RESUMO
Previous research suggests that both same-sex attraction and the personality trait "openness" are associated with sex-atypical preferences and behaviors. Here, we examined the links between adulthood occupational preferences, childhood play behavior, and openness among Iranian cisgender gynephilic males (n = 228), cisgender ambiphilic males (n = 48), cisgender androphilic males (n = 178), transgender androphilic males (n = 58), cisgender androphilic females (n = 226), cisgender ambiphilic females (n = 94), cisgender gynephilic females (n = 31), and transgender gynephilic females (n = 121) from Iran. Cisgender and transgender same-sex attracted males and females exhibited sex-atypical occupational preferences with the latter group showing even more sex-atypicality than the former. The personality trait openness did not differ between cisgender groups. Transgender androphilic males had a significantly higher mean score for openness compared to cisgender androphilic females and transgender gynephilic females, whereas transgender gynephilic females had a significantly lower mean score compared to cisgender androphilic males. In both males and females, childhood sex-atypicality, same-sex attraction, and openness were associated with sex-atypical occupational preferences. Our findings from Iran provides cross-cultural support for interconnectedness of childhood and adulthood sex-atypicality, openness, and same-sex attraction in males and females who are cisgender and transgender.
RESUMO
Same-sex sexual attraction in both males and females has been associated with childhood sex-atypical behavior. Gynephilic females recall behaving in a manner that is less female-typical and more male-typical compared to cisgender androphilic females, whereas androphilic males recall behaving in a manner that is less male-typical and more female-typical compared to cisgender gynephilic males. In addition, male and female ambiphilic individuals exhibit intermediate levels of childhood sex-atypicality. In this study, we examined recalled childhood sex-typed behavior among Iranian cisgender gynephilic males (n = 236), cisgender ambiphilic males (n = 51), cisgender androphilic males (n = 191), transgender androphilic males (n = 60), cisgender androphilic females (n = 243), cisgender ambiphilic females (n = 96), cisgender gynephilic females (n = 32), and transgender gynephilic females (n = 122). Both cisgender androphilic males and cisgender gynephilic females recalled elevated childhood sex-atypicality, scoring intermediate between cisgender gynephilic males and cisgender androphilic females. Male and female ambiphilic participants scored intermediate between their other- and same-sex attracted cisgender counterparts. Transgender androphilic males exhibited hyper-feminized childhood behavior, scoring even more female-typical than cisgender androphilic females. Transgender gynephilic females recalled behaving as male-typical as cisgender gynephilic males. Consistent with previous research, our findings from Iran - a non-Western, Middle Eastern culture - provide cross-cultural support for the universality of childhood sex-atypicality as a normative developmental precursor of monosexual or ambisexual same-sex attraction in both males and females who are cisgender and transgender.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health problem because of its associated diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to explore the relationship between dietary macronutrients and adiposity in a cohort study, representative of the city of Mashhad in northeastern Iran. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: The population sample (9847) derived from Mashhad stroke and heart atherosclerotic disorders (MASHAD: 2010-2020) and was obtained using a stratified-cluster method. The subjects were separated into 4 groups by body mass index status: normal weight, underweight, overweight and obese individuals. Individuals with mean age of 48.33 ±8.26 yr were recruited and anthropometric and biochemical factors were measured in all the subjects. Individual dietary intakes were assessed using 24-h dietary recall Dietplan6. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted before and after adjustment for age, gender and energy intake. RESULTS: Obese individuals were significantly less physically active. They had higher levels of serum fasted lipid profile, hs-CRP, uric acid, and glucose, and blood pressures compared to normal weight individuals (P=0.001). There was a significant difference in the dietary intakes of the groups categorized by obese before adjustment for energy intake in the obese compared to the normal weight group. These differences remained statistically significant for Trans fatty acid (P=0.033), lactose (P=0.009), fructose (P=0.025), glucose (P=0.017), sucrose (P=0.021) and maltose (P=0.015) after adjustment for energy intake. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate a significant association between dietary Trans fatty acid and total sugar intake with adiposity in a representative population sample from northeastern Iran.