RESUMO
This descriptive and transversal study, carried out on an intentional sample of 211 subjects who were split in terms of their consumption of psychoactive substances over the last month and who were aged between 18 and 28 (M = 21.36, and SD = 1.90), aimed to explore the emotional intelligence, perceived socio-family support and academic performance of university students vis-à-vis their consumption of drugs and to examine the link between them. The goal was to define university student consumer profile through a regression model using the multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (EMAS) and the Trait Meta Mood Scale-24 (TMMS-24) as instruments, together with academic performance and gender. The results report alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis consumption rates that are above the levels indicated by the Spanish household survey on alcohol and drugs in Spain (EDADES 2019) for the 15-34-year-old age range in Castilla y León. A certain link was observed between the consumption of substances and academic performance, although no differences were seen in academic performance in terms of consumer type. There was also no clear link observed between emotional intelligence and academic performance or between social support and academic performance. The predictive contribution of the variables included in the regression model was low (9%), which would advocate completing the model with other predictive variables until more appropriate predictability conditions can be found.
Assuntos
Preparações Farmacêuticas , Universidades , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Espanha/epidemiologia , Estudantes , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
La tartamudez persistente se define por la permanencia de las disfluencias y la presencia de factores cognitivos, conductuales y comunicativos que contribuyen a mantenerla y agravarla. Por tanto, su tratamiento clínico debe centrarse en mejorar la fluidez del habla, asegurar la generalización del nuevo patrón prosódico y manejar los pensamientos disfuncionales y las conductas de evitación social y comunicativa que ayudan a mantener el problema y provocan una pérdida significativa de calidad de vida. Objetivo: Medir la eficacia de un tratamiento estandarizado para pacientes adultos con tartamudez persistente centrado en la fluidez de habla y en los aspectos psicológicos implicados. Material y métodos: Estudio clínico analítico de los resultados de la intervención. Se realizó una evaluación de todos los aspectos implicados en la tartamudez persistente mediante instrumentos validados y registro de habla. Se aplicó el protocolo de un tratamiento para tartamudez crónica. Resultados: Se evaluó la fluidez del habla en muestras de habla espontánea y lectura y las subescalas del cuestionario OASES de cinco pacientes con tartamudez de entre 21 y 25años. El tratamiento redujo el porcentaje de sílabas tartamudeadas en todos los casos, tanto en habla como en lectura, así como una reducción de las puntuaciones en todas las subescalas del OASES. Conclusión: Los resultados clínicos obtenidos indican eficacia del protocolo empleado para la modificación de la frecuencia de tartamudeos y de otros fenómenos asociados. Se exponen algunas consideraciones de interés para los terapeutas de la tartamudez crónica.(AU)
Persistent stuttering is defined by the permanence of disfluencies and the presence of cognitive, behavioral, and communication factors that contribute to maintaining and aggravating it. Therefore, clinical treatment should focus on improving speech fluency, ensuring generalization of the new prosodic pattern, and managing dysfunctional thoughts and social and communicative avoidance behaviors that help maintain the problem and cause significant loss of quality of life in patients. Objective: The main objective is to measure the efficacy of a standardized treatment focused on speech fluency and psychological aspects for adult patients with persistent stuttering. Material and methods: Analytical clinical study of the results of the psychological intervention. An evaluation of all aspects involved in persistent stuttering was carried out using validated instruments and speech recording. The protocol of a clinical treatment for chronic stuttering was applied. Results: Speech fluency in spontaneous speech and reading samples and the OASES questionnaire subscales from five stuttering patients aged 21-25years were assessed. The treatment reduced the percentage of stuttered syllables in all cases, both in speaking and reading, as well as a reduction in scores on all OASES subscales. Conclusion: Clinical results obtained indicate the efficacy of the protocol used to modify the frequency of stuttering and other associated behaviors. Some considerations of interest for therapists of chronic stuttering are exposed.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Gagueira/terapia , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Distúrbios da Fala/psicologia , Transtorno da Fluência com Início na Infância , Patologia da Fala e Linguagem , Leitura , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Fonoaudiologia , Audiologia , Psicologia Clínica , Psicologia/métodos , Distúrbios da Fala/terapia , Fala , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Este estudio pretende determinar cuáles son las variables y factores que han influido en los drogodependientes que se encuentran realizando un programa de deshabituación de drogas en un centro de tratamiento, además de construir un perfil de consumidor analizando las distintas áreas que componen su vida, es decir, haciendo una distinción entre el área personal y el relacional. En el área personal se tienen en cuenta las características personales y los distintos factores psicológicos explicados desde la posibilidad de sintomatología de los sujetos, que predigan la posibilidad de presentar una patología y los patrones de consumo de drogas, y respecto al área relacional, ésta engloba los factores de influencia de las relaciones establecidas por los sujetos en su entorno y la carrera delictiva, mediante el estudio de la variabilidad y la especialización de ésta
This study aims to determine what variables and factors have had an influence on drug addicts who are participating in a program of treatment for drug abuse at a treatment center, in addition to building a consumer profile examining different areas that make up their life, that is, making a distinction between personal area and relational area. The personal area takes into consideration personal characteristics and different psychological factors explained from the possibility of the subjects displaying symptoms predicting a person's probability of having a pathology and drug use patterns. As regards the relational area, this includes influencing factors of relationships established by subjects in their environment and their criminal career, studied through variability and specialization
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/reabilitação , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two exposure procedures on habituation of emotional responses to food stimuli: (a) exposure to external cues (food images) without eating forbidden food (CE) and (b) exposure to external cues eating forbidden food (with purge prevention). The influence of craving-trait and mood state on the habituation process is also studied. METHOD: Emotional modulation of the defense startle reflex was assessed in 26 women at risk of bulimia nervosa. After four exposure trials, changes in the following variables were measured: (a) food craving-state; (b) physiological measures: hearth rate (HR) and skin conductance response (SCR); (c) motivational patterns towards food (defense startle response); and (d) valence, arousal and dominance of the emotional response to food images. RESULTS: After treatment, subjects tended to show non-significant lower SCR and heart orientation responses (vs. defense responses); defense startle response was also significantly lower. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure procedure, the induced emotional state and the number of exposure trials are analyzed.
Assuntos
Bulimia Nervosa/psicologia , Bulimia Nervosa/terapia , Sinais (Psicologia) , Emoções , Alimentos , Terapia Implosiva , Feminino , Humanos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El análisis de las características psicopatológicas asociadas al consumo de drogas continúa siendo un tema relevante, dado el importante incremento de la patología dual en las demandas de tratamiento en los últimos años. El objetivo del presente estudio es analizar la presencia de sintomatología psicopatológica con el SCL-90-R y el BDI en una muestra de 106 sujetos en tratamiento por dependencia de drogas en Proyecto Hombre Valladolid. Los resultados que hemos obtenido indican que las escalas de síntomas con mayor puntuación son la de depresión (1,55), ideación paranoide (1,37) y obsesión-compulsión (1,27). Asimismo, la población de estudio se asemeja más a la población psiquiátrica que a la población general no clínica española según los baremos del SCL-90-R. Esto implica la necesidad de tener en cuenta la comorbilidad observada en el desarrollo de programas específicos de intervención
The analysis of the psychopathological characteristics associated with drug use remains an important issue, given the significant increasing demand for treatment for dual disorders in recent years. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of psychopathological symptoms with the SCL-90-R and the BDI in a sample of 106 subjects under treatment for drug dependence in Proyecto Hombre Valladolid. The results we obtained suggest that symptom scales with the highest score are as follows: depression (1.55), paranoid ideation (1.37) and obsession-compulsion (1.27). In addition, the target population resembles more to the psychiatric population than the general Spanish population (not clinical) according to the scales of the SCL-90-R. This involves the need to consider the comorbidity observed in the development of specific intervention programs
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Diagnóstico Duplo (Psiquiatria)/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Avaliação de Eficácia-Efetividade de Intervenções , Psicometria/instrumentação , Inventário de Personalidade/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Background: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two exposure procedures on habituation of emotional responses to food stimuli: (a) exposure to external cues (food images) without eating forbidden food (CE) and (b) exposure to external cues eating forbidden food (with purge prevention). The influence of craving-trait and mood state on the habituation process is also studied. Method: Emotional modulation of the defense startle reflex was assessed in 26 women at risk of bulimia nervosa. After four exposure trials, changes in the following variables were measured: (a) food craving-state; (b) physiological measures: hearth rate (HR) and skin conductance response (SCR); (c) motivational patterns towards food (defense startle response); and (d) valence, arousal and dominance of the emotional response to food images. Results: After treatment, subjects tended to show non-significant lower SCR and heart orientation responses (vs. defense responses); defense startle response was also significantly lower. Conclusions: The exposure procedure, the induced emotional state and the number of exposure trials are analyzed (AU)
Antecedentes: en este estudio comparamos la eficacia de dos procedimientos de exposición sobre la habituación de reacciones emocionales a alimentos: a) claves externas (imágenes de comida) sin ingerir alimentos prohibidos, y b) claves externas en personas que sí los han ingerido (impidiendo que se produzca el vómito). Además consideramos la influencia de la intensidad del craving rasgo y del estado de ánimo. Evaluamos la modulación emocional del reflejo defensivo de sobresalto motor (RMS) en 26 mujeres con riesgo de padecer bulimia nerviosa. Método: tras cuatro bloques de exposición, se midieron los cambios en: a) craving estado por la comida; b) tasa cardíaca (TC) y respuesta electrodérmica de conductancia (SCR); c) patrones motivacionales ante la comida (RMS); y d) estimaciones afectivas de valencia, arousal y dominancia de las emociones producidas por las imágenes de los alimentos. Resultados: como consecuencia del tratamiento los sujetos tendían a mostrar de forma estadísticamente no significativa menores SCRs y una tendencia de cambio de patrón de respuesta de defensa cardíaca (RD) a respuesta de orientación (RO); sí se apreciaban diferencias significativas en RMS. Conclusiones: se comenta el papel desempeñado por el tipo de exposición utilizado, los estados emocionales inducidos y el número de ensayos de exposición (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Bulimia/psicologia , Bulimia Nervosa , Psicofisiologia/métodos , Psicofisiologia/tendências , Resposta Galvânica da Pele/fisiologia , Ensaio Clínico , Imagem Eidética/fisiologia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Intervenção Médica Precoce/tendênciasRESUMO
En este estudio evaluamos la influencia de la intensidad del craving rasgo, efecto de estado de ánimo y restricción de comida sobre la reacción ante imágenes de alimentos. Se evalúa la modulación emocional del reflejo defensivo de sobresalto motor (RMS) en 26 mujeres con riesgo de padecer bulimia nerviosa; fueron asignadas a dos grupos en base a la intensidad del craving rasgo. En cada uno de estos dos grupos se generó estado de ánimo positivo o negativo y los sujetos ingirieron o no alimentos antes del comienzo de la prueba. Se registra el electromiograma del músculo orbicular del ojo tras un estímulo auditivo, SCR, medidas de autoinforme para evaluar el deseo de comer (craving estado y rasgo) y emociones ante las imágenes de alimentos (SAM). Los resultados indican que el estado de ánimo negativo hace que las imágenes de comida sean valoradas como más desagradables, generadoras de emociones más intensas y de pérdida de control; además provocan mayores SCRs. Estos dos últimos efectos se produjeron en los grupos no deprivados. Las personas con bajos niveles en el FCQ-T disminuyeron su RMS ante imágenes de comida como consecuencia de experimentar emociones positivas; cuando las emociones eran negativas, su RMS se incrementaba (AU)
The aim of the study was to assess the influence on reactivity to food images of the following variables: craving-trait, positive or negative mood state, and food restriction. Emotional modulation of the defense startle reflex (RMS) was assessed in 26 women at risk of suffering from bulimia nervosa; they were assigned one of to two groups: high craving-trait and low craving-trait. Before the test, positive or negative mood and restriction vs. non-restriction states were induced in each of the groups. Skin conductance response (SCR) and electromyogram activity from the orbiculari oculi region were recorded after the auditory stimuli; questionnaires such as Food Craving Trait Questionnaire (FCQ-T) and the Self-assessment Manikin (SAM) were used. Results showed that negative affect produced a negative valence of food images, more arousal, and more loss of control, as well as higher SCRs. Subjects with low FCQ-T levels reduced their RMS to food images as a consequence of experiencing positive emotions; when emotions were negative, their RMS increased (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Bulimia Nervosa/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Eletromiografia , Generalização do Estímulo/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Bulimia Nervosa/epidemiologia , Sintomas Afetivos/psicologiaRESUMO
Se administraron 9 sesiones de choques incontrolables a un grupo de 25 ratas Wistar, manipulando la predecibilidad. Recibían choques eléctricos incontrolables con señales de aviso antes del choque (EC-IN), después (IN-EC), antes y después (EC-IN-EC), sin señal (IN), o bien no recibían choques (Cont.). En una prueba controlable posterior los resultados indicaban que los sujetos que contaron con períodos de seguridad más amplios (grupo EC-IN) mostraban muy poco miedo condicionado y no perdían peso al final del estudio. Sin embargo todos los grupos sometidos a incontrolabilidad mostraban déficits en rendimiento (tiempo de latencia). Se discuten los resultados en términos de miedo condicionado, predecibilidad, hipótesis del feedback, y claves pavlovianas (AU)
25 albine rats were exposed to 9 sessions of uncontrollable shocks. Predictability was manipulated. Animals were randomly assigned to one of five groups that received uncontrollable shocks with: a) a previous signal (CE-UN), b) a posterior signal (UN-CE), c) a previous and a posterior signal (CE-UN-CE), without signal (UN), or d) without uncontrollable shock (Cont.). In a subsequent controllable test, results indicated that the longer safety period group (CE-UN) showed low conditioned fear (immovilization); pretreatment-postreatment weight differences were not significant in this group. However, all uncontrollable shock groups showed performance deficits (latency time). Results are discussed in terms of conditioned fear, predictability, feedback hypothesis and pavlovian cues (AU)