A Modified of Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy: Technical Note and Proposal of a Nomenclature on the Osteotomy Lines.

Bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for orthognathic surgery is the most used technique for mandible advancement or setback and has been well documented and modified over the years since Trauner and Obwegeser described it. The improvement brought by each technique allowed the surgeons to perform safer osteotomies, shorten the operative time, and increased the flexibility of the programmed mandibular movements. The authors present a modification of the bilateral sagittal osteotomy technique with the aim of making the technique easier to perform and more comfortable for the surgeon for the purpose of positioning the osteosynthesis plates and screws. Finally, the authors describe a nomenclature on the osteotomy lines of the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy.

Use of subepithelial connective tissue graft as a biological barrier: a human clinical and histologic case report.

The aim of the present study was to develop a method to study the healing process after gingival grafting and to observe the histologic results after use of the modified edentulous ridge expansion technique. A 47-year-old nonsmoking woman with a noncontributory past medical history affected by edentulism associated with a horizontal alveolar ridge defect was referred to the authors for surgical correction of the deficit to improve implant support and the final esthetics of an implant-borne prosthesis. At the 4-month follow-up visit, a biopsy was performed by a punch technique in the same sites of healing abutment connection. The tissue was elevated from the attached gingival. Clinically, the grafted tissues seemed to be attached to the bone surfaces. The histologic findings revealed dense grafted tissues, providing long-term stability to the area. No ligament or bone, characteristic for periodontal regeneration, were observed. The presence of thick attached keratinized tissue around implants may constitute a protective factor against marginal inflammation or trauma.

Piezoelectric bone surgery in the treatment of an osteoma associated with an impacted inferior third molar: a case report.

Operative removal of impacted mandibular third molars is a common and not riskless surgical procedure. We present an emblematic case of an osteoma closely associated with an impacted third left mandibular molar treated by Mectron Piezosurgery medical ultrasonic device.

State of the Art in the Diagnosis and Assessment of Oral Malignant and Potentially Malignant Disorders: Present Insights and Future Outlook-An Overview.

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder (OPMD) is a significant concern for clinicians due to the risk of malignant transformation. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is a common type of cancer with a low survival rate, causing over 200,000 new cases globally each year. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the five-year survival rate for OSCC patients remains under 50%. Early diagnosis can greatly improve the chances of survival. Therefore, understanding the development and transformation of OSCC and developing new diagnostic methods is crucial. The field of oral medicine has been advanced by technological and molecular innovations, leading to the integration of new medical technologies into dental practice. This study aims to outline the potential role of non-invasive imaging techniques and molecular signatures for the early detection of Oral Malignant and Potentially Malignant Disorders.

Reliability of Ultrasonographic Assessment of Depth of Invasion and Tumor Thickness in Intraoral Mucosa Lesions: A Preliminary Experience.

Introduction: Despite the progress made in multidisciplinary care, there has been little improvement in the oncologic outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). In the latest edition of the TNM staging, "depth of invasion" (DOI) has recently been introduced as one of the criteria for determining the T stage, alongside other factors. DOI is widely recognized as an independent risk factor for nodal metastases and is a crucial consideration in the preoperative staging of OSCCs, along with measurements of tumor thickness (TT). While various diagnostic methods exist for assessing DOI, intraoral ultrasonography (IOUS) has gained popularity for its efficacy in evaluating OSCCs. Methods: This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrahigh-frequency ultrasound (UHFUS) in assessing oral cavity lesions compared to histopathological analysis. Results: The results revealed strong reliability in ultrasonographic measurements (ICC TT: 0.94; ICC DOI: 0.97) and distinct ultrasonographic features specific to different oral pathologies. This highlights the potential of UHFUS as a non-invasive imaging tool for precise diagnostic evaluations. Conclusions: Despite limitations such as a small sample size and focus on specific lesions, these promising results suggest that UHFUS could significantly enhance oral lesion diagnostics. Further research involving larger cohorts is necessary to validate and build upon these initial findings.

New generation vehicles: The impact of electric scooter trauma on the severity of facial fractures assessed by FISS score. A multicentre study.

With the increasing use of sustainable energy sources, the electric scooter has become a widely used vehicle. The aim of the study is to analyse the types of facial fracture related to road traffic accidents to outline the need of dedicated road rules. An observational, retrospective, multicentre study was carried out at the Maxillofacial Surgery Units of six Italian hospitals. Fifty patients (mean age was 34.76 years) from January 2020 to January 2024 were enrolled. The severity of trauma was evaluated by the Facial Injury Severity Scale (FISS) by Bagheri et al. Most of the accidents occurred during the day and the weekend in spring or summer; 24 drivers collided with infrastructures or pedestrians, while 26 involved other vehicles. A total of 33 vehicles were rented, and 17 were privately owned. A total of 43 subjects were not wearing helmets, five patients were drunk, and three patients took drugs. In order of frequency, the facial fractures involved: zygomatico-maxillary-orbital complex (ZMOC) (n = 16), mandibular condyle (n = 13), nasal bone (n = 11), orbit floor (n = 8), and mandibular body (n = 7). Fractures such as Le Fort I (n = 4), naso-orbito-ethmoidal NOE (n = 4) and mandibular ramus (n = 4) were less common. Other types of facial fracture were rare. Thirty patients reported multiple facial fractures. The vast majority of the cases showed a low severity grade FISS score. Fifteen patients suffered polytrauma. The mean hospitalisation time was 8.3 days. As accidents with electric scooters are increasing, it is important to characterise the most frequent facial fractures to improve patient management and encourage the introduction of new road rules.

[Enlargment of Virchow-Robin spaces in cranial trauma: literature review]. / La dilatazione degli spazi di Virchow-Robin nel trauma cranico. Aspetti caratteristici in RM e revisione della letteratura.

In this review it is discussed the role of mild traumatic brain injury as a cause of Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) pathological enlargement. Anatomy and physiology of normal VRS, and their immunological role are described. Special attention is given to magnetic resonance imaging findings of both normal and enlarged perivascular spaces.

[Effectiveness of conventional diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine in the treatment of pain from bone metastases]. / Efficacia della radiodiagnostica convenzionale e della medicina nucleare nel trattamento del dolore osseo da metastasi.

Bone is one of the most common metastasis sites from solid tumors. Bone pain due to metastatic neoplastic growth is due to tumor infiltration and expansion of bone membranes. Treatment of acute and chronic pain represents one of the greatest problems in clinical oncology, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. This review focuses on the effectiveness of conventional diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine for the detection, management and treatment of pain from bone metastasis.

[Choice of the imaging technique for the diagnosis of bone metastases]. / Scelta della tecnica di imaging nello studio delle metastasi ossee.

Bone is the third common site of distant metastases in cancer patients. Bone metastases may have implications for prognosis, quality of life, and local and systemic therapy. Numerous imaging modalities may be used to detect bone metastases. The two main anatomical modalities are computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with many variants proposed for the MRI procedure, including diffusion-weighted imaging. The two main functional modalities are scintigraphy and PET/CT, also with many variants in the radiopharmaceuticals. Aim of our paper is to review the most important radio-compounds that can be successfully used to detect and/or characterize bone metastases.

Personalized Medicine in Oral Oncology: Imaging Methods and Biological Markers to Support Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC): A Narrative Literature Review.

For decades, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been one of the most prevalent and mortal cancers worldwide. The gold standard for OSCC diagnosis is still histopathology but this narrative multidisciplinary review has the aim to explore the literature about conventional OSCC prognostic indicators related to the pTNM stage at the diagnosis such as the depth of invasion and the lymphovascular invasion associated with distant metastasis as indicators of poor life expectancy. Despite its multifactorial nature and recognizable precursors, its diagnosis at the early stages is still challenging. We wanted to highlight the importance of the screening as a primary weapon that a stomatologist should consider, intercepting all at-risk conditions and lesions associated with OSCC and its early stages. This narrative review also overviews the most promising imaging techniques, such as CT, MRI, and US-echography, and their application related to clinical and surgical practice, but also the most-investigated prognostic and diagnostic tissue and salivary biomarkers helpful in OSCC diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Our work highlighted remarkable potential biomarkers that could have a leading role in the future. However, we are still far from defining an appropriate and concrete protocol to apply in clinical practice. The hope is that the present and future research will overcome these limitations to benefit patients, clinicians, and welfare.

Safety and Aesthetics of Autologous Dermis-Fat Graft after Parotidectomy: A Multidisciplinary Retrospective Study.

(1) Background: In surgical procedures for maxillofacial tumours, it is challenging to preserve functional and cosmetic properties in the affected patients. The use of fat grafting is considered as a valuable alternative to overcome postoperative aesthetic asymmetry problems. (2) Methods: In this study, we enrolled thirty patients with parotid gland tumours in which a partial or complete parotidectomy was performed with positioning in the parotid bed of autologous dermis-fat grafts. We evaluated the satisfaction rate of the patients and the objective efficacy in solving the deformity by comparing MRI data before and after surgery. (3) Results: Twenty-six patients showed a satisfying cosmetic result with proper facial symmetry between the affected side and the healthy one. Two patients presented mild postsurgical complications such as haematomas, and two patients reported temporary weakness of the facial nerve related to the parotidectomy. (4) Conclusions: Based on the imaging data obtained via MRI before and after surgery, we can assess that the employment of fat grafts in parotidectomy surgical procedures gives good cosmetic results and does not affect the post operative management and follow up of oncologic patients.

Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Comparison of SICMF-SIPMO and AAOMS Guidelines.

(1) Background: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is an adverse drug reaction characterized by progressive bone disruption and necrosis in the mandibular and/or maxillary bones. It occurs in individuals who have received antiresorptive drugs without prior radiotherapy. Since its first reported cases in the USA in 2003, extensive literature has emerged worldwide, leading to significant advancements in understanding MRONJ's pathogenesis and management. (2) Results: This article aims to compare the current national recommendations provided by the Italian Society of Maxillofacial Surgery (SICMF)/Italian Society of Oral Pathology and Medicine (SIPMO) and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS). (3) Conclusions: Historically, the AAOMS advocated for a more conservative approach compared to the Italian guidelines. However, in their 2022 update, the AAOMS adopted a different perspective based on reported evidence, highlighting the advantages of early surgical treatment. Despite resolving some initial controversies, differences still exist between the two sets of recommendations, particularly regarding diagnosis and staging.

W-Shaped Osteotomy to Avoid Paranasal Deformity After Standard Le Fort I in Orthognathic Surgery.

When occlusal alterations are not accompanied by paranasal deficiencies, mobilization of the maxilla via Le Fort I osteotomy should be made with a different design. In this preliminary report, a W-shaped osteotomy that doesn't change the position of the maxillary bone surrounding the pyriform aperture was presented for the first time. Advantages and indications of this new procedure are discussed.

Lorsque les altérations occlusales ne sont pas accompagnées d'anomalies paranasales, la mobilisation du maxillaire par l'ostéotomie de LeFort I devrait être conçue différemment. Le présent rapport préliminaire décrit une ostéotomie en W qui ne modifie pas la position de l'os maxillaire entourant l'orifice piriforme. Les avantages et les indications de cette nouvelle intervention sont exposés.

Kabat Rehabilitation in Facial Nerve Palsy after Parotid Gland Tumor Surgery: A Case-Control Study.

Temporary facial nerve palsy after parotid tumor surgery ranges from 14 to 65%, depending on surgery, tumor type, and subsite. The study aimed to evaluate the role of Kabat physical rehabilitation in the outcomes of patients affected by severe facial nerve palsy following parotid gland surgery. The results and clinical data of two groups, Kabat and non-Kabat (control), were statistically compared. Descriptive statistics, the multiple linear regression model, difference in difference approach, and the generalized linear model were used. F-Test, Chi-square test, McFadden R-squared, and adjusted R-squared were used to assess the significance. The results showed that the House-Brackmann (HB) stage of patients who had physiotherapy performed were lower than the control group. The decrease of HB staging in the Kabat group at 3 months was -0.71 on average, thus the probability of having a high HB stage decreased by about 13% using Kabat therapy. The results are statistically significant, and indicated that when the Kabat rehabilitation protocol is performed, mainly in the cases of a high-grade HB score, the patients showed a better and faster improvement in postoperative facial nerve palsy.

Nasolabial changes after maxillary advancement.

BACKGROUND: Improving facial aesthetics has been shown to be a strong motivating factor in patients who decide to undergo orthognathic surgery. The nasolabial region is a keystone of facial aesthetics and thus is of central importance in planning and execution of orthognathic surgery. This article was performed to study modifications of nasolabial area after maxillary advancement. METHODS: Forty-two patients undergoing orthognathic surgery were considered. In those patients, after Le Fort I osteotomy, only maxillary advancement was performed. RESULTS: For each patient, several points in the nasolabial area were marked, and the distances between these landmarks were measured before and 6 months after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of this study show a general trend in the widening of the alar base with an associated shortening of the columellar length and lengthening of the base of the nose.

A modified edentulous ridge expansion technique for immediate placement of implants: a case report.

This case report is focused on the possibility of treating atrophic ridge with a reduced number of surgical procedures and a reduced healing time. A 43-year-old female patient affected by edentulism associated with horizontal resorption of the ridge was treated by means of a sagittal osteotomy and expansion of the ridge with the new modified edentulous ridge expansion (MERE) technique to obtain a wider bony base for ideal implant placement. In the same procedure 2 implants were placed and connective tissue graft, covering the bony wound, was placed to achieve keratinized mucosa. The implants were placed immediately after the split crest of the ridge and covered by a connective tissue graft. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Within the limits of this case report, the MERE technique appeared to be reliable and simple, and it reduced morbidity compared with other techniques such as autogenous bone grafts and guided bone regeneration.

Primary Extra-Nodal DLBCL of Glands: Our Experiences outside Guidelines of Treatment.

Lymphomas usually involve lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues, but sometimes occur in non-lymphoid organs, called extra-nodal sites. Primary diffuse extra-lymph node large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the thyroid and parotid gland have been observed rarely. According to the most accredited guidelines, primary extra-nodal DLBCL of the parotid and thyroid glands should be treated with three cycles of R-CHOP followed by radiotherapy of the involved site (ISRT). Surgery alone is not enough to treat DLBCL. We describe two unusual cases of primary extra-nodal DLBCL in elderly patients treated exclusively with surgical resection, given the inability to apply chemotherapy. Both patients achieved clinical recovery, which was maintained after a follow-up of more than 18 months, despite not having performed the indicated chemotherapy protocol. The two cases presented here, and a few others reported in the literature, should be considered exceptions to the rule, and do not allow the conclusion that surgery alone might be sufficient for complete remission.

Accuracy of Fibula Reconstruction Using Patient-Specific Cad/Cam Plates: A Multicenter Study on 47 Patients.

OBJECTIVES: This prospective study evaluated the accuracy of mandibular reconstruction using free fibular flaps (by comparing virtual plans to the three-dimensional postoperative results), and the extent of bone-to-bone contact after computer-assisted surgery. METHODS: We included 65 patients who underwent partial-continuity mandibular resections from February 2013 to January 2017, and evaluated virtual planning, surgical techniques, and accuracy. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were analysed. A total of 112 fibular segments received 54 implants. We measured 227 distances between landmarks to assess the accuracy of reconstruction. Postoperative reconstruction accuracy ranged from 0.5 to 3 mm. CONCLUSION: Virtual surgical planning very accurately translated simulation into reality, particularly in patients requiring large, complex mandibular reconstructions using multiple fibular segments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2169-E2175, 2021.

Chronic Chest Pain Control after Trans-Thoracic Biopsy in Mediastinal Lymphomas.

Chest pain following a trans-thoracic biopsy often has multiple etiologies, especially in patients with lymphomas. Pathological neuronal mechanisms integrate with an overproduction of IL-6, TNF-α, IL1-ß by macrophages and monocytes, which amplifies inflammation and pain. In consideration of this complex pathogenesis, international guidelines recommend diversified analgesia protocols: thoracic epidural, paravertebral block, and systemic administration of opioids. This study reports an attempt to reduce chest pain and prevent chronic pain in 51 patients undergoing trans-thoracic biopsy for mediastinal lymphoma. The entity of pain, measured 72nd hour after biopsy by the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), was compared with that seen at a 6th month checkpoint in 46 patients. The pain decreased in all cases. At the 6th month checkpoint, among 31 opioid-treated patients, none of the 16 patients with NRS < 6 within the 72nd hour post biopsy had developed chronic chest pain, while 8 of the 15 with higher values did (p < 0.01). Of 10 patients undergoing thoracotomy and treated with opioids, eight had a NRS of no more than 2, of which six had no chronic pain. Of the twenty-one patients who underwent VATS biopsy and were treated with opioids, fifteen had NRS no greater than 2, of which ten had no chronic pain. Subgroups of patients biopsied under mediastinotomy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and treated with thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) or PVB were too small for such analysis.

Recurrence of ameloblastoma in temporal area: primary treatment influences recurrence rate.

Ameloblastomas are benign odontogenic tumors but are locally aggressive, most commonly occurring in the mandible and in the third to fifth decade of life. The male-to-female ratio is approximately equal. Recurrence of ameloblastoma due to inadequate treatment is often described. Recurrences in the temporal area are very rare and are related to the type of primary treatment. The authors describe a case of ameloblastoma recurrence in the temporal area and review the literature regarding recurrence and treatment.