Crops with potential for diclosulam remediation and concomitant bioenergy production.

The objective of this work was to evaluate crops for their ability to phytoremediate diclosulam residues in the soil and produce lignocellulosic ethanol. Physiological characteristics, biomass production, soil cover rate, fermentable sugar production and lignocellulosic ethanol production potential of the crops were evaluated in soil with diclosulam residues. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments were arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with the following crops as the first factor: Avena sativa, Canavalia ensiformis, Mucuna aterrima, and Pennisetum glaucum. The second factor was the presence or absence of the herbicide diclosulam in the soil (30 g ha-1). The physiological variables of the plant species were not affected by the presence of diclosulam; the soil cover of P. glaucum was lower in the area with diclosulam, with a value of 26%. The levels of glucose were not affected by the presence of diclosulam in A. sativa, C. ensiformis, and M. aterrima, indicate not change the estimated yield of ethanol for this species. Avena sativa and Pennisetum glaucum have the potential to phytoremediate soils containing diclosulam residues, with concomitant lignocellulosic ethanol production ability.

Phytoremediation of soils with herbicide residues is a viable tool and has been increasingly widespread throughout the world. The use of plant species capable of making the soil feasible for successive plantings sensitive to previously applied residual herbicides is a way to optimize agricultural production. However, there are few studies in which vegetable biomass used in the phytoremediation process is used. Thus, our study is innovative because it seeks to combine phytoremediation with the production of bioethanol, ensuring even more sustainable agriculture.

Remedial capacity of diclosulam by cover plants in different edaphoclimatic conditions.

Pre-emergent herbicides have been developed for their long residual effect; however, they can make sensitive successor cultures unfeasible. Waste remediation techniques are needed for sustainable agricultural systems; for this, the edaphoclimatic asymmetries in the country must be considered. This study aimed to evaluate the remedial capacity of the herbicide diclosulam by covering crops under different edaphoclimatic conditions. Treatments were arranged in an n × 2 factorial scheme, the first factor being the number of plant species in each location and the second being the presence or absence of diclosulam in the soil. The physiological and growth characteristics of 15 potential phytoremediation species were evaluated. Herbicide residues in the environment were positively correlated with the soil pH; organic matter, aluminum, and silt contents; and aluminum saturation. The effectiveness of phytoremediation varied between species and between regions. Plant species suitable for efficient phytoremidation systems of diclosulam residues were Canavalia ensiformis for Couto Magalhães de Minas, Cajanus cajan and Canavalia ensiformis for Diamantina, Raphanus sativus for Erechim and Cajanus cajan for São João Evangelista.

Macauba palm cake as additive in elephant grass silage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of macauba palm cake (Acrocomia aculeata) on the chemical composition, fermentation and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages (Pennisetum purpureum). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were composed of six levels of macauba palm cake (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30%) as additive to elephant grass silage. Dry matter and ethereal extract content of the silage increased linearly with the inclusion of the additive. Addition levels of 15.54% would provide 35% of dry mass, and the limit of 7.00% of ethereal extract in the silage could be obtained with 10.47%. The neutral detergent fiber content reduced linearly from 68.97 to 52.59%, but lignin increased linearly from 6.56 to 7.70%. There was a reduction of 0.17% in the ammoniacal nitrogen content for each 1% of cake. The minimum value of dry matter losses (1.33%) was estimated to the inclusion level of 23.70%. The aerobic stability increased with inclusions between 18 and 24% of cake. The use of levels between 10 and 15% of macauba palm cake are sufficient to optimize dry matter and ethereal extract contents of the silages and to provide a high aerobic stability with minimum losses.

Chemical control of signalgrass for establishing Tanzania-grass

Herbicides have been used to control Brachiaria grass in pastures established or in formation given their practicality, however their efficiency is questionable due to the lack of specific graminicides for different forage species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of glyphosate and fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) and the intoxication levels of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (Tanzania quinea grass) in pasture establishment. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of two herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate), five doses equivalent to the commercial dosage of each herbicide (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 200), and four evaluation times after herbicide application (15, 21, 30 and 45 days). There was interaction between doses and evaluation times. The dose 1.5 L ha-1 fluazifop-p-butyl provides efficient control of signalgrass, however, leads to high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass. Glyphosate is efficient in the control of signalgrass even at the lowest dose (90 g ha-1 ), however, it causes high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass, preventing its use in developing pastures. It can be concluded that fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate herbicides are not recommended for the control of B. decumbens, cv. Basilisk in developing pastures of Tanzania guinea grass.

Chemical control of signalgrass for establishing Tanzania-grass

Herbicides have been used to control Brachiaria grass in pastures established or in formation given their practicality, however their efficiency is questionable due to the lack of specific graminicides for different forage species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of glyphosate and fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) and the intoxication levels of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (Tanzania quinea grass) in pasture establishment. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of two herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate), five doses equivalent to the commercial dosage of each herbicide (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 200), and four evaluation times after herbicide application (15, 21, 30 and 45 days). There was interaction between doses and evaluation times. The dose 1.5 L ha-1 fluazifop-p-butyl provides efficient control of signalgrass, however, leads to high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass. Glyphosate is efficient in the control of signalgrass even at the lowest dose (90 g ha-1 ), however, it causes high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass, preventing its use in developing pastures. It can be concluded that fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate herbicides are not recommended for the control of B. decumbens, cv. Basilisk in developing pastures of Tanzania guinea grass.(AU)

Macauba palm cake as additive in elephant grass silage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of macauba palm cake (Acrocomia aculeata) on the chemical composition, fermentation and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages (Pennisetum purpureum). The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The treatments were composed of six levels of macauba palm cake (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30%) as additive to elephant grass silage. Dry matter and ethereal extract content of the silage increased linearly with the inclusion of the additive. Addition levels of 15.54% would provide 35% of dry mass, and the limit of 7.00% of ethereal extract in the silage could be obtained with 10.47%. The neutral detergent fiber content reduced linearly from 68.97 to 52.59%, but lignin increased linearly from 6.56 to 7.70%. There was a reduction of 0.17% in the ammoniacal nitrogen content for each 1% of cake. The minimum value of dry matter losses (1.33%) was estimated to the inclusion level of 23.70%. The aerobic stability increased with inclusions between 18 and 24% of cake. The use of levels between 10 and 15% of macauba palm cake are sufficient to optimize dry matter and ethereal extract contents of the silages and to provide a high aerobic stability with minimum losses.(AU)

Brachiaria physiological parameters in agroforestry systems / Parâmetros fisiológicos da braquiária em diferentes arranjos do sistema agrossilvipastoril

This study aimed to assess the effects of Eucalyptus and maize shading on characteristics related to water use by Brachiaria in agroforestry systems. Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot design, with plots consisting of different spacing between Eucalyptus plants (12.0×2.0m and 12.0×4.0m), split-plots of different distances between Brachiaria and Eucalyptus (6.0, 4.0, and 2.0m), and split-split-plots of Brachiaria sowing sites (maize row and inter-row). One treatment with Brachiaria under full sunlight was included. Bread grass intercropping in maize inter-rows associated with the densest Eucalyptus spacing and bread grass proximity to Eucalyptus tree crowns adversely affected the stomatal conductance, internal carbon, and transpiration rate of bread grass. Water use efficiency of bread grass intercropped in maize rows decreased, regardless of the Eucalyptus plot design and distance between forages and trees.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos do sombreamento ocasionado por plantas de eucalipto e milho nas características relacionadas ao uso da água da braquiária em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, comas parcelas representadas constituídas pelos espaçamentos de plantio do eucalipto (12x2 e 12x4m), as sub-parcelas da distância da braquiaria e o eucalipto (6; 4 e 2m) e a subparcela do local de cultivo da braquiária (linha e entrelinha do milho). Além disso, foi adicionado um tratamento composto pela braquiária cultivada a pleno sol. O cultivo do capim-maradu na entrelinha do milho associado ao sombreamento intenso proporcionado pelo espaçamento mais adensado de eucalipto (12x2m) e a proximidade das plantas de capim-marandu às copas das árvores de eucalipto altera negativamente a condutância estomática, o carbo interno e a taxa transpiratória das plantas de capim-marandu. A eficiência no uso da água das plantas de capim - maradu é reduzida independente do arranjo espacial do eucalipto e da distância entre aforrageira e as árvores quando a forrageira é cultivada na linha do milho.

Brachiaria physiological parameters in agroforestry systems / Parâmetros fisiológicos da braquiária em diferentes arranjos do sistema agrossilvipastoril

This study aimed to assess the effects of Eucalyptus and maize shading on characteristics related to water use by Brachiaria in agroforestry systems. Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot design, with plots consisting of different spacing between Eucalyptus plants (12.0×2.0m and 12.0×4.0m), split-plots of different distances between Brachiaria and Eucalyptus (6.0, 4.0, and 2.0m), and split-split-plots of Brachiaria sowing sites (maize row and inter-row). One treatment with Brachiaria under full sunlight was included. Bread grass intercropping in maize inter-rows associated with the densest Eucalyptus spacing and bread grass proximity to Eucalyptus tree crowns adversely affected the stomatal conductance, internal carbon, and transpiration rate of bread grass. Water use efficiency of bread grass intercropped in maize rows decreased, regardless of the Eucalyptus plot design and distance between forages and trees.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos do sombreamento ocasionado por plantas de eucalipto e milho nas características relacionadas ao uso da água da braquiária em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, comas parcelas representadas constituídas pelos espaçamentos de plantio do eucalipto (12x2 e 12x4m), as sub-parcelas da distância da braquiaria e o eucalipto (6; 4 e 2m) e a subparcela do local de cultivo da braquiária (linha e entrelinha do milho). Além disso, foi adicionado um tratamento composto pela braquiária cultivada a pleno sol. O cultivo do capim-maradu na entrelinha do milho associado ao sombreamento intenso proporcionado pelo espaçamento mais adensado de eucalipto (12x2m) e a proximidade das plantas de capim-marandu às copas das árvores de eucalipto altera negativamente a condutância estomática, o carbo interno e a taxa transpiratória das plantas de capim-marandu. A eficiência no uso da água das plantas de capim - maradu é reduzida independente do arranjo espacial do eucalipto e da distância entre aforrageira e as árvores quando a forrageira é cultivada na linha do milho.(AU)

Chemical control of signalgrass in alfalfa crops / Controle químico do capim-braquiária em cultivo de alfafa

The use of herbicides to control grass in Medicago sativa (alfalfa) pastures is still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) in alfalfa. Thus, randomized block design was used, with seven doses of fluazifop-p-butyl (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 g ha-1), and four replications. Herbicide application was performed when the plants had about 20 cm height. Chlorophyll fluorescence, control of signalgrass and alfalfa toxicity were evaluated at 7, 15 e 30 days after application (DAA) and, at 45 DAA and 45 days after cut (DAC), both species were cut and tiller density, as well as branches and dry matter of forage species, were determined. Fluazifop-p-butyl does not affect the integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus of alfalfa plants, due to high tolerance to this mechanism of action presented by dicotyledonous species. However, signalgrass had physiological variables negatively affected by the herbicide, indicating the presence of physiological stress, even at the lowest doses of the product. The dose of 50 g ha-1 of fluazifop-p-butyl is effective in controlling signalgrass, without causing physiological and growth damage in alfalfa plants.

O uso de herbicidas no controle de gramíneas em pastagens de Medicago sativa (alfafa) ainda é incipiente, desse modo objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do fluazifop-p-butil no controle de Brachiaria decumbens (capim-braquiária) em alfafa. Para tal utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualisados, com sete doses de fluazifop-p-butil (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 g ha-1), e quatro repetições. A aplicação do herbicida foi realizada quando as plantas apresentavam cerca de 20 cm de altura. Foram realizadas avaliações de fluorescência da clorofila, controle do capim-braquiária e intoxicação da alfafa aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após aplicação (DAA) e aos 45 DAA e 45 dias após o corte (DAC) ambas as espécies foram cortadas e determinadas a densidade de perfilhos e ramificações e a massa seca das espécies forrageiras. O fluazifop-p-butil não afeta a integridade do aparato fotossintético de plantas da alfafa, devido à grande tolerância a esse mecanismo de ação apresentado por espécies dicotiledôneas. O capim-braquiária teve as variáveis fisiológicas afetadas negativamente pelo herbicida, indicando a presença de estresse fisiológico, mesmo nas menores doses do produto. A dose de 50 g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil é eficiente no controle de capim-braquiária, sem causar danos fisiológicos e no crescimento de plantas de alfafa.

Chemical control of signalgrass in alfalfa crops / Controle químico do capim-braquiária em cultivo de alfafa

The use of herbicides to control grass in Medicago sativa (alfalfa) pastures is still incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) in alfalfa. Thus, randomized block design was used, with seven doses of fluazifop-p-butyl (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 g ha-1), and four replications. Herbicide application was performed when the plants had about 20 cm height. Chlorophyll fluorescence, control of signalgrass and alfalfa toxicity were evaluated at 7, 15 e 30 days after application (DAA) and, at 45 DAA and 45 days after cut (DAC), both species were cut and tiller density, as well as branches and dry matter of forage species, were determined. Fluazifop-p-butyl does not affect the integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus of alfalfa plants, due to high tolerance to this mechanism of action presented by dicotyledonous species. However, signalgrass had physiological variables negatively affected by the herbicide, indicating the presence of physiological stress, even at the lowest doses of the product. The dose of 50 g ha-1 of fluazifop-p-butyl is effective in controlling signalgrass, without causing physiological and growth damage in alfalfa plants.(AU)

O uso de herbicidas no controle de gramíneas em pastagens de Medicago sativa (alfafa) ainda é incipiente, desse modo objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do fluazifop-p-butil no controle de Brachiaria decumbens (capim-braquiária) em alfafa. Para tal utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualisados, com sete doses de fluazifop-p-butil (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 g ha-1), e quatro repetições. A aplicação do herbicida foi realizada quando as plantas apresentavam cerca de 20 cm de altura. Foram realizadas avaliações de fluorescência da clorofila, controle do capim-braquiária e intoxicação da alfafa aos 7, 15 e 30 dias após aplicação (DAA) e aos 45 DAA e 45 dias após o corte (DAC) ambas as espécies foram cortadas e determinadas a densidade de perfilhos e ramificações e a massa seca das espécies forrageiras. O fluazifop-p-butil não afeta a integridade do aparato fotossintético de plantas da alfafa, devido à grande tolerância a esse mecanismo de ação apresentado por espécies dicotiledôneas. O capim-braquiária teve as variáveis fisiológicas afetadas negativamente pelo herbicida, indicando a presença de estresse fisiológico, mesmo nas menores doses do produto. A dose de 50 g ha-1 de fluazifop-p-butil é eficiente no controle de capim-braquiária, sem causar danos fisiológicos e no crescimento de plantas de alfafa.(AU)

Brachiaria physiological parameters in agroforestry systems / Parâmetros fisiológicos da braquiária em diferentes arranjos do sistema agrossilvipastoril

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the effects of Eucalyptus and maize shading on characteristics related to water use by Brachiaria in agroforestry systems. Treatments were arranged in a split-split-plot design, with plots consisting of different spacing between Eucalyptus plants (12.0×2.0m and 12.0×4.0m), split-plots of different distances between Brachiaria and Eucalyptus (6.0, 4.0, and 2.0m), and split-split-plots of Brachiaria sowing sites (maize row and inter-row). One treatment with Brachiaria under full sunlight was included. Bread grass intercropping in maize inter-rows associated with the densest Eucalyptus spacing and bread grass proximity to Eucalyptus tree crowns adversely affected the stomatal conductance, internal carbon, and transpiration rate of bread grass. Water use efficiency of bread grass intercropped in maize rows decreased, regardless of the Eucalyptus plot design and distance between forages and trees.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos do sombreamento ocasionado por plantas de eucalipto e milho nas características relacionadas ao uso da água da braquiária em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O experimento foi realizado no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, comas parcelas representadas constituídas pelos espaçamentos de plantio do eucalipto (12x2 e 12x4m), as sub-parcelas da distância da braquiaria e o eucalipto (6; 4 e 2m) e a subparcela do local de cultivo da braquiária (linha e entrelinha do milho). Além disso, foi adicionado um tratamento composto pela braquiária cultivada a pleno sol. O cultivo do capim-maradu na entrelinha do milho associado ao sombreamento intenso proporcionado pelo espaçamento mais adensado de eucalipto (12x2m) e a proximidade das plantas de capim-marandu às copas das árvores de eucalipto altera negativamente a condutância estomática, o carbo interno e a taxa transpiratória das plantas de capim-marandu. A eficiência no uso da água das plantas de capim - maradu é reduzida independente do arranjo espacial do eucalipto e da distância entre aforrageira e as árvores quando a forrageira é cultivada na linha do milho.

Componentes produtivos do milho sob diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas e arranjos de plantio em sistema agrossilvipastoril / Productive components of maize under different weed management systems and planting arrangements in agrosilvopasture system

O sucesso de um cultivo consorciado esta relacionado com o conhecimento de todos os fatores que afetam o crescimento e produção das espécies. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a produção de grãos de milho sob diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas e arranjos de plantio em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas correspondentes aos sistemas de consórcio: eucalipto ou eucalipto junto com acácia consorciada com milho eBrachiaria brizanthacv. 'Marandu' ou B. decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' ou B. brizanthacv. 'Piatã'. Nas subparcelas, alocaram-se os sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas: atrazine aplicado isoladamente ou mistura em tanque do atrazine com subdose do nicosulfuron. Adicionaram-se duas testemunhas relativas ao milho em monocultivo nos dois sistemas de manejos de plantas daninhas. As espécies florestais foram transplantadas na ocasião da semeadura do milho e das braquiárias, realizada em plantio direto. A aplicação de nicosulfuron em mistura com atrazine promoveu o aumento da altura de plantas e inserção de espigas, sem influenciar na produtividade de grãos de milho. O eucalipto, acácia e as espécies de braquiárias, estabelecidos concomitantemente, não influenciaram na produtividade de milho. A produtividade de grãos de milho é reduzida no sistema agrossilvipastoril em relação ao monocultivo.(AU)

The success of an intercropping system is related to the knowledge of all factors that affect their growth and species production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the grain corn production under different weed management systems and planting arrangements in agrosylvopastoral system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in split plots, with the corresponding portions of intercropping systems: eucalyptus or acacia eucalyptus intercropping with maize and Brachiaria brizanthacv. 'Marandu' or B. decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' or Brachiaria brizanthacv. 'Piatã'. In the sub-plots allocated there were systems of weed management: atrazine applied alone or in mixture with atrazine tank with nicosulfuron sub-dose. It was added up two control groups for maize monoculture in both systems of weed management systems. Forest species were transplanted at planting corn time and brachiaria held on till. The application of nicosulfuron and atrazine mixture promoted the increase in plant height and ear insertion without affecting the maize grain yield. Eucalyptus, Acacia and species of Brachiaria, established concomitantly, had no effect on corn yield. The corn grain yield is reduced in agrosylvopastoral system compared to monoculture.(AU)

Componentes produtivos do milho sob diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas e arranjos de plantio em sistema agrossilvipastoril / Productive components of maize under different weed management systems and planting arrangements in agrosilvopasture system

O sucesso de um cultivo consorciado esta relacionado com o conhecimento de todos os fatores que afetam o crescimento e produção das espécies. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a produção de grãos de milho sob diferentes manejos de plantas daninhas e arranjos de plantio em sistema agrossilvipastoril. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas correspondentes aos sistemas de consórcio: eucalipto ou eucalipto junto com acácia consorciada com milho eBrachiaria brizanthacv. 'Marandu' ou B. decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' ou B. brizanthacv. 'Piatã'. Nas subparcelas, alocaram-se os sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas: atrazine aplicado isoladamente ou mistura em tanque do atrazine com subdose do nicosulfuron. Adicionaram-se duas testemunhas relativas ao milho em monocultivo nos dois sistemas de manejos de plantas daninhas. As espécies florestais foram transplantadas na ocasião da semeadura do milho e das braquiárias, realizada em plantio direto. A aplicação de nicosulfuron em mistura com atrazine promoveu o aumento da altura de plantas e inserção de espigas, sem influenciar na produtividade de grãos de milho. O eucalipto, acácia e as espécies de braquiárias, estabelecidos concomitantemente, não influenciaram na produtividade de milho. A produtividade de grãos de milho é reduzida no sistema agrossilvipastoril em relação ao monocultivo.

The success of an intercropping system is related to the knowledge of all factors that affect their growth and species production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the grain corn production under different weed management systems and planting arrangements in agrosylvopastoral system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in split plots, with the corresponding portions of intercropping systems: eucalyptus or acacia eucalyptus intercropping with maize and Brachiaria brizanthacv. 'Marandu' or B. decumbenscv. 'Basilisk' or Brachiaria brizanthacv. 'Piatã'. In the sub-plots allocated there were systems of weed management: atrazine applied alone or in mixture with atrazine tank with nicosulfuron sub-dose. It was added up two control groups for maize monoculture in both systems of weed management systems. Forest species were transplanted at planting corn time and brachiaria held on till. The application of nicosulfuron and atrazine mixture promoted the increase in plant height and ear insertion without affecting the maize grain yield. Eucalyptus, Acacia and species of Brachiaria, established concomitantly, had no effect on corn yield. The corn grain yield is reduced in agrosylvopastoral system compared to monoculture.

Estabelecimento inicial de espécies de braquiária em consórcio com feijoeiro-comum, sob doses reduzidas de fluazifop-p-butyl / Initial establishment of brachiaria species in consortium with bean under reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butyl

Objetivando avaliar o estabelecimento inicial de duas espécies de braquiária em consórcio com o feijoeiro-comum, em função de doses reduzidas de fluazifop-p-butyl, foi conduzido experimento em diferentes épocas de semeadura. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial, envolvendo duas espécies de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha e B. decumbens) consorciadas com o feijoeiro-comum, e seis doses de fluazifop-p-butyl (0; 7,81; 15,62; 31,25; 62,50 e 125,00 g ha-1), além do monocultivo da braquiária. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que na safra das águas a B. brizantha apresenta maior produção de biomassa em monocultivo do que em consórcio, sem o uso do fluazifop-p-butyl, enquanto a B. decumbens apresenta produção equivalente nas duas situações. Entretanto, na safra da seca, ambas as espécies de braquiária apresentam maiores produções em monocultivo do que em consórcio. Na safra da seca a utilização de doses a partir de 15,62 g ha-1 do herbicida causa prejuízo para o estabelecimento da pastagem até os 30 dias após a colheita do feijão, entretanto, com exceção da B. decumbens submetida a dose total do herbicida, a produção de biomassa da forrageira aos 150 dias após a colheita do feijão não é afetada pela aplicação do herbicida, em consórcio com o feijoeiro-comum. Na safra das águas pode-se aplicar até 125,00 ou 62,50 g ha-1 do herbicida no consórcio da B. brizantha ou B. decumbens com o feijoeiro-comum, respectivamente, alcançando produção satisfatória de biomassa aos 60 dias após a colheita do feijão.

In order to evaluate the initial establishment of two species of Brachiaria in consortium with common bean, due to reduced rates of fluazifop-p-butyl experiment was carried out at different planting dates. The treatments were arranged in a factorial design, involving two species (Brachiaria brizantha and B. decumbens) intercropped with common bean, and six doses of fluazifop-p-butyl (0; 7,81; 15,62; 31,25; 62,50 and 125,00 g ha-1), and the monoculture of Brachiaria. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The results showed that in the rainy season B. brizantha presented higher biomass in monoculture than in intercropping without the use of fluazifop-p-butyl, while B.decumbens presents equivalent production in both situations. In the season of drought, both species have higher yields in monoculture than in the consortium. In the dry season using doses from 15,62 g ha-1 of the herbicide causes damage to the establishment of the pasture until 30 days after the bean harvest, however, with the exception of B. decumbens subjected to a total dose of the herbicide, biomass production of forage for 150 days after the bean harvest is not affected by herbicide application, in consort with the beans. In the rainy season can be applied up 125,00 or 62,50 g ha-1 of the herbicide in the consortium of B.brizantha or B. decumbens with common bean, respectively, achieving satisfactory production of biomass at 60 days after the bean harvest.

Tillering dynamics of Tanzania guinea grass under nitrogen levels and plant densities / Dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-tanzânia sob doses de nitrogênio e densidades de plantas

This study evaluated the influence of nitrogen levels (N) and plant density (D) on the tillering dynamics of Tanzania guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.). Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 12 treatments and two replicates in a factorial scheme (4 × 3) with four levels of N (0, 80, 160 or 320 kg ha-1 N) and three plant densities (9, 25, and 49 plant m- ²). Higher number of tillers was observed in the treatment with 9 plants m- ² and under higher levels of N, especially in the second and third generations. Still, the N influenced quadratically the appearance rate of basal and total tillers, which were also affected by plant density and interaction N × D. However, the appearance rate of aerial tiller was not influenced by factors evaluated. The mortality rate of total tiller was influenced quadratically by the nitrogen levels and plant densities. The mortality rate of basal tiller responded quadratically to plant density, whereas the mortality rate of aerial tiller increased linearly with fertilization. Pastures with low or intermediate densities fertilized with nitrogen, presented a more intense pattern of tiller renewal.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) e densidades de plantas (D) sobre a dinâmica de perfilhamento do capim-tanzânia (Panicum maximum Jacq.). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com 12 tratamentos e duas repetições em esquema fatorial 4 × 3, com quatro doses de N (0, 80, 160 ou 320 kg ha-1 ano-1) e três densidades de plantas (9, 25 ou 49 plantas m- ²). O número de perfilhos foi maior na densidade de 9 plantas m- ² e nas maiores doses de N, principalmente na segunda e terceira gerações. O N influenciou quadraticamente as taxas de aparecimento de perfilhos basilares e totais, que também foram influenciadas pela densidade de plantas e pela interação N × D. A taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos aéreos, no entanto, não foi influenciada pelos fatores avaliados. A taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos totais foi influenciada de forma quadrática pelas doses de N e pelas densidades de plantas. A taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos basilares respondeu quadraticamente à densidade de plantas, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade de perfilhos aéreos aumentou de linearmente com a adubação. Pastos implantados em densidades baixas ou intermediárias adubados com nitrogênio apresentam padrão mais intenso de renovação de perfilhos.

Efeito da época de semeadura de Brachiaria decumbens e de dessecantes em pré-colheita sobre o rendimento de grãos do feijoeiro e a biomassa forrageira em cultivo consorciado / Effect of sowing dates of Brachiaria decumbens and desiccant in pre-harvest on the yield of grain bean and forage biomass in intercropped system

Com o objetivo de avaliar a época de semeadura e os efeitos da dessecação da Brachiaria decumbens em consórcio com duas cultivares de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), foi conduzido um experimento, em Coimbra, MG, em esquema fatorial envolvendo cultivares de feijão (Ouro Vermelho e VC3), duas épocas de semeadura da braquiária (simultânea e na capina do feijão), três tipos de dessecação (sem dessecação, Carfentrazone-ethil e Paraquat), mais dois tratamentos adicionais: os monocultivos do feijão e da braquiária, em DBC com quatro repetições. O feijoeiro foi plantado com semeadora mecanizada, no espaçamento de 0,50 m entre linhas. A braquiária foi semeada com semeadora manual, sempre nas entrelinhas do feijoeiro. Foram avaliados o estande final de plantas e o rendimento de grãos do feijão e a biomassa seca da parte aérea da braquiária, aos 15 e aos 60 dias após a colheita do feijão. Concluiu-se que a cultivar Ouro Vermelho é mais indicada para o consórcio com B. decumbens na safra das águas que a VC3. O retardamento da semeadura da braquiária proporciona maior rendimento de grãos do feijão, mas prejudica a produção de biomassa seca da forrageira. A dessecação na pré-colheita não influencia a produtividade do feijoeiro, mas, quando é realizada com paraquat, prejudica a produção de biomassa seca da forrageira.

In order to evaluate different sowing dates and the effect of desiccation on Brachiaria decumbens intercropped with two beans cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an experiment was conducted in Coimbra, MG in a factorial design involving two bean cultivars (Ouro Vermelho and VC3), two sowing dates (simultaneous and during bean weeding), three desiccation types (without desiccation, Carfentrazone-ethyl and Paraquat), plus two additional plantings of monoculture bean and brachiaria in DBC with four replications. The beans were seeded by mechanized planting with 0.50 m spacing between the rows. Brachiaria was sown by manual planting between the bean rows. We evaluated the final stand and grain yield of the beans, and the dry biomass of the brachiaria shoots, at 15 and 60 days after the bean harvest. It was concluded that the cultivar Ouro Vermelho was most suitable for intercropping with B. decumbens in the rainy season. Sowing brachiaria after weeding the beans increased the grain yield of the beans, but hindered the production of dry biomass in the brachiaria shoots. Pre-harvest desiccation does not influence the grain yield, but when performed with Paraquat it again hinders the production of dry biomass in brachiaria shoots.