A neurocognitive approach for recovering upper extremity movement following subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study.

[Purpose] This study aims to describe a protocol based on neurocognitive therapeutic exercises and determine its feasibility and usefulness for upper extremity functionality when compared with a conventional protocol. [Subjects and Methods] Eight subacute stroke patients were randomly assigned to a conventional (control group) or neurocognitive (experimental group) treatment protocol. Both lasted 30 minutes, 3 times a week for 10 weeks and assessments were blinded. Outcome measures included: Motor Evaluation Scale for Upper Extremity in Stroke Patients, Motricity Index, Revised Nottingham Sensory Assessment and Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire. Descriptive measures and nonparametric statistical tests were used for analysis. [Results] The results indicate a more favorable clinical progression in the neurocognitive group regarding upper extremity functional capacity with achievement of the minimal detectable change. The functionality results are related with improvements on muscle strength and sensory discrimination (tactile and kinesthetic). [Conclusion] Despite not showing significant group differences between pre and post-treatment, the neurocognitive approach could be a safe and useful strategy for recovering upper extremity movement following stroke, especially regarding affected hands, with better and longer lasting results. Although this work shows this protocol's feasibility with the panel of scales proposed, larger studies are required to demonstrate its effectiveness.

[The motor organization of cerebral cortex and the role of the mirror neuron system. Clinical impact for rehabilitation]. / Organización motora del córtex cerebral y el papel del sistema de las neuronas espejo. Repercusiones clínicas para la rehabilitación.

The basic characteristics of Penfield homunculus (somatotopy and unique representation) have been questioned. The existence of a defined anatomo-functional organization within different segments of the same region is controversial. The presence of multiple motor representations in the primary motor area and in the parietal lobe interconnected by parieto-frontal circuits, which are widely overlapped, form a complex organization. Both features support the recovery of functions after brain injury. Regarding the movement organization, it is possible to yield a relevant impact through the understanding of actions and intentions of others, which is mediated by the activation of mirror-neuron systems. The implementation of cognitive functions (observation, image of the action and imitation) from the acute treatment phase allows the activation of motor representations without having to perform the action and it plays an important role in learning motor patterns.

Organización motora del córtex cerebral y el papel del sistema de las neuronas espejo. Repercusiones clínicas para la rehabilitación / The motor organization of cerebral cortex and the role of the mirror neuron system. Clinical impact for rehabilitation

Las características básicas del homúnculo de Penfield (somatotopía y representación única) han sido cuestionadas. La existencia de una organización anatomofuncional definida en la corteza cerebral entre segmentos de una misma región es controvertida. La presencia en el área motora primaria y en el lóbulo parietal de múltiples representaciones motoras interconectadas por circuitos parietofrontales y profusamente solapadas configuran una organización compleja. Todo ello sustenta la recuperación funcional después de un daño cerebral. En la organización del movimiento se puede incidir a través de la comprensión de las acciones y de las intenciones de los otros, lo que está mediado por la activación de los sistemas de neuronas espejo. El uso de funciones cognitivas (observación, imagen de la acción e imitación) desde la fase aguda del tratamiento permite la activación de las representaciones motoras sin necesidad de ejecutar la acción, y tiene un papel importante en el aprendizaje de patrones motores (AU)

The basic characteristics of Penfield homunculus (somatotopy and unique representation) have been questioned. The existence of a defined anatomo-functional organization within different segments of the same region is controversial. The presence of multiple motor representations in the primary motor area and in the parietal lobe interconnected by parieto-frontal circuits, which are widely overlapped, form a complex organization. Both features support the recovery of functions after brain injury. Regarding the movement organization, it is possible to yield a relevant impact through the understanding of actions and intentions of others, which is mediated by the activation of mirror-neuron systems. The implementation of cognitive functions (observation, image of the action and imitation) from the acute treatment phase allows the activation of motor representations without having to perform the action and it plays an important role in learning motor patterns (AU)