[Relation between television commercial of alcoholic beverage and alcoholism].

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Alcoholism is a disease that greatly ruins body mental health, family's health, and a social property. Moreover, it is a disease that a few drinking are connected with the danger of the relapse because there is a control trouble of the drinking desire. The purpose of this survey is to clarify the relation between television commercial of alcoholic beverage (CM) and alcoholism. METHODS: Questionnaire survey on CM and the drinking desire of alcoholism was carried out. Participants were 104 abstinent patients (AP) and 221 healthy control subjects (HCS). HCS were ruled out alcohol dependence syndrome range by Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests as well as adjusted residuals to compare AP and HCS. In addition, AP was analyzed the relationship between period of abstinence and CM. RESULTS: The average period of abstenence from drinking was 3.38 +/- 1.55 years. AP had the experience of receiving stimulation to the drinking desire by CM. AP had the unpleasantness to the CM. Also, they hoped to discontinue CM, they felt the unpleasantness when they watched CM. Generally, three years are considered to be a stability period after abstains from drinking. Thirty-seven% of AP with 3 years and 27% of AP with 5 years answered "It is very which question about "I want to drink alcohol when I watched CM of alcohol beverage". CONCLUSIONS: It was suspected the CM stimulation was a risk element of an external trigger of the drinking desire, and AP had significantly felt "unpleasant" and hoped that "Discontinuance of CM". It was suggested that it is necessary to reconsider the CM stimulation from the viewpoint of relapse prevention of AP.

Using ultrasonography in evaluating the intramuscular injection techniques used for administering drug treatments to schizophrenic patients in Japan.

This study was conducted with six patients with schizophrenia, four of whom received the atypical antipsychotic risperidone long-acting injectable (RLAI), and two patients receiving the typical depot injection (TDI). The purpose of this study was to determine the location (gluteus medius or maximus; deltoid muscles) and diffusion of typical and atypical antipsychotic medications administered intramuscularly using ultrasonography. When using the standardized depth of needle insertion, in some cases, the drug was injected into the gluteus maximus instead of the gluteus medius. Similarly, in some cases the TDI was not visible in the ultrasonographic images until sixteen days after the injection. This verifies how hard the injection site becomes when microspheres of RLAI is injected as compared to other muscle areas. These results confirmed that the gluteus muscle structure was the ideal muscle for depot injection as evidenced by the injection solution being dispersed and rendered not visible immediately after intramuscular injection (IM). With the use of ultrasonography, injection sites and drug dispersions were evaluated under a direct visual guidance, suggesting that ultrasonography is a useful method for establishing evidence for determining correct insertion of IM injection, diffusion of medications, and the effective administration of IM injections.