control of epileptic seizures, but also in stopping deterioration by trying to change the course of the disease. It is essential to know the etiology, avoiding medications that can exacerbate seizures and worsen the course, applying precision m edicine as well as identifying candidate patients for early epilepsy surgery.

Recientemente la Liga Internacional contra la Epilepsia (ILAE) socializó la clasificación propuesta para síndromes epilépticos de inicio neonatal y hasta los primeros 2 años de edad, dividiéndolos en síndromes epilépticos autolimitados y las encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo (DEEs). En esta revisión nos dedicaremos a las DEEs, definidas como trastornos donde existe deterioro del desarrollo relacionado tanto con la etiología subyacente independiente de la actividad epileptiforme como con la encefalopatía epiléptica. Estas incluyen en el período neonatal la encefalopatía epiléptica infantil temprana o síndrome de Ohtahara y la encefalopatía mioclónica temprana, ahora agrupadas bajo la denominación de encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo infantil temprano (EIDEE). El síndrome de espamos epilépticos infantiles, la epilepsia de la infancia con crisis migratorias y el síndrome de Dravet forman parte de las encefalopatías de inicio en el lactante. La importancia del reconocimiento temprano de las encefalopatías epilépticas radica no solo en el control de las crisis epilépticas, sino en detener el deterioro intentando cambiar el curso de la enfermedad. Es fundamental conocer la etiología evitando medicamentos que puedan exacerbar las crisis y empeorar el curso, aplicando medicina de precisión así como identificando pacientes candidatos a cirugía temprana de epilepsia.

Circulating miR-15b, miR-34a and miR-218 as promising novel early low-invasive biomarkers of cervical carcinogenesis.

Circulating biological markers, such as miRNAs, hold the greatest possibilities to complement tissue biopsy and clinical diagnostic tests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative abundance of three circulating miRNAs in serum from 17 HPV16-positive patients with early cervical lesions known as Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions (LSILs). The expression of circulating microRNAs miR-15b, miR-34a and miR-218 in patients with LSILs was compared to 23 HPV-negative individuals showing normal cervical epithelium (healthy women) and 23 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) samples. The expression levels of miR-15b remained unchanged while those of miRNAs 34a and 218 were relatively high in serum obtained from LSIL patients in comparison with healthy women (results were statistically significant with a p of < 0.01 or < 0.001). According to previous findings, miR-15b was overexpressed and miRNAs 34a and 218 were underexpressed in serum from SCC patients. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of some selected gene targets were determined [Cyclin D1 (CCND1), Cyclin E1 (CCNE1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and MutS homolog 2 (MSH-2)]. All serum results correlated with tissue samples from the same patients. We propose that circulating microRNAs can be valuable as molecular markers for the early follow-up of cervical carcinogenesis risk.

Role of nitric oxide in young patients with vasovagal syncope.

AIMS: Nitric oxide (NO) formed in the vascular endothelium produces, among other effects, a strong vasodilation. In order to evaluate the possible role of NO in hypotension induced by head-up tilt test (HUT), we measured plasma levels of its metabolites, nitrites and nitrates (NOx), during the test. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twelve patients with vasovagal syncope and positive HUT [HUT(+)] (mean age: 23+/-5 years) and 13 healthy volunteers with negative HUT (controls) (mean age: 24+/-5 years) were included. Venous blood samples were obtained during the baseline stage for biochemical measurements. Plasma values of NOx were obtained under baseline conditions (T0), at the end of the HUT (T1), and 15 min after the end of the HUT (T2). The baseline biochemical values as well as haemodynamic parameters were similar in HUT(+) patients and controls. NOx plasma values (in micromol/L) were as follows [HUT(+) vs. controls]: T0: 5.7+/-1.6 vs. 8.8+/-4.7 (P=0.05), T1: 6.1+/-3.2 vs. 8.5+/-3.6 (P=NS), and T2: 6.1+/-3 vs. 10.2+/-8.9 (P=NS). The NOx levels were directly correlated with the insulin levels (Spearman's R=0.53, P=0.008). CONCLUSION: Baseline plasma levels of NOx were significantly lower in HUT(+) patients than in controls. However, since the expected increase in NOx values during HUT-induced syncope was not observed, the possible role of NO in vasovagal hypotension is uncertain.

Cancer Stem Cells from Tumor Cell Lines Activate the DNA Damage Response Pathway after Ionizing Radiation More Efficiently Than Noncancer Stem Cells.

Recently, a subpopulation of tumor cells, called cancer stem cells (CSC), has been characterized, and these have emerged as a major topic in cancer research. CSC are proposed to repair DNA damage more efficiently than the rest of tumor cells, resisting chemotherapy or radiotherapy and causing clinical recurrence and metastasis. We aimed to determine the molecular basis of radioresistance and first compared the response to ionizing radiation (IR) between cancer stem cell-enriched cultures grown as spheres and conventional tumor cell line cultures grown as monolayer, from HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. To verify that our sphere cultures were enriched in CSC, we evaluated the double staining of CD49f and ALDH activity for HeLa cells by flow cytometry. We then evaluated whether differences could exist in sensor elements in the DNA damage response pathway among these cultures. We found that CSC cultures showed less sensitivity to radiation than conventional tumor cell line cultures. We observed a higher baseline expression of activated response sensor proteins of DNA damage, such as ATM, H2A.X, and PARP1, in untreated CSC cultures. These findings provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that DNA damage response sensor proteins are present and preferentially activated in CSC, as opposed to the bulk of cells in monolayer cultures. Likewise, they provide the basis for biological differences in response to IR between CSC and other tumor cell populations. Understanding the DNA damage response pathway may provide therapeutic targets to sensitize CSC to cytotoxic therapies to improve current cancer treatments.

Consumo de suplementos alimenticios durante la pandemia de COVID-19: Un estudio transversal en deportistas mexicanos / Dietary Supplements Consumption During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Mexican Athletes

Introducción: Durante la anterior contingencia sanitariaocasionada por el COVID-19, se presenció una amplia difu-sión de supuestos tratamientos para esta y otras enfermeda-des. Esto dio pie al empleo de suplementos alimenticios (SA)como una posible alternativa para la prevención de esta en-fermedad. El consumo de SA confiere un riesgo en aquellaspoblaciones donde la prevalencia de uso es elevada. Tal es elcaso de la comunidad deportiva, donde su consumo es unaactividad frecuente debido a sus efectos en el rendimiento de-portivo y composición corporal. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del consumo de SA endeportistas mexicanos durante el COVID-19 e identificaraquellos que lo emplearon con la finalidad de prevenir la in-fección. Asimismo, explorar la asociación de consumo con lasvariables sexo, edad y ocupación. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio des-criptivo transversal correlacional en una muestra no probabi-lística por conveniencia compuesta por 351 deportistas de laregión noroeste de México. Se aplicó una encuesta a travésde la plataforma Google Forms que incluía preguntas relacio-nadas con la frecuencia de consumo de SA además de varia-bles sociodemográficas. Resultados: El 22,5% de los participantes estaba consu-miendo algún tipo de SA durante el confinamiento y 67,1%sostuvo la creencia de que el consumo de estos suplementoscontribuyó a la prevención del COVID-19. Se encontró unaasociación entre consumo y creencia (χ2(2) = 26,256, p < 0,05;Phi = 0,274). El uso de SA fue recomendado principalmentepor nutriólogos (39,2%), entrenadores (21,5%) y médicos(20,3%). Conclusiones: El consumo de SA fue relativamente bajocomparado con otras poblaciones. Sin embargo, la mayoríade los consumidores refirió que los SA contribuyen a la pre-vención del contagio por COVID-19. Gran parte de los consu-midores de SA acudió a un profesional de la salud para su re-comendación.(AU)

Introduction: During the previous health contingencycaused by COVID-19, there was a widespread disseminationof alleged treatments for this and other diseases. This led tothe use of dietary supplements (DS) as a possible alternativefor the prevention of this disease. DS consumption poses arisk in populations where the prevalence of use is high. Suchis the case in the sports community, where its consumption isa common activity due to its effects on sports performanceand body composition.Objective: To determine the prevalence of DS consump-tion in Mexican athletes during COVID-19 and identify thosewho used them to prevent infection. Additionally, to explorethe association between consumption and the variables ofgender, age, and occupation.Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional cor-relational study was conducted in a non-probabilistic conven-ience sample composed of 351 athletes from the northwest re-gion of Mexico. A survey was administered through the GoogleForms platform that included questions related to the frequencyof DS consumption as well as sociodemographic variables. Results: 22.5% of the participants were consuming sometype of DS during the lockdown, and 67.1% believed that theconsumption of these supplements contributed to the pre-vention of COVID-19. An association between consumptionand belief was found (χ2(2) = 26.256, p < 0.05; Phi = 0.274).The use of DS was primarily recommended by nutritionists(39.2%), coaches (21.5%), and physicians (20.3%). Conclusions: DS consumption was relatively low com-pared to other populations. However, the majority of DS con-sumers reported that DS contributed to the prevention ofCOVID-19 infection. A significant proportion of DS consumerssought recommendations from healthcare professionals.(AU)

Genes Involved in the Transcriptional Regulation of Pluripotency Are Expressed in Malignant Tumors of the Uterine Cervix and Can Induce Tumorigenic Capacity in a Nontumorigenic Cell Line.

Transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, C-MYC, and NANOG (OSKM-N) regulate pluripotency and stemness, and their ectopic expression reprograms human and murine fibroblasts that constitute the key of regenerative medicine. To determine their contribution to cell transformation, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of these transcription factors in cervical cancer samples and found that they are preferentially expressed in the tumor component. Also, cancer stem cell-enriched cultures grown as sphere cultures showed overexpression of OSKM-N genes. Importantly, we observed that lentiviral-mediated transduction of these factors confers, to a nontumorigenic immortalized human cell line, properties of cancer stem cells as the ability to form tumors in a mouse model. When we performed a meta-analysis using microarray data from cervical cancer biopsies and normal tissues, we found that the expression of OSKM-N and some target genes allowed separating tumor and normal tissues between samples, which enhanced the importance of OSKM-N in the tumorigenesis. Finally, we analyzed and compared both transcript and protein expression profiles of these factors within a cohort of patients with cervical cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the expression of OSKM-N is described to induce one of the main characteristics of the cancer stem cell, the tumorigenicity. And, more importantly, its exogenous expression in a nontumorigenic cell line is sufficient to induce a tumorigenic phenotype; furthermore, the differential expression of this transcription factor distinguishes tumor tissue and normal tissue in cervical samples.

Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas / Idiopathic generalized epilepsies

Resumen Las epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) son un grupo de epilepsias generalizadas edad de pendientes, subgrupo de las Epilepsias genéticas generalizadas(EGG), con hallazgos electro-clínicos característicos y herencia poligénica. Las EGI inclu yen las cuatro epilepsias generalizadas clásicas más comunes de las EGG: la epilepsia de ausencias de la infancia (EAI), epilepsia de ausencias juveniles (EAJ), epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ) y la epilepsia con crisis tónico clónicas generalizadas. Clínicamente caracterizadas por la presencia de una o una com binación de crisis de ausencias, mioclonías, tónica-clónicas omioclónica-tónica-clónicas con patrón elec troencefalográfico de punta onda lenta de 2.5 a 6cps y activación con la hiperventilación y fotoestimula ción, Sobresalen de las EGG por compartir atributos particulares como el buen pronóstico con control frecuente de las crisis, la no evolución a encefalopa tías epilépticas, frecuente superposición clínica entre las tres primeras, pudiendo evolucionar entre ellas; la probabilidad y edad de remisión varía en cada una.Más del 80% se controlan adecuadamente con medicamentos anticrisis de amplio espectro como el ácido valproico y pueden empeorar con bloqueadores de sodio o gabaérgicos. Si bien los pacientes son previamente sanos con neurodesarrollo normal, frecuentemente se asocian con trastornos del ánimo, déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y problemas del aprendizaje pero no presentan déficit cognitivo. El reconocimiento de este grupo de EGI es importan te para el uso adecuado del recurso, evitando estudios innecesarios, adecuada orientación del pronóstico y un tratamiento óptimo.

Abstract Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) is a group of epilepsies age-dependent, a subgroup of EGG genetic generalized epilepsies, with electro-clinical features and polygenic inheritance. Four syndromes comprising the IGEs: childhood absence epilepsy (CAD), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures epilepsy. Clinically characterized by the presence of one or a combination of absence seizures, myoclonus, tonic-clonic, or myoclonic-tonic-clonic with common electroencephalographic pat terns of 2.5-5.5 Hz generalized spike-wave and activated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation. They generally have a good prognosis for seizure control, not evolve to an epileptic encephalopathy. Frequent clinical overlap between the first three, being able to evolve between them; the probability and age of remission varies in each one. About 80% responding to broad-spectrum anti-seizure drugs such as valproic acid, may worsen with sodium or GABAergic blockers. Development is typically normal; however, they are frequently associated with mood disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning dis abilities, but do not have cognitive deficits. The recognition of this group of EGI is important for the adequate use of the resources, avoiding unnecessary studies, adequate orientation of the prognosis and an optimal treatment.

Inhibition of RAD51 by siRNA and Resveratrol Sensitizes Cancer Stem Cells Derived from HeLa Cell Cultures to Apoptosis.

Cervical cancer is the second most frequent tumor type in women worldwide with cases developing clinical recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The cancer stem cells (CSC) may be implicated in tumor resistance to therapy. RESveratrol (RES), a natural compound, is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial activities. We previously determined that the expression of RAD51 is decreased by RES. The aim of our study was to examine molecular mechanism by which CSC from HeLa cultures exhibit chemoresistance. We hypothesized CSC repair more efficiently DNA breaks and that RAD51 plays an important role in this mechanism. We found that CSC, derived from cervical cancer cell lines, overexpress RAD51 and are less sensitive to Etoposide (VP16). We inhibited RAD51 in CSC-enriched cultures using RES or siRNA against RAD51 messenger RNA and observed a decrease in cell viability and induction of apoptosis when treated simultaneously with VP16. In addition, we found that inhibition of RAD51 expression using RES also sensitizes CSC to VP16 treatment. Our results suggest that resveratrol is effective to sensitize cervical CSC because of RAD51 inhibition, targeting high RAD51 expressing CD49f-positive cells, which supports the possible therapeutic application of RES as a novel agent to treat cancer.

Encefalopatías epilépticas de inicio en recién nacidos y lactantes / Epileptic encephalopathies of onset in neonates and infants

Resumen Recientemente la Liga Internacional contra la Epilepsia (ILAE) socializó la clasificación propuesta para síndromes epilépticos de inicio neonatal y hasta los primeros 2 años de edad, dividiéndolos en síndromes epilépticos autolimitados y las encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo (DEEs). En esta revisión nos dedicaremos a las DEEs, definidas como trastornos donde existe deterioro del desarrollo relacionado tanto con la etiología subyacente independiente de la actividad epileptiforme como con la encefalopatía epiléptica. Estas incluyen en el período neonatal la encefalopatía epiléptica infantil temprana o síndrome de Ohtahara y la encefalopatía mioclónica temprana, ahora agrupadas bajo la denominación de encefalopatías epilépticas y del desarrollo infantil temprano (EIDEE). El síndrome de espamos epilépticos infantiles, la epilepsia de la infancia con crisis migratorias y el síndrome de Dravet forman parte de las encefalopatías de inicio en el lactante. La importancia del reconocimiento temprano de las encefalopatías epilépticas radica no solo en el control de las crisis epilépticas, sino en detener el deterioro intentando cambiar el curso de la enfermedad. Es fundamental conocer la etiología evitando medicamentos que puedan exacerbar las crisis y empeorar el curso, aplicando medicina de precisión así como identificando pacientes candidatos a cirugía temprana de epilepsia.

Abstract The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) recently socialized the proposed classification for epileptic syndromes of neonatal onset and up to the first 2 years of age, dividing them into self-limited epileptic syndromes and epileptic and developmental encephalopathies (DEEs). In this review we will focus on DEEs, defined as disorders in which there is developmental impairment related to both the underlying aetiology independent of epileptiform activity and epileptic encephalopathy. These include early infantile epileptic encephalopathy or Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy in the neonatal period, now grouped under the name of epileptic and early childhood developmental encephalopathies (EIDEE). Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome, childhood epilepsy with migratory crises and Dravet syndrome are part of the infant-onset encephalopathies. The importance of early recognition of epileptic encephalopathies lies not only in the control of epileptic seizures, but also in stopping deterioration by trying to change the course of the disease. It is essential to know the etiology, avoiding medications that can exacerbate seizures and worsen the course, applying precision m edicine as well as identifying candidate patients for early epilepsy surgery.

Desarrollo de las reflexiones metapragmáticas sobre la función de la ironía verbal en adolescentes

Objetivo. Analizar las reflexiones metapragmáticas que presentan 32 adolescentes de 12 y 15 años de edad (16 por grupo etario) sobre la función de la ironía verbal en dos tipos de actos de habla: agradecimiento y ofrecimiento irónicos. Método. Los participantes se enfrentaron a ocho historias que terminaban con una expresión irónica y mediante un guion de preguntas se indagó sobre las funciones que les atribuían a los enunciados irónicos. Resultados. Se muestran diferencias significativas debidas a la edad, pero no al tipo de enunciado en las reflexiones que hacen los adolescentes, lo que confirma que la capacidad para hacer reflexiones metapragmáticas sobre la ironía verbal se desarrolla de manera muy tardía en el lenguaje infantil.

Objective. Analyse metapragmatic reflections made by adolescents aged 12 and 15 years old (16 per age group) on the functions of verbal irony, in two types of ironic speech acts: ironic thanking and ironic offering. Method. The participants faced eight stories ending with ironic remarks, and through questioning, they were asked about the functions they attributed to the ironic statements. Results. Significant differences are shown due to age, but none related to the type of statement, which confirms that the ability to make metapragmatic reflections on verbal irony develops late in children's language.

Efecto de un programa de Educación Física con actividades motrices para desarrollar el área motora en niños con discapacidad intelectual / Effect of a Physical Education program with motor activities to develop the motor area in children with intellectual disabilities

RESUMEN. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de educación física con actividades motrices en niños con discapacidad intelectual inscritos en el Centro de Atención Múltiple de la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasi-experimental con medias repetidas pretest-postest no aleatorizado, siendo cada participante su propio control. La muestra por conveniencia estuvo conformada por 12 niños en un rango de edad de 7a 10 años (9 ±1.04). La evaluación se llevó a cabo por medio del Inventario de Desarrollo Battelle, el cual se aplicó al inicio y al final del programa, el cual tuvo una duración de tres meses. Se utilizó material didáctico reciclado para estimular los aspectos motrices que se deseaban. Los resultados muestran cambios significativos en la coordinación corporal y en locomoción (p=0.006). Se concluye que aplicar un programa de educación física con actividades motrices de manera regular, a niños con discapacidad, puede contribuir desarrollar de mejor manera las habilidades de motricidad superando su edad equivalente.

ABSTRACT. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of a physical education program with motor activities in children with intellectual disabilities enrolled in the Multiple Attention Center of the city of Hermosillo, Sonora. A quantitative study of quasi-experimental design with repeated means pretest-posttest non-randomized, with each participant being his/her own control was carried out. The convenience sample consisted of 12 children in an age range of 7to 10 years (9 ±1.04). The evaluation was carried out by means of the Battelle Development Inventory, which was applied at the beginning and at the end of the three-month program. Recycled didactic material was used to stimulate the desired motor aspects. The results show significant changes in body coordination and locomotion (p=0.006). It is concluded that applying a physical education program with motor activities on a regular basis to children with disabilities can contribute to better develop motor skills beyond their age equivalent.

Insulin sensitivity in young women with vasovagal syncope.

BACKGROUND: Insulin, in addition to its known metabolic effects, has sympatho-excitatory and vasodilatory actions on muscular blood vessels. The goal of this study was to evaluate insulin sensitivity in young women with vasovagal syncope and positive tilt test results (HUT+) and to compare it with that in patients with negative tilt test results (HUT-) and in control subjects without a history of syncope. METHODS: Different indices of insulin sensitivity were obtained by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 13 young women with syncope and HUT+ (age 26.8 +/- 9.1 years, body mass index 20.4 +/- 2.1), 8 patients with HUT- (age 26 +/- 5.6 years, body mass index 21.9 +/- 2.4), and 13 control subjects without syncope and HUT- (age 28.9 +/- 8.8 years, body mass index 23.1 +/- 1.7). The following parameters were assessed: fasting glucose and insulin levels (G(0), I(0)); G(0)/I(0) ratio; G(0) x I(0); areas under the curve for glucose and insulin; homeostatic model assessment (HOMA); quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI); and composite whole-body insulin sensitivity index (ISI). RESULTS: G(0) and I(0) values were significantly lower in patients with HUT+ than in control subjects (G(0) 4.9 vs 81.9, P <.05, I(0) 4.7 vs 9.1, P <.005). All the fasting values-based indices (ie, HOMA 0.9 vs 1.9, P <.005) and the ISI (12.8 vs 7.1, P =.01) differed significantly in both groups. None of the parameters showed significant differences between patients with HUT- and control subjects. Sixty-one percent of patients with HUT+ had a vasovagal reaction during OGTT. CONCLUSIONS: Young women with vasovagal syncope and HUT+ have a greater insulin sensitivity. They have a propensity to reproduce symptoms during the OGTT. This hypersensitivity could be one of the predisposing factors for vasovagal episodes.

Brainstem auditory evoked response in HIV-infected patients with and without AIDS.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper is to determine the type and frequency of brainstem auditory evoked potential abnormalities in HIV-infected patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHODS: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were performed in 44 HIV-infected patients; 22 of these patients were asymptomatic carriers and 22 presented clinical manifestation of AIDS at the time of the study. Twenty healthy young adults were studied as controls. When brainstem auditory evoked potentials were performed, none of the HIV-infected patients had neurologic clinical findings. RESULTS: The interwave intervals I-V showed significant differences (p <0.05) between both HIV-infected groups and the control group. There were non-significant differences between the two groups including HIV-infected patients with or without clinical features of AIDS. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the HIV infection may produce subclinical pathologic changes in the cochlear nerve and brainstem, which can be detected by BAEP test.

La aplicación de un programa de intervención para el beneficio de la salud física y emocional en mujeres adultas mayores en Hermosillo, Sonora

Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental para identificar los beneficios físicos y emocionales que promueve un programa de activación física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores del Instituto Nacional de las Personas Adultas Mayores (INAPAM) y del Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado de Sonora (ISSSTESON). Se aplicó para ello el Test de Senior Fitness (SFT) y la escala de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg (EADG) a una muestra no probabilística de 70 personas de Hermosillo, Sonora del sexo femenino, mayores de 65 años (M= 68.4, DS= 5.12 años). Los resultados mostraron una disminución del 61 % en la prevalencia de ansiedad y un 30 % en el síntoma de depresión después del programa. Se observaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en la flexibilidad muscular de las extremidades inferiores (p<0.05). Respecto a la resistencia aeróbica, las participantes lograron aumentar en promedio 36 metros más de lo que habían recorrido en los 6 minutos de marcha al inicio del programa. El programa de actividad física sistematizado en mujeres adultas mayores disminuye la prevalencia de ansiedad y depresión, desarrolla la capacidad de estiramiento, capacidad aeróbica, agilidad y equilibrio dinámico.

A quantitative study of a quasi-experimental design was conducted to identify the physical and emotional benefits promoted by a systematized physical activation program in older women of the National Institute for Older Persons and the Institute of Worker Safety and Social Services of the State of Sonora. The Senior Fitness Test (SFT) and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) were applied to a non-probabilistic sample of 70 women over 65 years old (M = 68.4, SD = 5.12 years) from Hermosillo, Sonora. The results showed a decrease of 61% in the prevalence of anxiety and a 30% decrease in the symptom of depression after the program. Statistically significant changes were observed in the muscular flexibility of the lower extremities (p <0.05). Regarding aerobic resistance, the participants managed to increase an average of 36 meters more than they had traveled in the six minutes of walking at the beginning of the program. The program of physical activity systematized in older women reduces the prevalence of anxiety and depression and develops the ability to stretch, aerobic capacity, agility, and dynamic equilibrium.

Um estudo quantitativo de desenho quase experimental para identificar os benefícios físicos e emocionais que promove um programa de activação física sistematizado em mulheres idosas do Instituto Nacional de Idosos e do Instituto de Segurança do Trabalhador e Serviços Sociais do estado de Sonora. Aplicou-se para isso o Teste de Senior Fitness (SFT) e a escala de ansiedade e depressão de Goldberg (EADG) a uma amostra não probabilística de 70 pessoas de Hermosillo, Sonora, do sexo feminino, maiores de 65 anos (M= 68.4, DS= 5.12 anos). Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição de 61% na prevalência de ansiedade e uma diminuição de 30% no sintoma de depressão após o programa. Observaram-se mudanças estatisticamente significativas na flexibilidade muscular das extremidades inferiores (p <0,05). Em relação à resistência aeróbica, as participantes conseguiram aumentar em média 36 metros a mais do que haviam percorrido nos 6 minutos de caminhada no início do programa. O programa de atividade física sistematizado em mulheres idosas diminui a prevalência de ansiedade e depressão, desenvolve a capacidade de alongamento, capacidade aeróbica, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico.

Kaempferitrin induces apoptosis via intrinsic pathway in HeLa cells and exerts antitumor effects.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Justicia spicigera is used for the empirical treatment of cervical cancer in Mexico. Recently, we showed that Justicia spicigera extracts exerted cytotoxic and antitumoral effects and the major component of this extract was kaempferitrin (KM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxic and apoptotic effect of KM on human cancer cells and human nontumorigenic cells were evaluated using MTT and TUNEL assays, and Annexin V/Propidium iodide detection by flow cytometry. The effect of KM on cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry with propidium iodide. The apoptotic and cell cycle effects were also evaluated by western blot analysis. Also, different doses of KM were injected intraperitoneally daily into athymic mice bearing tumors of HeLa cells during 32 days. The growth and weight of tumors were measured. RESULTS: KM induces high cytotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo against HeLa cells. The general mechanisms by which KM induces cytotoxic effects include: cell cycle arrest in G1 phase and apoptosis via intrinsic pathway in a caspase dependent pathway. Also, KM exerts chemopreventive and antitumor effects. CONCLUSION: KM exerts cytotoxic and antitumor effects against HeLa cells.

Human papillomavirus infections and cancer stem cells of tumors from the uterine cervix.

Different rate of development of productive infections (as low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias), or high grade lesions and cervical malignant tumors associated with infections of the Transformation zone (TZ) by High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV), could suggest that different epithelial host target cells could exist. If there is more than one target cell, their differential infection by HR-HPV may play a central role in the development of cervical cancer. Recently, the concept that cancer might arise from a rare population of cells with stem cell-like properties has received support in several solid tumors, including cervical cancer (CC). According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis, CC can now be considered a disease in which stem cells of the TZ are converted to cervical cancer stem cells by the interplay between HR-HPV viral oncogenes and cellular alterations that are thought to be finally responsible for tumor initiation and maintenance. Current studies of CSC could provide novel insights regarding tumor initiation and progression, their relation with viral proteins and interplay with the tumor micro-environment. This review will focus on the biology of cervical cancer stem cells, which might contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cervical tumor development.