Anatomical variations in the course of spinal accessory nerve in the neck triangles: A descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Spinal Accessory Nerve (SAN), which innervates the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles, is closely related to the internal jugular vein (IJV) in the anterior triangle of the neck and passes superficially in the posterior triangle. Injury to SAN is a major complication of level II neck dissection, leading to shoulder syndrome. The present study aims to assess the course and its relation to the SCM muscle and IJV in the Tamil ethnolinguistic groups in South India. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The anterior and posterior triangles of the neck were dissected in 28 formalin-fixed adult cadavers. The course of the SAN and the entry and exit points of SAN along the SCM muscle were assessed using the mastoid process as the reference. Recorded data was analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: The SAN was anteriorly related to the IJV in 58.73%, posteriorly in 37.5%, and pierced through the IJV in 3.57% of the specimens. The entry and exit points of SAN from the mastoid process were 37.86±7.26mm and 48.55±8.22mm, respectively. In 86.67% of the cases, the SAN traversed through the SCM muscle, and in 13.33%, it was deep to the SCM. CONCLUSION: The present study reports that the SAN is variable in its course, and relation to SCM and IJV. Knowledge about the variant anatomy of the SAN in the triangles of the neck is important and it aids surgeons to prevent iatrogenic injuries to SAN or IJV and enhance surgical safety in neck procedures.

Functional variations between Mesenchymal Stem Cells of different tissue origins: A comparative gene expression profiling.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), regardless of the tissue sources, are considered as excellent candidates for cellular therapy as they are immune-privileged cells containing a multitude of therapeutic functions that aid in tissue regeneration and repair. For the effective application of these cells in cell therapy, it is important to understand and characterize their biological functions. OBJECTIVES: The present study attempts to characterize the variations in multipotent function such as cell surface antigen levels, proliferation, differentiation and stemness (pluripotency) potential of MSCs isolated from foetal [wharton's jelly (WJ), foetal and maternal side of placenta (PF and PM)] and adult tissue sources [bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT)] using gene expression by real time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: Amongst the different tissue sources, PM, PF and AT-MSCs exhibited significant increase (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively) in CD 73 expression and therefore could have a role in immunomodulation. WJ-MSCs exhibited superior proliferation potential based on growth curve, PCNA and Wnt gene expression. BM-MSCs were superior in exhibiting trilineage differentiation. Enhanced stemness potential (Oct 4 and Nanog) was observed for both BM and WJ-MSCs. In addition, BM and WJ-MSCs expressed high levels of CD 90 making them suitable in bone repair and regeneration. CONCLUSION: Thus to conclude, out of the five different sources tested, BM an adult source and WJ-MSCs a foetal source were superior in exhibiting most of the biological functions indicating that these sources may be suitable candidates for cell repair and regeneration studies.

Spatial distribution of persistent organic pollutants in the surface water of River Brahmaputra and River Ganga in India.

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are discharged in surface water by various point and nonpoint sources thereby degrading the functioning of the ecosystem and threatening human health. Chlorinated pesticides such as Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) are effective pest control chemicals, used in agriculture and public health activities (malaria eradication, etc.) in India for the past several decades and are still in use. POPs can cause endocrine disruption and food chain biomagnification because of their lipophilicity and environmental persistence. This study aims to assess the environmental occurrence and spatial distribution of OCPs, PAHs and PCBs in the surface water of River Brahmaputra and Ganga ending at the of the Bay of Bengal.The order of organochlorine pesticides is as: heptachlor>HCHs>DDTs>dieldrin>aldrin>endosulfan. Diamond Harbour and Bakkhali were the two places with elevated level of all individual HCH isomers compared to all other sites. ß-Endosulfan and α-Endosulfan were high at Dibrugarh than other sampling sites. This is due to the ongoing use of Endosulfan in the tea estates in Assam especially the estates close to the town of Dibrugarh. p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT levels indicate the fresh input of DDT in all the sampling sites. Heptachlor has been observed in 57% of the total samples reported in the present study.These reasons may attribute to high deposition of pesticides in the surface water of Ganga and Brahmaputra.In addition the catchments area of the Ganga River is surrounded by agricultural lands so a relatively higher residue of pesticides was prevalent. Σ27 PCBs varied from BDL to 142 (Avg±SD, 3.96±6.71) ng L-1. PCB-18, PCB-52 & PCB-44 showed the highest concentration levels for all the sampling sites. PCB-126 was observed in samples taken from sites close to the city limit of Kolkata and Assam which is an indication of higher toxic effect from this highly toxic congener. PCB-169 was prevalent in most of the sites. The total concentrations of PAHs varied from BDL to 31 (Avg±SD, 0.2±1.5) µg L-1. PAHs concentrations were very low as PAHs are particle bound compounds.

Traumatic myositis ossificans of the masseter muscle: a case report with conventional and advanced imaging features.

Myositis ossificans of the head and neck is a rare heterotopic, nonneoplastic bone formation within a muscle. Traumatic myositis ossificans (TMO), also known as myositis ossificans circumscripta, is the most common form, resulting in muscle ossification after trauma or hematoma. This article presents a case of TMO in the left masseter muscle of a 26-year-old male patient who suffered from epilepsy. The various types of myositis ossificans, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnoses, and various treatment modalities are outlined.

Non-covalent interaction, adsorption characteristics and solvent effect of procainamide anti-arrhythmias drug on silver and gold loaded silica surfaces: SERS spectroscopy, density functional theory and molecular docking investigations.

First-principle calculations were systematically carried out to explore the structural and electronic properties of the non-covalent interaction of procainamide (PA) anti-arrhythmias drug molecules on silver-loaded and gold-loaded silica nanostructures. Computed adsorption energies presented a higher affinity of PA towards the Ag-SiO2 as compared with Au-SiO2 surfaces. The non-covalent interaction analysis revealed a weak van der Waals type of forces and hydrogen bonding, associated with a noticeable repulsive steric interaction. It was conceived that silver and gold decorated silica can be used for drug administration in biological systems due to the fact that their frontier molecular orbital energy levels were considerably altered upon absorption, decreasing the pertinent energy gaps. Moreover, the electronic spectra of PA⋯Ag-SiO2 and PA⋯Au-SiO2 structures investigated in different solvents display a notable blue shift, suggesting that noble metal-loaded silica can be effective in the context of drug delivery systems. Therefore, silver- and gold-decorated silica of three possible drug adsorption scenarios was fully analyzed to realize the associated bioactivity and drug likeness. Theoretical findings suggest that Ag- and Au-SiO2 nanocomposites can be considered potential drug delivery platforms for procainamide in medication protocols.

Optimal Deep Learning-Based Vocal Fold Disorder Detection and Classification Model on High-Speed Video Endoscopy.

The use of high-speed video-endoscopy (HSV) in the study of phonatory processes linked to speech needs the precise identification of vocal fold boundaries at the time of vibration. The HSV is a unique laryngeal imaging technology that captures intracycle vocal fold vibrations at a higher frame rate without the need for auditory inputs. The HSV is also effective in identifying the vibrational characteristics of the vocal folds with an increased temporal resolution during retained phonation and flowing speech. Clinically significant vocal fold vibratory characteristics in running speech can be retrieved by creating automated algorithms for extracting HSV-based vocal fold vibration data. The best deep learning-based diagnosis and categorization of vocal fold abnormalities is due to the usage of HSV (ODL-VFDDC). The suggested ODL-VFDDC technique starts with temporal segmentation and motion correction to identify vocalized regions from the HSV recording and gathers the position of movable vocal folds across frames. The attributes gathered are fed into the deep belief network (DBN) model. Furthermore, the agricultural fertility algorithm (AFA) is used to optimize the hyperparameter tuning of the DBN model, which improves classification results. In terms of vocal fold disorder classification, the testing results demonstrated that the ODL-VFDDC technique beats the other existing methodologies. The farmland fertility algorithm (FFA) is then used to accurately determine the glottal limits of vibrating vocal folds. The suggested method has successfully tracked the speech fold boundaries across frames with minimum processing cost and high resilience to picture noise. This method gives a way to look at how the vocal folds move during a connected speech that is completely done by itself.

Platelet-rich fibrin and collagen matrix for the regeneration of infected necrotic immature teeth.

Revitalization of an immature necrotic tooth is possible under conditions of total canal disinfection. This case report describes an immature tooth #21 with periapical pathology which was treated through revascularization using 3% sodium hypochlorite and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as irrigants; calcium hydroxide was placed as an intracanal medicament, platelet-rich fibrin as a scaffold, and collagen matrix was placed as a barrier. On follow-up at 2 years, healing of periapical lesion, apical closure could be appreciated. Based on the results, we conclude that regeneration of necrotic tooth is possible under efficient disinfection. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: This article documents the 2-year outcome of regenerative endodontic treatment in necrotic immature teeth. The successful outcome of this case shows that regenerative endodontic teeth can be a viable treatment option in immature teeth.

A functional Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite solar selective absorber with antimicrobial activity by photochemical reduction process.

A functional nanocomposite coating developed by wet chemical route in a photochemical reduction process will be a good candidate for low temperature solar thermal application. The low-temperature curable cermet comprises of two different type of nanoparticles, generated by photocatalytic reduction of silver ions under the sunlight with the aid of crystalline TiO2 (~8 nm) nanoparticles. The optimized base absorber layer of Ag-TiO2 nanocomposite exhibited absorptance (α) of 0.90 and emittance (ε) of 0.18 at 200 °C. Further to improve the optical properties a second layer of MgF2 has been added to get high selective (α/ε = 0.93/0.19 at 200 °C) nature. In addition, the coating was demonstrated to possess an antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The presented work will provide a new insight into the spectrally selective absorbers and its antimicrobial nature, which may useful for water disinfection, hot water, industrial heating and swimming pool applications.

Enhancement of photocatalytic activity by metal deposition: characterisation and photonic efficiency of Pt, Au and Pd deposited on TiO2 catalyst.

Pt, Au and Pd deposited TiO2 have been prepared and characterised by surface analytical methods such as surface area, XRD, and scanning electron micrograph and photophysical characterisation by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the doped catalysts was ascertained by the photo-oxidation of leather dye, acid green 16 in aqueous solution illuminated with low-pressure mercury lamp ( approximately 254 nm). The effect of metal contents on the photocatalytic activity was investigated. The highest photonic efficiency was observed with metal deposition level of less than 1 wt%.

Solar light induced and TiO2 assisted degradation of textile dye reactive blue 4.

Aqueous solutions of reactive blue 4 textile dye are totally mineralised when irradiated with TiO2 photocatalyst. A solution containing 4 x 10(-4) M dye was completely degraded in 24 h irradiation time. The intensity of the solar light was measured using Lux meter. The results showed that the dye molecules were completely degraded to CO2, SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ and H2O under solar irradiation. The addition of hydrogen peroxide and potassium persulphate influenced the photodegradation efficiency. The rapidity of photodegradation of dye intermediates were observed in the presence of hydrogen peroxide than in its absence. The auxiliary chemicals such as sodium carbonate and sodium chloride substantially affected the photodegradation efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography and chemical oxygen demand were used to study the mineralisation and degradation of the dye respectively. It is concluded that solar light induced degradation of textile dye in wastewater is a viable technique for wastewater treatment.

Solar/UV-induced photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes.

The photocatalytic degradation of three commercial textile dyes with different structure has been investigated using TiO(2) (Degussa P25) photocatalyst in aqueous solution under solar irradiation. Experiments were conducted to optimise various parameters viz. amount of catalyst, concentration of dye, pH and solar light intensity. Degradation of all the dyes were examined by using chemical oxygen demand (COD) method. The degradation efficiency of the three dyes is as follows: Reactive Yellow 17(RY17) > Reactive Red 2(RR2) > Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), respectively. The experimental results indicate that TiO(2) (Degussa P25) is the best catalyst in comparison with other commercial photocatalysts such as, TiO(2) (Merck), ZnO, ZrO(2), WO(3) and CdS. Though the UV irradiation can efficiently degrade the dyes, naturally abundant solar irradiation is also very effective in the mineralisation of dyes. The comparison between thin-film coating and aqueous slurry method reveals that slurry method is more efficient than coating but the problems of leaching and the requirement of separation can be avoided by using coating technique. These observations indicate that all the three dyes could be degraded completely at different time intervals. Hence, it may be a viable technique for the safe disposal of textile wastewater into the water streams.

Photocatalytic degradation of leather dye over ZnO catalyst supported on alumina and glass surfaces.

The photocatalytic degradation of leather dye, Acid green 16, has been investigated over a ZnO catalyst supported on two different materials, namely alumina and glass beads (3-5 mm diameter). Sunlight was used as the energy source. The alumina-supported ZnO outperformed the glass-supported ZnO under identical operational conditions suggesting that the dye molecules are adsorbed on the alumina supports to make a high concentration environment around the loaded ZnO. The degradation efficiency was greater at pH = 4 compared to other acidic and neutral pH. Also, the degradation efficiency was a little bit higher in alkaline medium, which correlates with the adsorption behaviour of acid green 16 on the alumina supported ZnO. The influence of inorganic oxidants like H2O2, FeCl3 and Fenton reagent on the degradation efficiency were systematically studied. The decolourisation and extent of degradation of the dye were determined by UV-VIS spectroscopy and COD reflux methods, respectively. Complete mineralisation of the dye was conformed by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.

A Report on Bilaterally Elongated Superior Cervical Ganglion

Superior cervical ganglion (SCG), the largest of the three cervical sympathetic ganglia, is formed by the fusion of first four cervical ganglia. Bilaterally elongated superior cervical ganglion was observed in a female cadaver during dissection. On the right side, it was 63.74 mm long and 5.75 mm wide and on the left side, it was 62.88 mm and 5.84 mm respectively. Histological analysis of the ganglion done with toluidine blue staining confirmed the structure of sympathetic ganglion. Superior cervical ganglion is the preferred ganglion for sympathetic block in conditions like trigeminal neuralgia, atypical facial pain,and post-herpetic neuralgia. Even though superior cervical ganglion has been reported to be at the safest location, thetension of sympathetic trunk while retracting the carotid sheath during surgeries might result in Horner’s syndrome. Furthermore, a large ganglion may also be confused with deep cervical lymph nodes or retropharyngeal mass during imaging studies. Understanding the variant anatomy of the superior cervical ganglion might serve as a guide for imaging studies, cervical spine surgeries,and sympathetic block.

Vibrational spectra of 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(diaminomethylene) pyrazine-2-carboxamide: combined experimental and theoretical studies.

In this work, the vibrational spectral analysis of 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(diaminomethylene)pyrazine-2-carboxamide(3DCNDPC) was carried out using FT-Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy in the range 4000-50cm(-1) and 4000-500cm(-1) respectively. The experimental spectra were recorded in the solid phase. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of vibrational bands were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP with the standard basis set 6-311++G(d,p). The optimized geometric parameters (bond lengths and bond angles) were compared with experimental values. Normal co-ordinate calculations were performed with the DFT force field corrected by a recommended set of scaling factors yielding fairly good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. Simulation of infrared and Raman spectra utilizing the results of these calculations led to excellent overall agreement with the observed spectral patterns. The complete assignments were performed on the basis of the potential energy distribution (PED) of the vibrational modes, calculated with scaled quantum mechanics (SQM) method. The stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions and the charge delocalization has been analyzed by using Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis. UV-Vis spectrum of the compound was recorded. The calculated HOMO and LUMO energies show that chemical activity of the molecule.

Concomitant Occurrence of Fenestrated Internal Jugular Vein and Sub-omohyoid External Jugular Vein: A Case Report

External jugular vein is the superficial vein of the neck and is prone to variations. Multiple internal jugular veins are incidental findings that present as a duplication or fenestration. We encountered a unilateral fenestrated internal jugular vein and a bilateral variation in the course of external jugular vein, during a cadaveric dissection. The external jugular vein, after its formation, crossed the sternocleidomastoid muscle and pierced the investing cervical fascia of the posterior triangle. It traversed deep to the inferior belly of omohyoid muscle to enter the subclavian triangle and terminated by draining into the subclavian vein on the left side, and at the angle between the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein on the right side. The fenestrated internal jugular vein on the left side divided into a small medial and large lateral division which reunited at the level of the tendon of omohyoid muscle and drained into the subclavian vein. Only the medial division of the internal jugular vein received tributaries in the neck. Awareness of the multiple variations of the jugular veins would be valuable during surgical approaches to the neck. Present report aims to be useful for vascular surgeons, radiologists, and intensivists as well.

Optimization and charaterization of repaglinide biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle loaded transdermal patchs: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles loaded Repaglinide were prepared by solvent extraction method. In this method chitosan, PLA and PCL were employed to prepare Repaglinide polymeric nanoparticles. Some of the formulation parameters were optimized to obtain high quality nanoparticles. The particles were spherical shape with sizes of 108.6 ± 3.4 nm to 220.6 ± 1.2 nm and the poly dispersity indexes were in the range of 0.06 to 0.44. The zeta potential was in the range between - 16.48 ± 2.02 and 30.52 ± 3.20 mV. The percentage entrapment efficiency (EE%) was 81.4 ± 1.8% to 92.7 ± 1.4%. The drug release behavior was studied by externally sink method and the release pattern of drug was found to follow zero order, Higuchi and Peppas equations. The optimized PLA-Repaglinide nanoparticles were loaded in Methocel transdermal patches. These transdermal patches were evaluated by physiochemical parameters, in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies. Based on in vivo hypoglycemic results, bioavailability parameters like AUC, AUMC, Cmax, Tmax, MRT, t1/2 and relative bioavailability were found to be 2218.88 µIU/mL/h, 381630.3 µIU/mL/h, 41.88 µIU/mL, 36 h, 83.24h, and 52.79 h respectively. The transdermal patch containing Repaglinide nanoparticles showed 76 fold effective than conventional oral administrations.

Wood ash as a magnesium source for phosphorus recovery from source-separated urine.

Struvite precipitation is a simple technology for phosphorus recovery from source-separated urine. However, production costs can be high if expensive magnesium salts are used as precipitants. Therefore, waste products can be interesting alternatives to industrially-produced magnesium salts. We investigated the technical and financial feasibility of wood ash as a magnesium source in India. In batch experiments with source-separated urine, we could precipitate 99% of the phosphate with a magnesium dosage of 2.7 mol Mg mol P(-1). The availability of the magnesium from the wood ash used in our experiment was only about 50% but this could be increased by burning the wood at temperatures well above 600 °C. Depending on the wood ash used, the precipitate can contain high concentrations of heavy metals. This could be problematic if the precipitate were used as fertilizer depending on the applicable fertilizer regulations. The financial study revealed that wood ash is considerably cheaper than industrially-produced magnesium sources and even cheaper than bittern. However, the solid precipitated with wood ash is not pure struvite. Due to the high calcite and the low phosphorus content (3%), the precipitate would be better used as a phosphorus-enhanced conditioner for acidic soils. The estimated fertilizer value of the precipitate was actually slightly lower than wood ash, because 60% of the potassium dissolved into solution during precipitation and was not present in the final product. From a financial point of view and due to the high heavy metal content, wood ash is not a very suitable precipitant for struvite production. Phosphate precipitation from urine with wood ash can be useful if (1) a strong need for a soil conditioner that also contains phosphate exists, (2) potassium is abundant in the soil and (3) no other cheap precipitant, such as bittern or magnesium oxide, is available.

A novel serum protein of molecular weight 182 kDa: a molecular marker for an early detection of increased left ventricular mass in patients with cardiac hypertrophy.

BACKGROUND: Earlier studies in our laboratory have shown the presence of a cardiac-hypertrophy-specific high-molecular-weight protein of 182 kDa in the sera of laboratory rats which were subjected to aortic stenosis. On the basis of a number of criteria, these studies have pointed out that this protein may be a molecular signal of hypertrophic growth in the aorta-constricted animals. Further, a similar high-molecular-weight protein has been observed in the sera of normal humans and patients with cardiac anomalies. We have tried to correlate the levels of 182 kDa serum protein with various parameters such as age, severity of hypertrophy and left ventricular muscle (LVM) mass in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS: Two hundred and ten patients with left and right ventricular hypertrophy evidenced by clinical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were selected for the study. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was used to quantify the 182 kDa serum protein in the sera of patients by using anti-rat 182 kDa protein antibodies. RESULTS: The 182 kDa protein levels in the serum correlated with the age and stage of the LVM mass of hypertrophied heart in patients. It was noted that this protein was significantly elevated in early and moderate stages of cardiac hypertrophy and decreased when the hypertrophy became severe in patients only up to 40 years of age, whereas no significant difference exists in 182 kDa protein levels between normal individuals and patients with cardiac hypertrophy aged over 40 years. CONCLUSION: The level of this protein could be an early molecular marker identifying the stages of increase in LVM mass in patients with cardiac hypertrophy, below 40 years of age. The induction of 182 kDa protein levels in human serum may be an age-dependent phenomenon.