Development and consensus of a dashboard model to evaluate research activity in Spanish Hospital Pharmacy Services. / Desarrollo y consenso de un cuadro de mando para evaluar la actividad investigadora en los servicios de farmacia hospitalaria en España.

OBJECTIVE: To develop by consensus a dashboard model to standardize and promote the evaluation of research activity in Spanish Hospital Pharmacy Services. METHODS: The study was carried out in 5 phases following the modified Delphi methodology: constitution of the coordinating group, elaboration of a list of scenarios, selection of participating centers, evaluation of the list of scenarios, and analysis of the results. The coordinating group designed a questionnaire with 114 questions. General research questions and different scenarios (indicators) were included to form the dashboard. The Hospital Pharmacy Services with the highest number of publications were identified to participate in the Delphi consultation. Two rounds of consultations were conducted in which the "Need" and/or "Feasibility" of their measurement was evaluated for each of the scenarios, using a numerical scale from 1 (lowest score) to 9 (highest score). RESULTS: Sixteen Hospital Pharmacy Services, belonging to 8 different autonomous communities, participated in the Delphi consultation. A total of 100% of them responded to all the questions in the 2 rounds of consultations. It was considered that the Hospital Pharmacy Services should have a research dashboard (need = 100%) with a basic structure and a common minimum set of data for all them (need = 87.5%). The consensus was reached on distinguishing research projects led by the Hospital Pharmacy Services from those led by other groups in which the Hospital Pharmacy Services collaborate (need = 87.5%), and a definition was approved on the leadership of these projects according to whether they are single-center or multicenter. A consensus was reached on 40 indicators to form the dashboard, which evaluates publications (13 indicators), human resources (12 indicators), research projects (9 indicators), doctoral theses (4 indicators), and patents and intellectual property registrations (2 indicators). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first consensus dashboard developed to evaluate the research activity of the Hospital Pharmacy Services, which will help to analyze the productivity and impact of research systematically and continuously. In addition, it will allow comparison between them and will help to establish synergies and identify trends, patterns, and challenges.

[Translated article] Development and consensus of a dashboard model to evaluate research activity in Spanish Hospital Pharmacy Services.

OBJECTIVE: To develop by consensus a dashboard model to standardise and promote the evaluation of research activity in Spanish Hospital Pharmacy Services. METHODS: The study was carried out in 5 phases following the modified Delphi methodology: constitution of the coordinating group, elaboration of a list of scenarios, selection of participating centres, evaluation of the list of scenarios, and analysis of the results. The coordinating group designed a questionnaire with 114 questions. General research questions and different scenarios (indicators) were included to form the dashboard. The Hospital Pharmacy Services with the highest number of publications were identified to participate in the Delphi consultation. Two rounds of consultations were conducted in which the "Need" and/or "Feasibility" of their measurement was evaluated for each of the scenarios, using a numerical scale from 1 (lowest score) to 9 (highest score). RESULTS: Sixteen Hospital Pharmacy Services, belonging to 8 different Autonomous Communities, participated in the Delphi consultation. A total of 100% of them responded to all the questions in the 2 rounds of consultations. It was considered that the Hospital Pharmacy Services should have a research dashboard (Need=100%) with a basic structure and a common minimum set of data for all them (Need=87.5%). The consensus was reached on distinguishing research projects led by the Hospital Pharmacy Services from those led by other groups in which the Hospital Pharmacy Services collaborate (Need=87.5%), and a definition was approved on the leadership of these projects according to whether they are single-centre or multicentre. A consensus was reached on 40 indicators to form the dashboard, which evaluates publications (13 indicators), human resources (12 indicators), research projects (9 indicators), doctoral theses (4 indicators), and patents and intellectual property registrations (2 indicators). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first consensus dashboard developed to evaluate the research activity of the Hospital Pharmacy Services, which will help to analyse the productivity and impact of research systematically and continuously. In addition, it will allow comparison between them and will help to establish synergies and identify trends, patterns, and challenges.

Reducing the drug burden of sedative and anticholinergic medications in older adults: a scoping review of explicit decision criteria.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the extent, characteristics, and knowledge gaps regarding explicit decision criteria for deprescribing drugs with anticholinergic or sedative properties (Ach/Sed) in older adults. DESIGN: Scoping review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Original studies, clinical trial protocols, grey literature, and Summaries of Product Characteristics. METHODS: Searches targeting explicit decision criteria for deprescribing Ach/Sed were performed across MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science, including trial registries (clinicaltrials.gov, ICTRP, EU-CTR, ANZCTR) for pertinent articles, study protocols. Additionally, to encompass non-traditional or 'grey literature' sources, Google searches and relevant agency websites were explored, alongside the summary of product characteristics for Ach/Sed. RESULTS: The initial literature search identified 8,192 unique data sources. After review, 188 original articles or books, 79 internet sources, and 127 SmPCs were included. Examining these sources for explicit criteria for 154 Ach/Sed, overall, 1,271 explicit criteria guidance for identifying clinical scenarios warranting deprescription of Ach/Sed across 145/154 Ach/Sed were identified. These criteria were identified mainly from qualitative research and Summaries of Product Characteristics. Additionally, 455 criteria-based recommendations suggesting approaches for tapering implementation across 76/154 Ach/Sed were identified, mostly from sources classified as expert opinions. Significant heterogeneity was found across the approaches for tapering Ach/Sed. CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of the literature providing guidance for clinical scenarios where Ach/Sed should be deprescribed and highlights the existing knowledge gaps regarding comprehensive guidance on tapering these drugs which warranties future research and development.

Therapeutic management, adherence, and clinical outcomes of heart failure in Andalucía. ANDALIC Protocol. / Manejo terapéutico, adherencia y resultados clínicos de la insuficiencia cardiaca en Andalucía. Protocolo ANDALIC.

Heart failure is a prevalent syndrome with high mortality rates, representing a significant economic burden in terms of healthcare. The lack of systematic information about the treatment and adherence of patients with heart failure limits the understanding of these aspects and potentially the improvement of clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, adherence, persistence and clinical results, as well as the association between these variables, in a cohort of patients with heart failure in Andalusia. DESIGN: This study will be an observational, population-based, retrospective cohort study. Data of patients discharged from an Andalusian hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure between 2014 and 2023 will be extracted from the Andalusian population health database. ANALYSIS: The statistical analysis will incorporate the following strategies: 1) Descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the population cohort, adherence measures, and clinical outcomes. 2) Bivariate analyses to study the association of covariates with adherence, persistence and clinical results. 3) Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analysis including relevant covariates. 4) To evaluate changes over time, multivariate Poisson regression models will be used. By conducting this comprehensive study, we aim to gain valuable insights into the clinical characteristics, treatment management, and adherence of heart failure patients in Andalusia, as well as to identify factors that may influence clinical outcomes. These findings could be critical both for the development of optimized strategies that improve medical care and quality of life of patients and for mitigating the health burden of HF in the region.

[Translated article] Therapeutic management, adherence, and clinical outcomes of heart failure in Andalucía. ANDALIC Protocol.

Heart failure is a prevalent syndrome with high mortality rates, representing a significant economic burden in terms of healthcare. The lack of systematic information about the treatment and adherence of patients with heart failure limits the understanding of these aspects and potentially the improvement of clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, therapeutic management, adherence, persistence, and clinical results, as well as the association between these variables, in a cohort of patients with heart failure in Andalusia. DESIGN: This study will be an observational, population-based, retrospective cohort study. Data of patients discharged from an Andalusian hospital with a diagnosis of heart failure between 2014 and 2023 will be extracted from the Andalusian population health database. ANALYSIS: The statistical analysis will incorporate the following strategies: (1) Descriptive analysis of the characteristics of the population cohort, adherence measures, and clinical outcomes. (2) Bivariate analyses to study the association of covariates with adherence, persistence, and clinical results. (3) Multivariate logistic regression and Cox regression analysis including relevant covariates. (4) To evaluate changes over time, multivariate Poisson regression models will be used. By conducting this comprehensive study, we aim to gain valuable insights into the clinical characteristics, treatment management, and adherence of heart failure patients in Andalusia, as well as to identify factors that may influence clinical outcomes. These findings could be critical both for the development of optimised strategies that improve medical care and quality of life of patients and for mitigating the health burden of HF in the region.

[Improving the Quality of Publications in and Advancing the Paradigms of Clinical and Social Pharmacy Practice Research: The Granada Statements]. / Mejora de la calidad de las publicaciones y avance en los paradigmas de la investigación en farmacia práctica clínica y social: la Declaración de Granada.

Pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences embrace a series of different disciplines. Pharmacy practice has been defined as "the scientific discipline that studies the different aspects of the practice of pharmacy and its impact on health care systems, medicine use, and patient care". Thus, pharmacy practice studies embrace both clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy elements. Like any other scientific discipline, clinical and social pharmacy practice disseminates research findings using scientific journals. Clinical pharmacy and social pharmacy journal editors have a role in promoting the discipline by enhancing the quality of the articles published. As has occurred in other health care areas (i.e., medicine and nursing), a group of clinical and social pharmacy practice journal editors gathered in Granada, Spain to discuss how journals could contribute to strengthening pharmacy practice as a discipline. The result of that meeting was compiled in these Granada Statements, which comprise 18 recommendations gathered into six topics: the appropriate use of terminology, impactful abstracts, the required peer reviews, journal scattering, more effective and wiser use of journal and article performance metrics, and authors' selection of the most appropriate pharmacy practice journal to submit their work.

Plataformas online y redes sociales para la creación de perfiles de investigación / Online platforms and social networks for the creation of research profiles

Hoy en día, la comunicación científica se está viendo enriquecida debido a la utilización de nuevos modos de almacenamiento, publicación y difusión de los resultados. Entre ellos se encuentran las denominadas plataformas de perfiles académicos, dentro de las cuales se encuadrarían Scopus author ID, ORCID, Publons y Kudos y, por otro lado, las redes sociales de investigación, entre las que se incluirían ResearchGate, Academia.edu y Google Scholar citations. Estas herramientas tienen como principal objetivo aumentar la visibilidad e impacto de los contenidos y publicaciones. Son páginas web multidisciplinares que contienen perfiles investigadores individuales con hipervínculos en red a revistas, bases de datos y otras fuentes. En algunos casos incluyen indicadores bibliométricos, que permiten medir el impacto causado por un trabajo a partir de la literatura. En este artículo se comparan las principales plataformas online, así como algunas de las redes sociales de investigación que existen hoy día para la creación de perfiles de investigación

Nowadays, scientific communication is enriched by the use of new ways of storing, publishing and disseminating research findings. Said new ways of scientific communication are known as the so-called academic profile platforms, which include Scopus author ID, ORCID, Publons and Kudos and on the other hand-social research networks, including ResearchGate, Academia.edu and Google Scholar citations. These tools have a main objective: enhancing both visibility and impact of contents and publications. They are multidisciplinary web pages that contain individual research profiles with network hyperlinks to magazines, databases and other sources. In some cases, bibliometric indicators are included, which allow measuring the impact caused by studies based on literature. This study compares the main online platforms, as well as some of the social research networks that currently exist for the creation of research profiles

Minimización de costes del mantenimiento con rituximab a intervalos fijos o individualizados en vasculitis por anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de los neutrófilos / Cost-minimization analysis of individually tailored or fixed-scheduled rituximab maintenance therapy for antineutrophil-cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitides

OBJETIVO: Los pacientes incluidos en el ensayo MAINRITSAN2 recibieronuna pauta individualizada o un esquema fijo de rituximab como tratamiento de mantenimiento para la vasculitis asociada con anticuerpos contra el citoplasma de los neutrófilos. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los costes reales de ambos esquemas de tratamiento. MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un análisis de minimización de costes sobre un periodo de 18 meses, estimando los costes directos -adquisición del fármaco, preparación, administración y costes de monitorización- desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud. Se realizaron varios análisis de sensibilidad con diferentes supuestos para los costes unitarios, añadiendo escenarios que incluían el rango intercuartílico de los resultados en el grupo de la pauta individualizada, diferente número de visitas de control para el grupo que seguía el esquema fijo y distinto número de eventos adversos registrados. Se realizó un análisis de coste-efectividad como parte del análisis de sensibilidad usan-do la diferencia absoluta en la tasa de recaída y su intervalo de confianza. RESULTADOS: El esquema de tratamiento con la pauta individualizada demostró una reducción del coste en comparación con el esquema de dosis fijas (6.049 versus 7.850 euros). El ahorro se debió principalmente a un menor coste en la adquisición del fármaco (2.861 versus 4.768 euros) y a menos costes de preparación y administración (892 versus 1.486 euros), debido al menor número de infusiones por paciente en el brazo del esquema individualizado. Este esquema individualizado presentó mayo-res costes de monitorización (2.296 versus 1.596 euros). Este resultado se repitió en todos los supuestos considerados en el análisis de sensibilidad desde el enfoque de minimización de costes. CONCLUSIONES: Desde la perspectiva del sistema de salud, la pauta individualizada parece ser la opción preferible en términos de costes directos. No obstante, son necesarios más estudios que evalúen todos los efectos y costes asociados al tratamiento de mantenimiento con rituximab de la vasculitis por anticuerpo anticitoplasma de neutrófilo para respaldar el manejo clínico y la asistencia sanitaria

OBJECTIVE: Patients included in MAINRITSAN2 trial received either an individually tailored or a fixed-schedule therapy with rituximab as maintenance treatment of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculi-tides. The aim of this study was to compare the real-world costs of both arms. METHOD: We performed a cost-minimization analysis over an 18-month time period, estimating direct costs-drug acquisition, preparation, administration and monitoring costs- from the health system perspective. We conducted a number of additional sensitivity analyses with different assumptions for unit costs, with further scenarios including the interquartile range of the tailored-infusion group results, different number of monitoring visits for fixed-schedule regimen and different number of reported severe adverse events. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted as a sensitivity analysis using the absolute difference in the relapse rate and its confidence interval. RESULTS: The individually tailored maintenance therapy with rituximab was shown to be a cost-saving treatment compared to the fixed-schedule therapy (6,049 euros vs. 7,850 euros). Savings resulted primarily from ower drug acquisition costs (2,861 vs. 4,768 euros) and lower prepara-tion and administration costs (892 vs. 1,486 euros), due to the lower number of infusions per patient in the tailored-infusion regimen. The tailored-infusion regimen presented higher monitoring costs (2,296 vs. 1,596 euros). This result was replicated in all assumptions considered in the sensitivity analysis of cost-minimization approach. CONCLUSIONS: From the perspective of the health system, the tailored-therapy regimen seems to be the preferable option in terms of direct costs. Further studies assessing all the effects and costs associated to vasculitides maintenance treatment with rituximab are needed to support clinical ma-nagement and healthcare planning

Efectividad de una estrategia de intervención en el patrón de prescripción del biosimilar glargina en atención primaria / Effectiveness of an intervention strategy in the biosimilar glargine prescription pattern in primary care

Objetivos: Evaluar el impacto de una estrategia de intervención en el patrón de prescripción de la insulina glargina biosimilar (IGBio) respecto al compuesto de referencia y analizar la influencia del perfil del prescriptor y su repercusión económica. Diseño: Estudio cuasiexperimental de tipo antes/después, con un grupo control. Emplazamiento: Dos áreas de gestión sanitaria (AGS) de Sevilla: AGS Sur (área intervención) y AGS Osuna (área control). Participantes: La totalidad de los médicos de atención primaria de cada área: 220 y 100, respectivamente. Intervención: Se realizaron sesiones formativas, se envió un boletín farmacoterapéutico e informes de retroalimentación mensual durante los 6meses tras la intervención formativa. El estudio fue llevado a cabo desde la comercialización del biosimilar, en octubre de 2015, hasta febrero de 2016 (pre-intervención) y desde febrero hasta agosto de 2016 (intervención). Mediciones principales: Los indicadores analizados han sido porcentaje de pacientes y porcentaje de dosis diaria definida (DDD) con IGBio respecto al total y el coste. Los médicos han sido analizados por subgrupos de edad, sexo, formación, tipo de contrato, años de experiencia y cupo. Resultados principales: Ambos indicadores aumentan al mismo nivel en ambas áreas antes de la intervención. Sin embargo, después de la intervención fueron significativamente diferentes entre las áreas (p < 0,0005), intervalo de confianza al 95% (2,5-4,7). La razón del porcentaje de incremento relativo acumulado de ambas variables entre áreas fue 3,73 veces mayor tras la intervención. En el área intervención no se encontraron diferencias para los subgrupos de médicos evaluados. Conclusiones: Estrategias encaminadas a la formación/información, así como el seguimiento a los profesionales sanitarios, inciden en el patrón de prescripción y pueden tener una repercusión económica. Nuestros resultados no se han visto influenciados por el perfil del prescriptor

Objectives: To examine the effects of specific interventions on biosimilar glargine insulin (BGI) prescribing in general practices and to analyse the influence of prescriber and economic impact. Design: Non randomized controlled study. Setting: General practices in 2 health areas of Seville, intervention and control group. Participants: 220 general practices (intervention group) and 100 general practices (control group). Intervention: Intervention group received educational seminars on biosimilar drugs, pharmacotherapeutic bulletin and prescribing feedback. The study was carried out from the biosimilar commercialization, October-2015, to February-2016 (pre-intervention) and from February to August 2016 (intervention). Main measurements: Percentage of patients and DDD with BGI respect to total glargine before and during intervention for both areas were analysed. Physicians have been analysed by subgroups of age, sex, training, type of contract, years of experience and quota. Main results: Both indicators for intervention group were significantly greater than for control group (P < .0005), with a 95% confidence interval (2.5-4.7). The ratio of the percentage of cumulative increase of both variables between areas was 3.73 times higher after the intervention. No differences were found for the evaluated categories of physicians in the intervention group. Conclusions: Intervention strategies aimed at training and information, as well as monitoring health professionals, influence the pattern of prescription and can have an economic impact. Our results have not been influenced by the profile of the prescriber

Desprescripción: guiando su definición / Deprescribing: guiding its definition

No disponible

Development of the Anticholinergic Burden Calculator Web Tool / Desarrollo de la herramienta web Anticholinergic Burden Calculator

No disponible

Traducción y adaptación transcultural al español del cuestionario ARMS para la medida de la adherencia en pacientes pluripatológicos / Spanish translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ARMS-scale for measuring medication adherence in polypathological patients

Objetivo: Traducir y adaptar transculturalmente el cuestionario ARMS al español para medir la adherencia en pacientes pluripatológicos. Diseño: Traducción, adaptación transcultural y análisis de la comprensibilidad mediante entrevistas cognitivas. Emplazamiento: Hospital de segundo nivel. Mediciones: 1) Traducción directa e inversa seguidas de una síntesis y adaptación transcultural mediante metodología cualitativa para garantizar la equivalencia conceptual, semántica y de contenido entre el cuestionario original y su versión española. 2) Análisis de la comprensibilidad de la versión española del cuestionario mediante entrevistas cognitivas en una muestra de pacientes pluripatológicos no institucionalizados. Resultados: Se obtuvo la versión española del cuestionario ARMS (ARMS-e). La dificultad global de los traductores responsables de la traducción directa e inversa para encontrar una expresión conceptualmente equivalente entre los dos idiomas fue baja. El análisis de la comprensibilidad, realizado en una muestra aleatoria de 40 pacientes pluripatológicos no institucionalizados ingresados en un servicio de medicina interna de un hospital de segundo nivel, mostró una excelente comprensibilidad. Conclusiones: El cuestionario ARMS-e es una versión adaptada al español del cuestionario ARMS que es adecuada para la medida de la adherencia en pacientes pluripatológicos. Su estructura facilita un abordaje multidimensional de la falta de adherencia permitiendo individualizar posibles intervenciones en función de las barreras detectadas en cada paciente (AU)

Aim: Translate the ARMS scale into Spanish ensuring cross-cultural equivalence for measuring medication adherence in polypathological patients. Design: Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and pilot testing. Location: Secondary hospital. Measurements: (i) Forward and blind-back translations followed by cross-cultural adaptation through qualitative methodology to ensure conceptual, semantic and content equivalence between the original scale and the Spanish version. (ii) Pilot testing in non-institutionalized polypathological patients to assess the instrument for clarity. Results: The Spanish version of the ARMS scale has been obtained. Overall scores from translators involved in forward and blind-back translations were consistent with a low difficulty for assuring conceptual equivalence between both languages. Pilot testing (cognitive debriefing) in a sample of 40 non-institutionalized polypathological patients admitted to an internal medicine department of a secondary hospital showed an excellent clarity. Conclusions: The ARMS-e scale is a Spanish-adapted version of the ARMS scale, suitable for measuring adherence in polypathological patients. Its structure enables a multidimensional approach of the lack of adherence allowing the implementation of individualized interventions guided by the barriers detected in every patient (AU)

Adaptación transcultural y validación al español del cuestionario de desprescripción en el paciente de edad avanzada / Cross-cultural adaptation and validation into Spanish of the deprescription questionnaire in the elderly patient

Antecedentes y objetivo: En 2017 se desarrolló un cuestionario en italiano que tenía como objetivo determinar las percepciones de los clínicos ante la desprescripción en población de edad avanzada.El objetivo fue traducir y adaptar transculturalmente al español este cuestionario de desprescripción.MétodosTraducción directa y retrotraducción, seguidas de una síntesis y adaptación por un tercer traductor. Desarrollo de un panel de expertos para evaluar la adecuación de la traducción, comprensibilidad de la pregunta traducida y utilidad de cada cuestión. Se realizó un análisis de comprensibilidad a médicos familiarizados con la desprescripción.ResultadosSe obtuvo la versión española del cuestionario, donde el grado de dificultad medio en la traducción directa e inversa fue baja/moderada. En la primera fase del panel de expertos 4 preguntas tuvieron apartados considerados «indeterminados» y una fue «dudosa». Tras la segunda fase, todas las cuestiones fueron «adecuadas» a excepción de una.ConclusionesSe trata de la primera adaptación transcultural al español de este cuestionario, lo que permitirá disponer de una herramienta para valorar la percepción de los clínicos y establecer mejoras en la realización de esta práctica. (AU)

Background and objective: In 2017, a questionnaire was developed in Italian with the aim of determining clinicians’ perceptions of deprescription in the elderly population.The objective was to translate and cross-culturally adapt this deprescription questionnaire to Spanish.MethodsForward and blind-back translations, followed by a synthesis and adaptation by a third translator. Development of an expert panel to evaluate the adequacy of the translation, the understandability of the translated question and the usefulness of each question. A comprehensibility analysis was carried out on physicians familiar with deprescription.ResultsThe Spanish version of the questionnaire was obtained, where the average degree of difficulty in the direct and the back-translation was low/moderate. In the first phase of the panel of experts, 4 questions had sections considered “indeterminate” and one question was “doubtful”. After the second phase, all the questions were considered “adequate” except for one.ConclusionsThis is the first cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of this questionnaire, which will provide a tool to assess clinicians’ perception of this practice and establish improvements to carry out this activity. (AU)

Intervenciones para la mejora de la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes pluripatológicos: resumen de revisiones sistemáticas / Interventions for improving adherence to treatment in patients with multiple pathologies: overview of systematic reviews

Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia disponible respecto a la eficacia de intervenciones destinadas a mejorar la adherencia al tratamiento que sean aplicables a pacientes pluripatológicos (PP). Diseño: Revisión de revisiones sistemáticas. Fuentes de datos: Se consultaron (septiembre de 2013): Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CRD y WoS para detectar intervenciones para la mejora de la adherencia en PP, o en su defecto, pacientes con patologías definitorias de pluripatología o polimedicados. Selección de estudios: Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos con PP o de características similares. Estas debían comparar la eficacia de cualquier intervención destinada a mejorar el cumplimiento del tratamiento autoadministrado prescrito con la práctica habitual u otra intervención. Extracción de datos: Se extrajo información sobre la población en estudio, la intervención ensayada y la eficacia de la misma en términos de mejora de la adherencia. Resultados: Se recuperaron 566 artículos de los que se seleccionaron 9 revisiones sistemáticas. Ninguna se centraba específicamente en PP. Sí consideraban pacientes con múltiples patologías crónicas, patologías definitorias de pluripatología o polimedicados. La eficacia global de las intervenciones fue modesta, no observándose diferencias relevantes entre las intervenciones de carácter conductual, educativo o combinado. Algunos componentes de estas intervenciones como son el asesoramiento al paciente o las estrategias de simplificación posológica parecen ser herramientas eficaces en la mejora de la adherencia en este grupo poblacional. Conclusiones: Existe una gran heterogeneidad de intervenciones orientadas a la mejora de la adherencia de eficacia modesta, no habiendo sido diseñadas para una población de PP (AU)

Objective: To assess the available scientific evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions aimed to enhance medication adherence in patients with multiple chronic conditions (PMCC). Design: Overview of systematic reviews. Data sources: The following databases were consulted (September 2013): Pubmed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CRD and WoS to identify interventions aimed to enhance medication adherence in PMCC, or otherwise, patients with chronic diseases common in the PMCC, or polypharmacy. Study selection: Systematic reviews of clinical trials focused on PMCC or similar were included. They should compare the efficacy of any intervention aimed to improve compliance to prescribed and self-administered medications with clinical practice or other interventions. Data extraction: Information about the study population, nature of intervention and efficacy in terms of improved adherence was extracted. Results: 566 articles were retrieved of which 9 systematic reviews were included. None was specifically focused on PMCC but considered patients with chronic diseases common in the PMCC, patients with more than one chronic disease and polypharmacy. The overall effectiveness of interventions was modest without relevant differences between behavioural, educational and combined interventions. Some components of these interventions including patient counselling and regimen simplification appear to be effective tools in improving adherence in this population group. Conclusion: There is a large heterogeneity of interventions aimed to improve adherence with modest efficacy, none in PMCC (AU)

Metodología de conciliación del tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes pluripatológicos / Pharmacological treatment conciliation methodology in patients with multiple conditions

OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica para identificar las diferentes metodologías empleadas en el proceso de conciliación de los tratamientos farmacológicos que sean aplicables a pacientes pluripatológicos. DISEÑO: Revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica (febrero de 2012) en las bases de datos Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO e Índice Médico Español de métodos de conciliación del tratamiento en pacientes pluripatológicos, o en su defecto, ancianos o polimedicados. Selección de estudios: Se recuperaron 273 artículos, de los que se seleccionaron 25. Extracción de datos: Se extrajo información relativa a la metodología empleada: nivel asistencial en el que se realiza, fuentes de información, uso de formulario, tiempo establecido, profesional responsable, información recogida y variables registradas como errores de conciliación. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de estudios fueron al ingreso y al alta hospitalarios Como principales fuentes de información destacan la entrevista y la historia clínica. En la mayoría de trabajos no se especifica un tiempo preestablecido, ni se usa formulario, y el principal responsable es el farmacéutico clínico. Además de la medicación domiciliaria, los hábitos de automedicación y la fitoterapia también son registrados. Se recogen como errores de conciliación desde omisiones de fármacos hasta interacciones medicamentosas. CONCLUSIONES: Existe gran heterogeneidad en la metodología empleada para la actividad de la conciliación. No existe ningún trabajo realizado específicamente en el paciente pluripatológico, que por su complejidad y susceptibilidad a errores de conciliación requiere una metodología estandarizada

OBJECTIVE: To carry out a ibliographic review in order to identify the different methodologies used along the reconciliation process of drug therapy applicable to polypathological patients. DESIGN: We performed a literature review. Data sources: The bibliographic review (February 2012) included the following databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Spanish Medical Index (IME). The different methodologies, identified on those databases, to measure the conciliation process in polypathological patients, or otherwise elderly patients or polypharmacy, were studied. Study selection Two hundred and seventy three articles were retrieved, of which 25 were selected. Data extraction Specifically: the level of care, the sources of information, the use of registration forms, the established time, the medical professional in charge and the registered variables such as errors of reconciliation. RESULTS: Most of studies selected when the patient was admitted into the hospital and after the hospital discharge of the patient. The main sources of information to be highlighted are: the interview and the medical history of the patient. An established time is not explicitly stated on most of them, nor the registration form is used. The main professional in charge is the clinical pharmacologist. Apart from the home medication, the habits of self-medication and phytotherapy are also identified. The common errors of reconciliation vary from the omission of drugs to different forms of interaction with other medicinal products (drugs interactions). CONCLUSIONS: There is a large heterogeneity of methodologies used for reconciliation. There is not any work done on the specific figure of the polypathological patient, which precisely requires a standardized methodology due to its complexity and its susceptibility to errors of reconciliation

Adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes pluripatológicos / Suitability of pharmacological treatment in patients with multiple chronic conditions

Objetivo: Identificar herramientas de medida de la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico de utilidad en el paciente pluripatológico (PP). Diseño: Revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos: Se consultaron las siguientes bases de datos (diciembre de 2009): Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Psyc INFO e Índice Médico Español para detectar herramientas de medida de la adecuación del tratamiento en pacientes pluripatológicos o, en su defecto, ancianos o polimedicados. Selección de estudios: Se incluyeron estudios tanto con metodología cualitativa como cuantitativa, tanto trabajos teóricos como de campo, ya fuesen originales o revisiones, y se incluyeron trabajos de todos los ámbitos del sistema sanitario. Se recuperaron 108 artículos, de los que se seleccionaron 39. La consulta de sus referencias bibliográficas permitió incorporar 20 trabajos más, en total 59 artículos. Extracción de datos: De entre todas las herramientas detectadas, fueron seleccionadas aquellas con posible utilidad para el paciente pluripatológico. Se clasificaron los métodos en implícitos y explícitos y se tabularon las características de los trabajos de campo. Resultados: Se identificaron 2 métodos implícitos (MAI y Hamdy) y 6 métodos explícitos (criterios Beers, IPET, STOPP/START, ACOVE, CRIME y NORGEP). Ninguno era específico para pluripatológicos. El cuestionario MAI, los criterios Beers y sus modificaciones son los más usados en la literatura médica. Las ventajas de los criterios explícitos hacen que muchos de ellos se hayan desarrollado recientemente. Conclusiones: Existen diversas herramientas para la medida de la adecuación y, sin embargo, ninguna de ellas ha sido diseñada para una población de PP, que por sus características diferenciales requiere un abordaje específico(AU)

Objective: To identify tools for measuring the appropriateness of drug therapy useful in patients with multiple chronic conditions. Design: We performed a literature review. Data sources: The following database were consulted (December 2009): Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Psyc INFO and Spanish Medical Index (IME) to detect tools for measuring the appropriateness of treatment in patients with multiple chronic conditions, or otherwise elderly or polypharmacy. Study selection: Studies were identified both qualitative and quantitative methodology, both theoretical and field work, both original and revised work and included work from all areas of the health system. 108 articles were retrieved, of which we selected 59. The consultation of their references include 20 jobs allowed, resulting in a total of 59 articles. Data extraction: Of all the tools identified, the researchers performed a selection of those with possible utility for classified PP. The articles were classified into implicit and explicit methods and the characteristics of the field works were tabulated. Results: We identified two implicit methods (MAI and Hamdy) and 6 explicit methods (Beers criteria, IPET, STOPP/START, ACOVE, CRIME and NORGEP). None was specific to patients with multiple chronic conditions. The questionnaire MAI, the Beers criteria and its modifications are most often used in literature. The advantages of explicit criteria means that many of them have been developed recently. Conclusion: There are several tools to measure the appropriateness and none of them has been designed for a population of patients with multiple chronic conditions yet, which by its nature requires a specific approach spreads(AU)

Evaluación de la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes pluripatológicos / Evaluation of the appropriateness of pharmacotherapy in patients with high comorbidity

Objetivo: Analizar la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico y realizar, si es necesario, intervenciones para su mejora en una cohorte de pacientes pluripatológicos. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, de 21 meses de duración. Emplazamiento: Área Hospitalaria Virgen del Rocío. Participantes: Pacientes pluripatológicos incluidos para un proyecto de atención integrada. Métodos: La variable principal consistió en el número de inadecuaciones detectadas. Para evaluar la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico el farmacéutico especialista siguió un procedimiento normalizado que consistía en la aplicación del cuestionario Medication Aproppriateness Index (MAI) modificado como método implícito y de la lista de criterios Screening Tool of Older Person's potentially inappropriate Prescription/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to the Right (STOPP-START) como método explícito. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 244 pacientes, con una edad media de 76 ± 8 (± DE) años siendo el 50% hombres. El número medio de diagnósticos por paciente fue de 8 ± 3 (± DE) y de fármacos de 12 ± 4 (± DE). Se detectaron un total de 840 inadecuaciones, siendo la mayoritaria la presencia de interacciones. Respecto a los criterios STOPP los más frecuentemente incumplidos fueron: clase de medicamento duplicada y uso prolongado de benzodiacepinas de vida media larga o con metabolitos de acción larga, y para los START los IECA en la insuficiencia cardiaca crónica y estatinas y antiagregantes en la diabetes mellitus si coexisten uno o más factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: El gran número de inadecuaciones detectadas pone de manifiesto la importancia de evaluar la adecuación del tratamiento farmacológico en el paciente pluripatológico. Para ello es recomendable utilizar una estrategia de intervención farmacéutica combinada que incluya tanto un método implícito como un método explícito (AU)

Objetive: To analyze the appropriateness of pharmacotherapy and, if necessary, carry out interventions for its improvement in a cohort of patients with multiple chronic conditions. Design: Descriptive, prospective study of 21 months duration. Location: Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Participants: Patients with multiple chronic conditions included in a project for integrated healthcare. Methods: The primary endpoint was the number of inappropriate treatments. To evaluate the appropriateness of pharmacotherapy, the specialist in hospital pharmacy followed a standardized procedure consisting of the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) questionnaire, modified as an implicit method, and the list of criteria of the Screening Tool of Older Person's Potentially Inappropriate Prescription/Screening Tool to Alert doctors to the Right (STOPP-START) as an explicit method. Results: A total of 244 patients were included, with a mean age of 76 ± 8 (± SD) years. Half (50%) of the patients were men. The mean number of diagnoses per patient was 8 ± 3 (± SD) and 12 ± 4 drugs (± SD). A total of 840 inappropriate treatments were detected, most of them being due to the presence of interactions. The STOPP criteria most not complied with, were duplicate drug class, and prolonged use of benzodiazepines with long half-life or long-acting metabolites, and START for ACE inhibitors in chronic heart failure and statins and antiplatelets in diabetes mellitus, if one or more coexisting risk factors. Conclusions: We detected a large number of inappropriate treatments. This highlights the importance of evaluating the appropriateness of drug treatment in patients with multiple conditions. It is advisable to use a combined pharmacist intervention strategy that includes both an implicit method and an explicit method (AU)

Errores de conciliación al ingreso hospitalario en pacientes pluripatológicos mediante metodología estandarizada / Medication reconciliation on hospital admission in patients with multiple chronic diseases using a standardised methodology

Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia de los errores de conciliación en el ingreso hospitalario en pacientes pluripatológicos a través de una metodología estandarizada. Material y método: Estudio observacional prospectivo en pacientes pluripatológicos ingresados en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se realizó conciliación al ingreso hospitalario siguiendo la metodología considerada como más adecuada para estos pacientes por un panel de expertos, según el método Delphi. La fuente de información principal utilizada fue la historia clínica digital, tanto la hospitalaria como la de atención primaria, recurriendo a la entrevista clínica en caso necesario. Se registraron tanto las discrepancias justificadas por el clínico como los errores de conciliación. Se analizó el tipo de error, los grupos farmacológicos implicados y se valoró la gravedad de cada uno de ellos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 114 pacientes, encontrándose errores de conciliación en el 75,4% de ellos. Los pacientes tenían 1.397 fármacos prescritos, de los cuales 234 presentaron discrepancias que requirieron aclaración con el clínico responsable. De estas 234 discrepancias, el clínico modificó la prescripción en 184 de ellas, consideradas errores de conciliación. Los tipos de error fueron: omisión de medicamentos (139), comisión (9), dosis, pauta o vía diferentes (24) y por prescripción incompleta (12). Entre los subgrupos farmacoterapéuticos más afectados por los errores se encontraron los antianémicos, vitaminas, y psicoanalépticos. Conclusiones: El porcentaje de pacientes pluripatológicos con errores de conciliación es elevado. El desarrollo de una metodología dirigida especialmente a los pacientes pluripatológicos consigue detectar y disminuir en un alto porcentaje los errores de medicación relacionados con los cambios de niveles asistenciales (AU)

Objectives: To determine the incidence of medication errors when admitting patients with multiple chronic conditions to hospital, using a standard method. Material and method: A prospective, observational study was conducted on patients with multiple chronic conditions admitted to a tertiary hospital. The medication reconciliation was performed using the standard method considered the most suitable for these patients by an expert panel, following the Delphi methodology. The main information source used for this was the computerised clinical notes, both in primary care and in the hospital, recurring to a clinical interview if necessary. Discrepancies justified by the clinician, as well as reconciliation errors were recorded. The type of error and the pharmacological group involved were analysed and the seriousness of each one of them was assessed. Results: A total of 114 patients were included, with reconciliation errors being found in 75.4% of cases. The patients had 1397 prescribed drugs, of which 234 had discrepancies that required clarification by the clinician responsible. The clinician modified the prescription in 184 of these discrepancies, which were considered reconciliation errors. The types of error were: medication omission (139), commission (9), dose, prescription or different routes (24) and by incomplete prescription (12). Anti-anaemic drugs, vitamins, and psychoanaleptics were among the pharmacotherapeutic groups most affected by the errors. Conclusions: The percentage of patients with multiple chronic conditions with errors is elevated. The development of methods particularly directed at patients with multiple chronic conditions manages to detect and decrease a high percentage of medication errors associated with changes of care levels (AU)

La discapacidad como barrera a la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes pluripatológicos: papel del cuidador principal / Disability as a barrier to drug adherence in polypathological patients: role of main carer

ObjetivoEstablecer los factores predictores de adherencia a la medicación en pacientes pluripatológicos polimedicados.Material y métodosEstudio transversal realizado en el área de un centro de salud dependiente de un hospital universitario. Entre marzo de 2003 y marzo de 2005 se reclutaron 265 pacientes pluripatológicos polimedicados, excluyéndose 84 pacientes por datos incompletos, no aceptar participar o exitus antes de la finalización del estudio. Investigadores diferentes de los médicos responsables encuestaron a los pacientes, estableciéndose la adherencia a la medicación por un método subjetivo mediante encuesta estructurada.ResultadosEl grado de discapacidad fue el factor determinante de adherencia. En pacientes sin cuidador e índices de Barthel inferiores a 100 la adherencia fue muy escasa y dependiente del número de fármacos. Sin embargo, en presencia de un cuidador permanente y dependencia severa el porcentaje de pacientes cumplidores fue muy superior al de los menos discapacitados e incluso que los no discapacitados, e independiente del número de fármacos.ConclusionesEn pacientes pluripatológicos polimedicados, el soporte de un cuidador puede permitir superar la barrera que supone la discapacidad para la adherencia terapéutica, obteniendo mejor adherencia que en pacientes teóricamente no dependientes. Este hecho puede ayudar a diseñar futuros estudios prospectivos sobre adherencia en esta población particularmente frágil(AU)

ObjectivesTo determine which social and individual factors may predict adherence to medication in patients with more than two chronic symptomatic diseases (polypathological patients) under polypharmacy.MethodsCross-sectional observational study. In a primary care area assigned to our teaching hospital 265 patients with multiple chronic diseases and polypharmacy were recruited over a 6 month period. 84 patients with uncompleted data or died before finishing our study were excluded.MethodsAn structured interview performed by a investigator different from responsible physicians was used.MethodsDrug adherence was assessed by a subjective method.ResultsDisability measured by Barthel index was was the main predictor of drug adherence.ResultsPatients without carer support and Barthel Index lower than 100 showed the poorer drugResultsadherence. In the later group number of drugs also affected adherence. However, in patients with carer available, medication adherence was better, mostly in more disabled ones, and unaffected by other factors.ConclusionsIn patients with multiple chronic diseases, social support by a carer may allow disabled patients to overcome the barrier of disability leading to a better drug adherence, even than non-disabled ones. These findings may help to design future prospective studies on medication adherence performed in this peculiar frail population(AU)

Calidad de las bases de datos sobre interacciones de antirretrovirales / Quality of the antiretrovirals drug interactions database

Fundamento y objetivo: Identificar bases de datos de interacciones medicamentosas de antirretrovirales y valorar su calidad estructural. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Medline y literatura médica gris. Las bases de datos identificadas se sometieron a criterios de exclusión y de calidad estructural (4 criterios de calidad mínima: estratificación según nivel de gravedad, clasificación según nivel de evidencia, referencia bibliográfica de datos y descripción del tratamiento clínico) y 11 criterios que aportaban peso ponderal. Se analizó el grado de cumplimiento en cada base de datos de los criterios definidos y el grado de cumplimiento de cada criterio en todas las bases de datos. Resultados: Se identificaron 81 bases de datos, de las que 8 se incluyeron en el análisis. Sólo 3 de ellas cumplían 3 de los 4 criterios mínimos: HIV-Druginteractions, Clinical Care Options HIV (the Drug-Drug Interactions Tool) e InteraccionesHIV.com. Todas las bases de datos incluidas se presentan en soporte informático, proporcionan información por principio activo y describen tratamiento clínico. De ellas, 7 documentan el mecanismo de acción de la interacción y presentan estructura multicheck, lo que agiliza la búsqueda, 4 estratifican según nivel de gravedad y declaran no tener conflicto de intereses y 5 facilitan las referencias bibliográficas en las que se basa. Ninguna de ellas clasifica su información según nivel de evidencia. Conclusiones: Existe una gran cantidad de bases de datos disponibles sobre interacciones de antirretrovirales. El conocimiento de su calidad en cuanto a características formales ayudará a disponer de información contrastada (AU)

Background and objective: To identify antiretrovirals drug interaction databases (ADID) and evaluate its structural quality. Material and method: A literature search in Medline and a grey literature search were conducted. The identified ADID underwent scrutiny based on exclusion criteria and structural quality (4 minimum quality criteria: stratification by level of severity, classification by level of evidence, bibliographic data, description of the clinical management) and 11 criteria that provide the relative importance (specific weight). We analyzed the degree of compliance of the criteria in each ADID and the degree of compliance of each criterion in all ADID. Results: We identified 81 databases but only 8 of them were included for the analysis. Only 3 of them reached the minimum criteria: HIV-Druginteractions, Clinical Care Options HIV (The Drug-Drug Interactions Tool) and InteraccionesHIV.com. All the databases included are presented on computerized support, organized by active drug and describe clinical management; 7 of them inform about the interaction mechanism of action and have multicheck structure that speeds up the search; 4 declare they have no conflict of interest and stratifies by level of severity; 5 contain bibliographic reference; none of them classifies by level of evidence. Conclusions: There are many antiretroviral interaction databases available. The knowledge about their quality structure will help provide appropriate information (AU)