The association between plant and animal protein intake with depression, anxiety, and stress.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that diet composition is a key biological factor related to the development of depressive disorders. The present study was conducted to investigate the animal and plant protein intake and their replacement in association with depression, anxiety, and stress in Iranian adults. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, the dietary intake of 7169 subjects were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. The depression, anxiety, and stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21) questionnaire was used to psychological disorders. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios for depression, anxiety, and stress across quintiles of animal and plant protein. RESULTS: The participants' age range was 20-69 years. Individuals with the highest animal protein consumption had a lower chance for developing depression compared to those with the lowest intakes (OR = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.59-0.90; Ptrend < 0.01). Results also showed a significant association between animal protein intake and anxiety, such that subjects in the highest quintile of animal protein intake had 24% lower odds for anxiety compared to those in the lowest quintile (p < 0.05). We found a significant association between highest quintiles of animal protein intake and a 40% lower risk for stress among female individuals (Ptrend = 0.05). The multivariable-adjusted non-linear analyses also revealed that the replacement of plant protein with animal protein was significantly associated with the likelihood of depression and anxiety (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Animal protein intake might lower the odds of depression and anxiety particularly. Future prospective investigations are proposed to confirm these findings.

Medicinal herbs consumption in relation to cardiometabolic indices and coronary artery stenosis in participants undergoing coronary angiography: A cross-sectional study.

Few studies have investigated the association between herbal medicine consumption and coronary artery disease severity. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between the frequency of medicinal herbs consumption and coronary artery stenosis (CAS), lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and blood pressure level in participants undergoing coronary angiography. This study was conducted on 662 participants aged 35-75 years. Serum cardiometabolic markers were measured using standard kits. The extent and severity of CAS were evaluated using the Gensini score (GS) and syntax score (SS). Higher consumption of Thymus vulgaris and Sumac was associated with decreased odds of artery-clogging according to the GS. A higher intake of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha was associated with lower levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Monthly intake of Thymus vulgaris, and weekly/daily intake of Mentha, Nigella Sativa, and Cuminum Cyminum were associated with lower low-density lipoprotein. Weekly/daily intake of Turmeric and Thymus vulgaris were associated with lower high-density lipoprotein levels and monthly intake of Mentha was related to lower serum FBS levels. Higher consumption of Mentha, Mentha pulegium L, Lavandula angustifolia, and Nigella Sativa was associated with lower levels of systolic blood pressure. According to the results of the present study, herbs consumption might be related to a reduction in CAS risk factors.

First Iranian guidelines for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults.

This guideline is the first Iranian guideline developed for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of hyperlipidemia in adults. The members of the guideline developing group (GDG) selected 9 relevant clinical questions and provided recommendations or suggestions to answer them based on the latest scientific evidence. Recommendations include the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) threshold for starting drug treatment in adults lacking comorbidities was determined to be over 190 mg/dL and the triglyceride (TG) threshold had to be >500 mg/dl. In addition to perform fasting lipid profile tests at the beginning and continuation of treatment, while it was suggested to perform cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk assessment using valid Iranian models. Some recommendations were also provided on lifestyle modification as the first therapeutic intervention. Statins were recommended as the first line of drug treatment to reduce LDL-C, and if its level was high despite the maximum allowed or maximum tolerated drug treatment, combined treatment with ezetimibe, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, or bile acid sequestrants was suggested. In adults with hypertriglyceridemia, pharmacotherapy with statin or fibrate was recommended. The target of drug therapy in adults with increased LDL-C without comorbidities and risk factors was considered an LDL-C level of <130 mg/dl, and in adults with increased TG without comorbidities and risk factors, TG levels of <200 mg/dl. In this guideline, specific recommendations and suggestions were provided for the subgroups of the general population, such as those with CVD, stroke, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, elderly, and women.

Interaction between CETP Taq1B polymorphism and dietary patterns on lipid profile and severity of coronary arteries stenosis in patients under coronary angiography: a cross-sectional study.

AIM: Evidence indicates there are still conflicts regarding CETP Taq1B polymorphism and coronary artery disease risk factors. Current findings about whether dietary patterns can change the relationship of the Taq1B on lipid profile and the severity of coronary arteries stenosis appears to be limited. The present research made an attempt to investigate this possible relationship. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 453 male and female participants with a mean age of 57 years. A validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary usual intake. Dietary patterns were extracted through principal component analysis (PCA). Taq1B variant was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Two-way ANOVA was used to test the interaction between Taq1B polymorphism and dietary patterns. RESULTS: Two dietary patterns were detected: the western dietary pattern (WDP) and the traditional dietary pattern (TDP). The frequency of Taq1B genotypes turned out to be 10.4, 72.4, and 17.2% for B1B1, B1B2, and B2B2, respectively. A significant difference was observed in TG and TG/HDL-C levels among TaqIB genotypes in higher adherence to TDP (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). Taq1B showed a significant interaction with TDP for modulating TG levels and TG/HDL-C ratio (P = 0.02 and P = 0.04, respectively). Greater compliance to WDP demonstrated a significant difference in TG and TG/HDL-C levels across rs708272 genotypes (P = 0.03) after adjusting for confounding factors. Other lipid components and coronary arteries stenosis scores failed to show any relationship or significant difference across Taq1B genotypes or dietary patterns. CONCLUSION: Adherence to TDP may adjust the association between the Taq1B variant and TG and TG/HDL-C levels in patients undergoing coronary angiography. To better understand the relationships, we suggest prospective studies in different race groups with multivariate approaches.

Substituting Low-Calorie Sweetened Beverages for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages to Prevent Obesity and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Still a Good Idea?

Low-calorie sweeteners (LCSs) and LCS-containing beverages have been proposed as appropriate substitutes for caloric sugars in recent years. In this Perspective, we highlight the recent findings from observational and interventional studies, focusing on obesity, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health. We provide public health actors and health care professionals with an insightful overview of recent evidence to bridge the gap between research and practice.

Dairy intake in association with asthma symptoms among a large sample of children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

Background and objective: Dairy products may be associated with an increased risk of asthma, although there is little scientific evidence to support this association. The goal of this study was to explore the association between dairy consumption and asthma symptoms. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on children and adolescents aged 6-8 and 13-14 years living in central Iran. Dietary food consumption was assessed using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios for the association between milk, other dairy products, and total dairy consumption with the risk of asthma symptoms. Results: In total, 7,667 participants (3,414 boys and 4,253 girls) were included in the current study. Milk intake and total dairy consumption were not associated with the likelihood of wheezing, asthma confirmed by a doctor, current asthma, and asthma medication use. In addition, there was no association between other dairy product intake and the odds of wheezing in the past 12 months in the crude model. However, after adjusting for several confounders, those in the top category had lower odds of wheezing in the past 12 months than those in the bottom category (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.40-0.85). Conclusion: The consumption of dairy products other than milk, including cheese and yogurt, might reduce the likelihood of wheezing in children and adolescents.

Association between DASH diet and asthma symptoms among a large sample of adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, which has a lot of emphasis on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and on the other hand, the consumption of red meat and sodium is limited, due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which can be related to reducing the risk of asthma. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the DASH diet and asthma symptoms among children and adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among7667 children (3414 boys and 4253 girls) aged 6-7 and 13-14 years living in central Iran. Dietary food consumption was assessed using a multiple-choice questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios for the association between the DASH-like diet with current asthma and asthma symptoms. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that higher adherence to a DASH-like diet resulted in lower odds of asthma confirmed by a doctor among the whole population (OR = 0.53; 95%CI: 0.36-0.76) and also in females (OR = 0.47; 95%CI: 0.29-0.78). Moreover, the higher adherence to the DASH-like diet was inversely associated with the chance of wheezing in the past 12 months in all subjects (OR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.51-0.86) and in boys (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.38-0.85). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study showed that following the DASH diet can be associated with the improvement of asthma symptoms in children and adolescents. However, more research is needed to improve dietary recommendations for asthma prevention.

Association between a western diet and asthma among children and adolescents.

Several risk factors including environmental exposures, socioeconomic status, and dietary factors including dietary patterns have been considered for childhood Asthma. The present study tried to examine the association between a western-style pattern and the likelihood of asthma and its symptoms in Yazd, Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of elementary and high-school children were obtained through a validated GAN questionnaire. The GAN questionnaire, derived from the ISAAC questionnaire was used to assess the symptoms of allergic diseases and their related risk factors. A western dietary pattern score considered 9 food groups including chicken eggs, margarine, butter, sugar, fast foods, soft drinks, snacks, sauce, and chocolate. In total 7667 children aged 10.9 ± 3.35 years were included in the current investigation. Boys with higher adherence to western dietary pattern had a higher risk of wheezing in the past 12 months (OR 1.37, 5% CI 1.01-1.87, P = 0.04) and this association was also observed in the whole population (OR 1.30, 5% CI 1.05-1.60, P = 0.01). However, after adjustment for confounders this relation did not remain significant in boys. Our results support the hypothesis that a western dietary pattern is associated with an increased risk of wheezing in the past 12 months in children with asthma. Future prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.

The effect of different edible oils on body weight: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a major public health issue with no definitive treatment. The first-line approach for obesity is lifestyle modification, including a healthy diet. Although the amount of fat has been considered, there is no network meta-analysis (NMA) study investigating the effect of edible oils on body weight. Therefore, we sought to investigate the effect of different edible oils on body weight using a systematic review and NMA study of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHOD: PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched from inception to April 2019. RCTs of different edible oils for body weight were included. A frequentist network meta-analysis was conducted to appraise the efficacy of different types of edible oils, and the Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking Curve (SUCRA) was estimated. The GRADE framework was used to assess the certainty of evidence. RESULTS: Forty-two eligible studies were included. Most of the included trials examined the effect of olive oil compared to canola oil (n = 7 studies), followed by canola oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 6 studies), and olive oil compared to sunflower oil (n = 4 studies). Sesame oil had the highest SUCRA value for reducing weight (SUCRA value = 0.9), followed by the mixture of canola and sesame oil (0.8). Palm oil and soy oil were ranked the lowest (SUCRA value = 0.2). CONCLUSION: There is low to moderate certainty of evidence showing that soybean, palm, and sunflower oils were associated with weight gain, while sesame oil produced beneficial anti-obesity effects.

The association between dietary meal intake habits and coronary artery stenosis and cardio-metabolic risk factors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: We are not aware of studies examining the association between dietary meal intake habits (DMIH) and severity of coronary artery stenosis (CAS). This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between DMIH and the severity of CAS as well as cardiometabolic risk factors in adults undergoing coronary angiography. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done on 720 patients undergoing coronary angiography (aged 35-75 years) who were admitted to Afshar Hospital, a referral hospital for cardiovascular diseases in Yazd, Iran. Data on DMIH were gathered by interview. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. Blood pressure, anthropometric indices, and body composition were also evaluated. The relationship between DMIH and the severity of CAS [examined by angiography based on Gensini Score (GS) and Syntax Score (SS)] and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed using logistic regression and the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), respectively, in crude and multivariable adjusted models. RESULTS: After adjustment for all possible confounding variables, the study revealed that people who ate 3 meals/day had a lower risk of severe CAS compared to people who ate 2 or fewer meals (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.88, P-trend = 0.02). There was an inverse association between the number of snacks /day and the severity of CAS (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.87, P-trend = 0.02). There was also an inverse relationship between breakfast frequency/week and the severity of CAS based on both GS and SS (P < 0.05). Breakfast consumption, meal frequency, lunch consumption, snack frequency, and more food consumption on holidays were also associated with different cardiometabolic markers and anthropometric measures (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, meal frequency and breakfast consumption might be inversely associated with CAS and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Therapeutic Role of HAT Therapy in Sepsis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether the combination of hydrocortisone, vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and thiamine (HAT therapy) diminishes the mortality and is effective in expediting the resolution of sepsis and septic shock or not. METHODS: The following databases of PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar were explored until March 2021 for all existing literature related to this field. An automatic alert for all databases was also activated to update our search. Meta-analysis was performed on clinical trials and cohorts separately as well as on all the pooled populations. RESULTS: This study evaluated nine clinical trials (1358 participants) and nine cohorts (339,437 participants) and is the most comprehensive systematic review in this field. The results of our meta-analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the reduction of Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score changes (Δ-SOFA) over 72 h (Standard Mean Difference (SMD) = -0.429; 95% CI: -0.737, 0.120; P = 0.006), duration of vasopressor (VP) (SMD = -0.373; 95% CI: -0.619, -0.128; P = 0.003), and procalcitonin (PCT) clearance (SMD = 0.496; 95% CI: 0.061, 0.931%; P = 0.026). Considering the results of cohorts, HAT therapy was effective in the survival of intensive care units (ICUs) patients (OR = 0.641; 95% CI: 0.423-0.970, P = 0.035). However, no significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups in hospital mortality (Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.811, 95% CI: 0.544-1.209, P = 0.304), 28- to 30-day mortality (OR = 1.000; 95% CI: 0.782-1.279, P = 0.998), new onset acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy ((OR = 0.856, 95% CI: 0.526, 1.391; P = 0.529), in-hospital length of stay (LOS) (SMD = 0.090; 95% CI: -0.036, 0.216 days; P = 0.162), LOS in ICU (SMD = 0.016, 95% CI: -0.138, 0.170 days; P = 0.838), and mechanical ventilation-free days (SMD = 0.004; 95% CI: -0.154, 0.163 days; P = 0.956). CONCLUSION: Supplementation of septic and septic shock patients with HAT therapy has significant beneficial effects on SOFA score over 72 hours, duration of exogenous vasopressor infusion and procalcitonin clearance. Considering the results of cohort studies, supplementation with HAT is efficacious in reducing ICU mortality.

Promises and Pitfalls of Calcineurin Inhibitors in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials.

OBJECTIVE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a violent attack on the body that leads to multi-organ failure and death in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing literature on the potential benefits of calcineurin inhibitors (CIs) as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents in improving the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We searched various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cochrane databases, and ClinicalTrials.gov from 31st December, 2019, to 3rd February, 2023, for relevant controlled trials. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software was used for the statistical analyses using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Three trials enrolling 293 participants were reviewed in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed CIs to lead to a significant reduction in mortality rate [risk ratio (RR): 0.598, 95% CI: 0.404-0.885, P-value = 0.010] with a low between-study heterogeneity (Cochrane Q test: I2 = 0.000%, P-value = 0.371). Pooled analysis of two studies (84 patients) illustrated that CIs could not significantly increase the rate of hospital discharge (RR: 1.161, 95% CI: 0.764-1.764, P-value = 0.485) and heterogeneity was not significant (Cochrane Q test: I2 = 26.798%, P-value = 0.242). CONCLUSION: CIs are able to inhibit the virus nucleocapsid protein so that they can prevent replication and respiratory tract tissue damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. Based on the characteristics mentioned in detail, CIs can play a potential therapeutic role for COVID-19 patients.

Joint Effects of Dietary Patterns and Paraoxonase1 rs662 Polymorphism on Coronary Artery Disease Severity (Gensini and SYNTAX Scores) and Its Risk Factors in adults Undergoing Angiography.

SCOPE: The present study aims to assess the interaction of dietary patterns (DPs) and paraoxonase1 (PON1) rs662 polymorphism on coronary artery disease (CAD) severity and its risk factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional study is conducted on 425 patients undergoing angiography. The PON1 genotypes are detected by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) technique. DPs are extracted by exploratory factor analysis. Two dietary patterns Western (WDP) and Traditional (TDP) are extracted. A gene-diet interaction concerning a high Gensini score is observed. Accordingly, high adherence to the WDP increases the odds of a high Gensini score in R allele carriers compared to QQ genotype carriers by 2.48 times (odds ratio [OR]: 2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-6.26, p = 0.05). Also, the risk of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) is higher in R allele carriers with high adherence to the WDP compared to QQ genotype carriers (OR: 3.49, 95% CI 1.38-8.82, p < 0.001. No significant interaction is observed between TDP and PON1 rs662 on any cardiometabolic risk factors (p-value > 0.05). The results remain significant after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION: The present study's findings indicate the existence of an interaction between the PON1 rs662 polymorphism and the WDP on the risk of stenosis severity and high SBP.

Two cosmoses, one universe: a narrative review exploring the gut microbiome's role in the effect of urban risk factors on vascular ageing.

In the face of rising global urbanisation, understanding how the associated environment and lifestyle impact public health is a cornerstone for prevention, research, and clinical practice. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with urban risk factors contributing greatly to its burden. The current narrative review adopts an exposome approach to explore the effect of urban-associated physical-chemical factors (such as air pollution) and lifestyle on cardiovascular health and ageing. In addition, we provide new insights into how these urban-related factors alter the gut microbiome, which has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We focus on vascular ageing, before disease onset, to promote preventative research and practice. We also discuss how urban ecosystems and social factors may interact with these pathways and provide suggestions for future research, precision prevention and management of vascular ageing. Most importantly, future research and decision-making would benefit from adopting an exposome approach and acknowledging the diverse and boundless universe of the microbiome.

Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Taq1B Polymorphism and Its Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients Undergoing Angiography in Yazd, Eastern Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Several studies assessed the relationship between the cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) Taq1B gene polymorphism (rs708272) with risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, their findings were inconsistent. The present study investigated the relationship between CVD risk factors and the Taq1B variant in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 476 patients aged 30-76 years old of both sexes from 2020-2021, in Yazd (Iran). The Taq1B polymorphism genotypes were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on DNA extracted from whole blood. Standard protocols were used to measure cardio-metabolic markers. To determine the association between CVDs risk factors and the rs708272 variant, binary logistic regression was used in crude and adjusted models. Results: Taq1B polymorphism genotype frequencies were 10.7% for B1B1, 72.3% for B1B2, and 17% for B2B2. There was no significant association between abnormal levels of CVDs risk factors and different genotypes of the Taq1B variant, Gensini score (P=0.64), Syntax score (P=0.79), systolic blood pressure (P=0.55), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.58), and waist circumference (P=0.79). There was no significant association between genotypes of the rs708272 variant and any abnormal serum lipid levels. After adjusting for confounders, the results remained non-significant. Conclusion: There was no significant association between CVDs risk factors and CETP rs708272 polymorphism. The relationship between CETP gene variants and CVD occurrences varied across groups, implying that more research in different regions is required.A preprint version of this manuscript is available at https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2575215/v1 with doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2575215/v1.

A cross- sectional study on the association between lifestyle factors and coronary artery stenosis severity among adults living in central Iran: A protocol for the Iranian- CARDIO study.

BACKGROUND: Although several studies have attempted to identify coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors, few have explored the association between lifestyle-related factors and the severity of coronary artery stenosis. The present study was designed to assess the association between a combination of lifestyle, dietary, cardiometabolic, psychological, and mental factors, and CAD severity in adults undergoing angiography. METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to recruit a total of 700 patients (aged 35 to 75 years) who met the inclusion criteria and were referred for angiography between July 2020 and November 2021 to Afshar Hospital, a central heart disease hospital in Yazd city, Iran. To assess the presence and intensity of CAD, we used the Gensini and SYNTAX scores. Biochemical factors were measured using standard kits from serum samples, and extra serum and whole blood samples were retained for further analyses. Data on general information, dietary food and supplement intake, eating habits, medicinal herbs consumption, psychological and mental state, sleep quality, and other variables were gathered by trained interviewers using specific questionnaires. RESULTS: In total, 720 participants (444 males and 276 females) aged 56.57±9.78 years were included in the current study. Moderate to severe coronary artery stenosis was prevalent in 47.0% and 17.9% of participants based on Gensini and SYNTAX scores, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the association between different risk factors and the severity of coronary artery stenosis.

Dietary antioxidant status indices may not interact with CETP Taq1B polymorphism on lipid profile and severity of coronary artery stenosis in patients under coronary angiography.

The association of CETP Taq1B polymorphism with some metabolic traits is still controversial. The interaction of adherence to dietary indices with this polymorphism on the severity of coronary artery stenosis and serum lipid parameters needs to be investigated. This study aimed to test this hypothesis. This cross-sectional study included 453 patients who were referred from Afshar Hospital of Yazd and undergoing coronary angiography from 2020 to 2021. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 178-item validated and reliable dietary questionnaire. Dietary indices such as dietary antioxidant index (DAI), dietary antioxidant quality score (DAQS), and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) are determined according to dietary guidelines. The Taq1B variant was genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP). Two-way ANOVA was used to test the interaction between Taq1B polymorphism and dietary indices. The results of the frequency analysis of Taq1B genotypes showed that 10.4% were B1B1, 72.4% B1B2, and 17.2% B2B2. No significant interaction was found between the Taq1B variant with high adherence to DAQS, DAI, and DPI on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), triglyceride (TG) levels, and Gensini score (GS) and Syntax score (SS). In high-adherence dietary indices, lipid profile and coronary artery stenosis scores did not differ significantly in Taq1B genotypes. Due to the insignificant results in this research, further studies are needed to investigate the role of Taq1B SNP in modulating dyslipidemia and the severity of the CAD in interaction with dietary indices.

The effect of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on lipid profiles and renal function in people with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes. Despite the modern treatments, herbs or medicinal plants have gained wide attention. One of these herbs is green tea (Camellia sinensis), which may have an impact on renal function, lipid profiles, and HbA1c. However, the evidence for this is unclear and limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of green tea on these parameters in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) with nephropathy. Methods: Sixty-six individuals with T2DM nephropathy (aged 30-70 years) were randomly assigned to receive three cups of green tea/day (n = 22), two cups of green tea/day (n = 22), and the control group (n = 22) for 12 weeks. Lipid profiles, glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and renal markers were measured before and after intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), least significant difference (LSD) post hoc, and analysis of covariance were used to compare quantitative variables. Results: In total, 64 participants completed the study. Consuming three cups of infusion green tea per day (7.5 gr) led to a significant reduction in serum levels of total cholesterol (p = 0.009) and HbA1c (p = 0.006) and increased in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p = 0.02) compared with the control group who did not drink green tea. However, no significant differences were observed for other variables. Conclusion: In general, it was found that drinking three cups of green tea infusion (7.5 gr) per day produced beneficial effects on some lipid profiles and HbA1c without any adverse effects on renal function in patients with T2DM nephropathy. More studies are needed to fully elucidate these findings. Clinical trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (www.irct.ir) under registry number: IRCT2014020114538N2.

The association between vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome and its components among female teachers residing in Yazd city

Background: Studies trying to find the association between vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) have led to inconsistent results, and community-based data for individuals living in the Middle East are limited. Objectives: To find out if MetS and its components are associated with vitamin D status among female teachers residing in Yazd city during winter 2015. Materials and methods: A total of 276 female teachers (case group, n = 124 and control group, n = 152) aged 20-60 years were included. Weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, daily energy intake, physical activity, serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D3), fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assessed. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds ratio of MetS according to vitamin D status. Results: Mean serum 25(OH)D3 was 32.79 ± 18.62 ng/ml and 33.73 ± 20.20, in females with and without MetS, respectively (P > 0.142). Compared to those with 25(OH)D3of < 20 ng/ml, the odds ratio for MetS was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.48-2.13) and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.56-1.60) for those with serum 25(OH)D3 levels of 20-29 ng/ml and ≥ 30 ng/ml, respectively (P trend = 0.84). The association remained insignificant after adjusting for potential confounders. Furthermore, vitamin D status was not associated with MetS components (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although several studies have claimed the association between vitamin D status and MetS, we could not find a similar connection in a sample of Iranian female teachers. Prospective studies are needed to determine the possible effect of vitamin D in the development of MetS, particularly in the Yazd province

Antecedentes: Los estudios en busca de una asociación entre el estado de vitamina D y el síndrome metabólico (SM) han dado resultados no concluyentes, y los datos sobre comunidades de personas residentes en Oriente Próximo son limitados. Objetivos: Averiguar si existe asociación entre el SM y sus componentes y el estado de vitamina D en profesoras residentes en la ciudad de Yazd durante el invierno de 2015. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyó a un total de 276 profesoras (grupos de casos, n = 124 y grupo de control, n = 152) de 20-60 años de edad. Se determinaron el peso, la talla, el perímetro de la cintura, la presión arterial, la ingesta diaria de energía, la actividad física y los niveles de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25(OH)D3), glucosa en ayunas, triglicéridos y colesterol de las proteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL). Se utilizó regresión logística para determinar la razón de probabilidades de SM en función del estado de vitamina D. Resultados: La concentración sérica media de 25(OH)D3 era de 32,79 ± 18,62 ng/ml y 33,73 ± 20,20 en las mujeres con y sin SM, respectivamente (P > 0,142). En comparación con las que tenían < 20 ng/ml de 25(OH)D3, la razón de probabilidades de SM era 1,01 (IC al 95%, 0,48-2,13) y 0,95 (IC al 95%, 0,56-1,60) en las que tenían valores de 20-29 ng/ml y ≥ 30 ng/ml, respectivamente (tendencia de P = 0,84). La asociación seguía siendo no significativa después del ajuste por posibles factores de confusión. Además, el estado de vitamina D no se asociaba con los componentes del SM (P > 0,05). Conclusión: Aunque varios estudios han informado de una asociación entre el estado de la vitamina D y el SM, no pudimos hallar una relación similar en una muestra de profesoras iraníes. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos para determinar el posible efecto de la vitamina D en el desarrollo del SM, especialmente en la provincia de Yazd

The effect of a new mixture of sugar and sugar-alcohols compared to sucrose and glucose on blood glucose increase and the possible adverse reactions: A phase I double-blind, three-way randomized cross-over clinical trial / El efecto de una nueva muestra de azúcar y alcoholes de azúcar comparada con sacarosa y glucosa en el aumento de la glucemia y sus posibles efectos adversos: un ensayo clínico de fase I cruzado, doble ciego y aleatorizado de tres vías

Introduction: Several sweeteners are introduced to replace sucrose in the human diet. However, they had their own limitations and concerns, particularly in terms of their taste and their long-term health consequences. This study examined the effect of a new mixture of sugars and sugar alcohol on the postprandial blood glucose levels and its possible gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions in human adults. Methods: In this double-blind three-way randomized clinical trial, adults (21 with type 2 diabetes and 20 healthy) received 300 ml of three beverages containing 50 g glucose, sucrose, and lacritose (a mixture of lactose, fructose, sucrose, and erythritol) when they were in the fasted state in a random order. Postprandial serum glucose was checked every 30min up to 2 h and the gastrointestinal reactions were collected. Results: The mean serum glucose was significantly lower in all time points after ingestion of the lacritose for participants with type 2 diabetes compared to glucose and sucrose (P < 0.05). The blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the 30th and 60th min for healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Adverse GI reactions were not significant between the test beverages. Conclusions: The ingestion of a 50 g dose of lacritose containing lactose, fructose, sucrose, and erythritol, led to an improved blood glucose levels without any significant adverse effect compared to the same amount of glucose and sucrose. Studying the long-term effects of lacritose on appetite, metabolic markers and adverse reactions is recommended. The trial was registered in Iranian registry of clinical trials: IRCT2015050912571N2

Introducción: Se han utilizado varios edulcorantes para sustituir a la sacarosa en la dieta humana. Sin embargo, tenían sus propias limitaciones y problemas, sobre todo por su sabor y sus consecuencias a largo plazo para la salud. En este estudio se explora el efecto de una nueva muestra de azúcares y alcohol de azúcar en los niveles de glucemia posprandial y las posibles reacciones adversas digestivas a ella en adultos humanos. Métodos: En este ensayo clínico doble ciego aleatorizado de tres vías, adultos (21 con diabetes tipo 2 y 20 sanos) recibieron 300ml de tres bebidas que contenían 50 g de glucosa, sacarosa y lacritosa (una mezcla de lactosa, fructosa, sacarosa y eritritol) en orden aleatorio en ayunas. Se comprobó la glucose sérica posprandial cada 30 minutos hasta las dos horas y se recogieron las reacciones digestivas. Resultados: Los valores medios de glucosa en suero eran significativamente menores en todos los puntos temporales tras la ingesta de lacritosa que tras la de glucosa y sacarosa en los participantes con diabetes tipo 2 (P < 0,05). Los niveles de glucemia eran significativamente menores a los 30 y 60 minutos en los sujetos sanos (P < 0,05). No había diferencias significativas en las reacciones digestivas adversas entre las bebidas estudiadas. Conclusiones: La ingesta de una dosis de 50 g de lacritosa que contiene lactosa, fructosa, sacarosa y eritritol, mejoró los niveles de glucemia sin efectos adversos importantes comparada con la misma cantidad de glucosa y sacarosa. Se recomienda estudiar los efectos a largo plazo de la lacritosa en el apetito, los marcadores metabólicos y las reacciones adversas. El ensayo se inscribió en el registro de ensayos clínicos de Irán: IRCT2015050912571N2