Prediction of advanced colonic neoplasm in symptomatic patients: a scoring system to prioritize colonoscopy (COLONOFIT study).

BACKGROUND: Fast-track colonoscopy to detect patients with colorectal cancer based on high-risk symptoms is associated with low sensitivity and specificity. The aim was to derive a predictive score of advanced colonic neoplasia in symptomatic patients in fast-track programs. METHODS: All patients referred for fast-track colonoscopy were evaluated. Faecal immunological haemoglobin test (3 samples; positive> 4 µg Hb/g), and a survey to register clinical variables of interest were performed. Colorectal cancer and advanced adenoma were considered as advanced colonic neoplasia. A sample size of 600 and 500 individuals were calculated for each phase 1 and phase 2 of the study, respectively (Phase 1, derivation and Phase 2, validation cohort). A Bayesian logistic regression analysis was used to derive a predictive score. RESULTS: 1495 patients were included. Age (OR, 21), maximum faecal-Hb value (OR, 2.3), and number of positive samples (OR, 28) presented the highest ORs predictive of advanced colonic neoplasia. The additional significant predictive variables adjusted for age and faecal-Hb variables in Phase 1 were previous colonoscopy (last 5 years) and smoking (no, ex/active). With these variables a predictive score of advanced colonic neoplasia was derived. Applied to Phase 2, patients with a Score > 20 had an advanced colonic neoplasia probability of 66% (colorectal cancer, 32%), while those with a Score ≤ 10, a probability of 10% (colorectal cancer, 1%). Prioritizing patients with Score > 10, 49.4% of patients would be referred for fast-track colonoscopy, diagnosing 98.3% of colorectal cancers and 77% of advanced adenomas. CONCLUSIONS: A scoring system was derived and validated to prioritize fast-track colonoscopies according to risk, which was efficient, simple, and robust.

Definition of a SNOMED CT pathology subset and microglossary, based on 1.17 million biological samples from the Catalan Pathology Registry.

SNOMED CT terminology is not backed by standard norms of encoding among pathologists. The vast number of concepts ordered in hierarchies and axes, together with the lack of rules of use, complicates the functionality of SNOMED CT for coding, extracting, and analyzing the data. Defining subgroups of SNOMED CT by discipline could increase its functionality. The challenge lies in how to choose the concepts to be included in a subset from a total of over 300,000. Besides, SNOMED CT does not cover daily need, as the clinical reality is dynamic and changing. To adapt SNOMED CT to needs in a flexible way, the possibility exists to create extensions. In Catalonia, most pathology departments have been migrating from SNOMED II to SNOMED CT in a bid to advance the development of the Catalan Pathology Registry, which was created in 2014 as a repository for all the pathological diagnoses. This article explains the methodology used to: (a) identify the clinico-pathological entities and the molecular diagnostic procedures not included in SNOMED CT; (b) define the theoretical subset and microglossary of pathology; (c) describe the SNOMED CT concepts used by pathologists of 1.17 million samples of the Catalan Pathology Registry; and (d) adapt the theoretical subset and the microglossary according to the actual use of SNOMED CT. Of the 328,365 concepts available for coding the diagnoses (326,732 in SNOMED CT and 1576 in Catalan extension), only 2% have been used. Combining two axes of SNOMED CT, body structure and clinical findings, has enabled coding most of the morphologies.

Healthcare-Associated Mycobacterium bovis-Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Infection in Cancer Patients Without Prior BCG Instillation.

Background: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is widely used as adjunctive therapy for superficial bladder cancer. Intravesical administration of BCG has been associated with systemic infection. Disseminated infection due to M. bovis is otherwise uncommon. Methods: After identification of 3 patients with healthcare-associated BCG infection who had never received intravesical BCG administration, an epidemiologic study was performed. All patients with healthcare-associated BCG infection in the Barcelona tuberculosis (TB) program were reviewed from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2015, searching for infections caused by M. bovis-BCG. Patients with healthcare-associated BCG infection who had not received intravesical BCG instillation were selected and the source of infection was investigated. Results: Nine oncology patients with infection caused by M. bovis-BCG were studied. All had permanent central venous catheters. Catheter maintenance was performed at 4 different outpatient clinics in the same room in which other patients underwent BCG instillations for bladder cancer without required biological precautions. All patients developed pulmonary TB, either alone or with extrapulmonary disease. Catheter-related infection was considered the mechanism of acquisition based on the epidemiologic association and positive catheter cultures for BCG in patients in whom mycobacterial cultures were performed. Conclusions: Physicians should be alerted to the possibility of TB due to nosocomially acquired, catheter-related infections with M. bovis-BCG in patients with indwelling catheters. This problem may be more common than expected in centers providing BCG therapy for bladder cancer without adequate precautions.

Thioboration of α,ß-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes toward the synthesis of ß-sulfido carbonyl compounds.

Herein a direct ß-sulfido carbonyl compound synthesis by the easy activation of RS-Bpin reagents with α,ß-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes is reported. This convenient methodology can be performed at room temperature with no other additives. The key point of this reactivity is based on the Lewis acidic properties of the boryl unit of the RS-Bpin reagent interacting with the C═O oxygen. Consequently, the SR unit becomes more nucleophilic and promotes the 1,4- versus the 1,2-addition, as a function of the involved substrate. The thioborated products can be further transformed into ß-sulfido carbonyl compounds by addition of MeOH.

Asymmetric metal free ß-boration of α,ß-unsaturated imines assisted by (S)-MeBoPhoz.

The adduct [MeO → Bpin-Bpin](-) efficiently mediates the ß-boration of α,ß-unsaturated imines formed in situ. The use of chiral phosphines as additives, and in particular the chiral phosphine (S)-MeBoPhoz, enables the catalytic asymmetric reaction to proceed with higher enantioselectivity than the analogue copper(I) mediated reaction.

Quantitative sensory testing defines the trajectory of sensory neuropathy after severe COVID-19.

AIMS: To assess sensory neuropathy development after severe COVID-19. METHODS: Patients with severe COVID-19 underwent assessment of neuropathic symptoms, tendon reflexes, and quantitative sensory testing to evaluate vibration (VPT), cold (CPT), warm (WPT) and heat perception thresholds (HPT) within 1-3 weeks of admission and after 1-year. RESULTS: 32 participants with severe COVID-19 aged 68.6 ± 12.4 (18.8 % diabetes) were assessed. At baseline, numbness and neuropathic pain were present in 56.3 % and 43.8 % of participants, respectively. On the feet, VPT, WPT, and HPT were abnormal in 81.3 %, CPT was abnormal in 50.0 % and HPT on the face was abnormal in 12.5 % of patients. At 1-year follow-up, the prevalence of abnormal VPT (81.3 % vs 50.0 %, P < 0.01), WPT (81.3 % vs 43.8 %, P < 0.01), and HPT (81.3 % vs 50.0 %, P < 0.01) decreased, with no change in CPT (P = 0.21) on the feet or HPT on the face (P = 1.0). Only participants without diabetes recovered from an abnormal VPT, CPT, and WPT. Patients with long-COVID (37.5 %) had comparable baseline VPT, WPT and CPT with those without long-COVID (P = 0.07-0.69). CONCLUSIONS: Severe COVID-19 is associated with abnormal vibration and thermal thresholds which are sustained for up to 1 year in patients with diabetes. Abnormal sensory thresholds have no association with long-COVID development.

Metal-free borylative ring-opening of vinyl epoxides and aziridines.

A rational approach towards the borylative ring-opening of vinylepoxides and vinylaziridines, by the in situ formed MeO(-)→bis(pinacolato)diboron adduct, has been developed. The enhanced nucleophilic character of the Bpin (sp(2)) moiety from the reagent favours the SN2' conjugated B addition with the concomitant opening of the epoxide and aziridine rings. The reaction proceeds with total chemoselectivity towards the polyfunctionalised (-OH or -NHTs) allyl boronate. Theoretical calculations have determined the transition states that come from the reaction of the vinylic substrates with the activated MeO(-)→bis(pinacolato)diboron adduct, and a plausible mechanism for the organocatalytic borylative ring opening reaction has been suggested.

REGSTATTOOLS: freeware statistical tools for the analysis of disease population databases used in health and social studies.

BACKGROUND: The repertoire of statistical methods dealing with the descriptive analysis of the burden of a disease has been expanded and implemented in statistical software packages during the last years. The purpose of this paper is to present a web-based tool, REGSTATTOOLShttp://regstattools.net intended to provide analysis for the burden of cancer, or other group of disease registry data. Three software applications are included in REGSTATTOOLS: SART (analysis of disease's rates and its time trends), RiskDiff (analysis of percent changes in the rates due to demographic factors and risk of developing or dying from a disease) and WAERS (relative survival analysis). RESULTS: We show a real-data application through the assessment of the burden of tobacco-related cancer incidence in two Spanish regions in the period 1995-2004. Making use of SART we show that lung cancer is the most common cancer among those cancers, with rising trends in incidence among women. We compared 2000-2004 data with that of 1995-1999 to assess percent changes in the number of cases as well as relative survival using RiskDiff and WAERS, respectively. We show that the net change increase in lung cancer cases among women was mainly attributable to an increased risk of developing lung cancer, whereas in men it is attributable to the increase in population size. Among men, lung cancer relative survival was higher in 2000-2004 than in 1995-1999, whereas it was similar among women when these time periods were compared. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike other similar applications, REGSTATTOOLS does not require local software installation and it is simple to use, fast and easy to interpret. It is a set of web-based statistical tools intended for automated calculation of population indicators that any professional in health or social sciences may require.

Machine learning-based automated planning for hippocampal avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation.

PURPOSE: Design and evaluate a knowledge-based model using commercially available artificial intelligence tools for automated treatment planning to efficiently generate clinically acceptable hippocampal avoidance prophylactic cranial irradiation (HA-PCI) plans in patients with small-cell lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 44 patients with different grades of head flexion (range 45°) were used as the training datasets. A Rapid Plan knowledge-based planning (KB) routine was applied for a prescription of 25 Gy in 10 fractions using two volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) arcs. The 9 plans used to validate the initial model were added to generate a second version of the RP model (Hippo-MARv2). Automated plans (AP) were compared with manual plans (MP) according to the dose-volume objectives of the PREMER trial. Optimization time and model quality were assessed using 10 patients who were not included in the first 44 datasets. RESULTS: A 55% reduction in average optimization time was observed for AP compared to MP. (15 vs 33 min; p = 0.001).Statistically significant differences in favor of AP were found for D98% (22.6 vs 20.9 Gy), Homogeneity Index (17.6 vs 23.0) and Hippocampus D mean (11.0 vs 11.7 Gy). The AP met the proposed objectives without significant deviations, while in the case of the MP, significant deviations from the proposed target values were found in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: The KB model allows automated planning for HA-PCI. Automation of radiotherapy planning improves efficiency, safety, and quality and could facilitate access to new techniques.

OPTimizing Irradiation through Molecular Assessment of Lymph node (OPTIMAL): a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In breast cancer (BC) patients, the involvement of four or more lymph nodes (LN) is an indication of regional irradiation. The optimal treatment strategy remains unclear when fewer nodes are involved and lymphadenectomy is not performed. We designed a clinical trial to show the non-inferiority of Incidental (INC) compared to intentional (INT) irradiation of axillary nodes in patients with early-stage BC and low burden LN involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BC patients, cN0 (n = 487) undergoing breast conservation surgery and sentinel node biopsy, with total tumor load assessed by OSNA (One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification) of 250-15,000 copies mRNA CK19/µL in sentinel LN were randomized to receive INC or INT nodal irradiation. The primary endpoint was 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary endpoints were locoregional recurrence (LRR), distant recurrence (DR), and acute and chronic toxicity (CT). RESULTS: Five-years DFS were 93.7% (INC) and 93.8% (INT) (difference 0.1% [one-sided 95% CI < 5.7%]; non-inferiority p = 0.075). Cumulative Incidences of LRR were 3.5% (INC) and 3.4% (INT) (difference of 0.1% [<4.8%]; p = 0.021), and 5% (INC) and 3.5% (INT) (difference 1.4% [<6.0%]; non-inferiority p = 0.101) for DR. CT was more Incident with INT (26.9%) than with INC (19.2%), though the difference was not statistically significant (HR 1.39 [95% CI: 0.92, 2.10]; p = 0.11). CONCLUSION: Intentional does not outperform incidental irradiation by more than 5.7% in terms of 5-year DFS, 4.8% for LRR, and 6% for DR. REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02335957.

Long-term outcomes of patients following hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVES: Few data are available regarding follow up of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after their discharge. We aim to describe the long-term outcomes of survivors of hospitalization for COVID-19 followed up first at an outpatient facility and subsequently by telephone. METHODS: Observational prospective study conducted at a tertiary general hospital. Clinical and radiological progression was assessed and data were recorded on a standardized reporting form. Patients were divided into three groups according to Pao2/Fio2 at hospitalization: Pao2/Fio2 >300, Pao2/Fio2 300-200 and Pao2/Fio2 <200. A logistic multivariate regression model was performed to identify factors associated with persistence of symptoms. RESULTS: For facility follow up, 302 individuals were enrolled. Median follow up was 45 days after discharge; 78% (228/294) of patients had COVID-19-related symptoms (53% asthenia, 56% respiratory symptoms) and 40% (122/302) had residual pulmonary radiographic lesions. Pao2/Fio2 <200 was an independent predictor of persistent dyspnoea (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.38-2.52, p < 0.0001). Pao2/Fio2 >300 was associated with resolution of chest radiographic lesions (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.42-0.74, p < 0.0001). Fifty per cent of patients required specific medical follow up after the first consultation and were transferred to another physician. A total of 294 patients were contacted for telephone follow up after a median follow-up time of 7 months. Fifty per cent of patients (147/294) still presented symptoms and 49% (145/294) had psychological disorders. Asthenia was identified in 27% (78/294) and dyspnoea in 10% (28/294) of patients independently of Pao2/Fio2. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with COVID-19 require long-term follow up because of the persistence of symptoms; patients with low Pao2/Fio2 during the acute illness require special attention.

How cancer registries can detect neoplasms in pathology laboratories that code with SNOMED CT terminology? An actual, simple and flexible solution.

BACKGROUND: Pathology laboratories are one of the main information sources for cancer registries and have traditionally been coded with SNOMED; some of them are migrating to SNOMED CT (SCT). Cancer registries encode topography and morphology of neoplasms by the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O). ICD-O updates morphology with WHO Classification of Tumors (Blue-Books). Morphological codes of the ICD-O, Blue-Books and SNOMED (former SNOMEDID) have always coincided. In 2017, SCT removed the SNOMEDID. OBJECTIVES: to define neoplastic and topographic subsets in SCT and map them to ICD-O-3.1/Blue-Books; reduce the original number of SCT concepts; correctly identify neoplasms in the laboratories in accordance with international cancer registry rules. METHODOLOGY: SCT neoplastic concepts were identified by manual revision and SCT resources ("is a", "Associated morphology" relationships; Simple Map Reference Set). Topographic concepts were extracted from the body structure hierarchy of SCT. Both subsets were mapped to ICD-O-3.1/Blue-Books, afterwards. Updating algorithms were designed to automate and update each subset with every SCT release. The process of neoplasms identification was validated in a sample of 5212 specimens with 7378 records from 8 Catalan hospitals. RESULTS: The number of concepts in neoplastic and topographic subsets (16,448 and 32,278) was reduced after the mapping to ICD-O-3.1/Blue-Books (2115 and 330, respectively). Neoplastic subset classified the specimens correctly in the 98.6% of the specimens. CONCLUSIONS: This article presents a flexible tool to exhaustively identify neoplasms in pathology laboratories that code with SCT, following international PBCRs standards and in line with the pathologists, oncologists and epidemiologists' needs.

Non-intravenous carbapenem-sparing antibiotics for definitive treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) or AmpC ß-lactamase: A propensity score study.

Carbapenems are considered the treatment of choice for extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)- or AmpC ß-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia. Data on the effectiveness of non-intravenous carbapenem-sparing antibiotic options are limited. This study compared the 30-day mortality and clinical failure associated with the use of carbapenems versus alternative non-intravenous antibiotics for the definitive treatment of ESBL/AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia. This 12-year retrospective study (2004-2015) included all patients with bacteraemia due to ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae at a Spanish hospital. Given the lack of randomisation of initial therapies, a propensity score for receiving carbapenems was calculated. There were 1115 patients with a first episode of bacteraemia due to Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, of which 123 (11.0%) were ESBL/AmpC-positive. There were 101 eligible patients: 59 in the carbapenem group and 42 in the alternative treatment group (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 59.5%, quinolones 21.4%). The most frequent sources of infection were urinary (63%) and biliary (15%). Compared with the carbapenem group, patients treated with an alternative regimen had a shorter hospital stay [median (IQR) 7 (5-10) days vs. 12 (9-18) days; P < 0.001]. Use of an alternative non-intravenous therapy did not increase mortality (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.05-1.61; P = 0.15). After controlling for confounding factors with the propensity score, the adjusted OR of carbapenem treatment was 4.95 (95% CI 0.94-26.01; P = 0.059). Alternative non-intravenous carbapenem-sparing antibiotics could have a role in the definitive treatment of ESBL/AmpC-positive Enterobacteriaceae bacteraemia, allowing a reduction in carbapenem use. Use of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in this series showed favourable results.

Prevention of radiochemotherapy-induced esophagitis with glutamine: results of a pilot study.

PURPOSE: To assess the usefulness of oral glutamine to prevent radiochemotherapy-induced esophagitis in patients with lung cancer, and to determine the dosimetric parameter predictive of esophagitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Seventy-five patients were enrolled; 34.7% received sequential radiochemotherapy, and 65.3% received concomitant radiochemotherapy. Every patient received prophylactic glutamine powder in doses of 10 g/8 h. Prescribed radiation doses were 45-50 Gy to planning target volume (PTV)1 (gross tumor volume plus wide margins) and 65-70 Gy to PTV2 (reduced margins). The primary endpoint was the incidence of Grade 2 or greater acute esophagitis. RESULTS: No patient experienced glutamine intolerance or glutamine-related toxicity. Seventy-three percent of patients who received sequential chemotherapy and 49% of those who received concomitant chemotherapy did not present any form of esophagitis. V50 was the dosimetric parameter with better correlation between esophagitis and its duration. A V50 of or=2, which increased to 71% with a V50 of >30% (p = 0.0009). CONCLUSIONS: The use of oral glutamine may have an important role in the prevention of esophageal complications of concomitant radiochemotherapy in lung cancer patients. However, randomized trials are needed to corroborate that effect. V50 is the dosimetric parameter with better correlation with esophagitis grade and duration.

Diagnosis and locoregional treatment of patients with breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic / Diagnostico y tratamiento locorregional de las pacientes con cancer de mama durante la pandemia de la COVID-19

We are facing a pandemic that is going to affect a significant part of the population. At the end of April in the world there are about 3,000,000 cases, with 205,000 deaths and 860,000 patients recovered. The response to this pandemic has in many cases led to a significant change in the daily work of caring for cancer patients, the good results of which depend largely on time-adjusted protocols and multidisciplinary treatments. We present a review of local, surgical and radiotherapy treatment together with authors' recommendations made from personal experience on ways to act in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of breast cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. The multidisciplinary Breast Committees must continue to meet weekly in videoconference format. All surgical actions and irradiations must be carried out with maximum safety for both the patients and the participating teams. Hypofractionation in radiation therapy should be the standard treatment. Sometimes it is recommended to apply a primary systemic treatment or even a primary irradiation. Great coordination between the surgical and oncology teams, both medical and radiotherapeutic, is essential

Nos enfrentamos a una pandemia que afecta a una parte importante de la población.  A finales de abril de 2020, en el mundo hay cerca de 3.000.000 de casos, con 205.000 muertes y 860.000 pacientes recuperados. La respuesta a esta pandemia en muchos casos ha supuesto modificaciones importantes en el cuidado diario de las pacientes con cáncer, dependiendo el buen resultado en buena parte del ajuste de los protocolos a las circunstancias especiales y a los tratamientos multidisciplinarios. Presentamos una revisión del tratamiento quirúrgico y radioterapia junto con las recomendaciones de los autores basadas en su experiencia personal a la hora del diagnóstico y tratamiento locorregional del cáncer de mama durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Los comités multidisciplinarios deben seguir reuniéndose semanalmente en formato de videoconferencia. Todos las intervenciones quirúrgicas e irradiaciones deben ser llevadas a cabo con la máxima seguridad tanto para las pacientes como para el personal sanitario que participa. El hipofraccionamiento debe ser el tratamiento radioterápico estándar. En algunos casos se utilizará tratamiento sistémico primario o incluso radioterapa preoperatoria. Es esencial una coordinación importante entre los equipos quirúrgicos y los oncológicos, tanto radioterápicos como médicos

Conservative treatment in noninvasive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The elective treatment for noninvasive breast carcinoma has not yet been established. As a result of mammographic screening programs, the incidence of noninvasive tumors has increased and has lead to the same controversy already present had with invasive carcinomas: mastectomy or conserving therapy. METHODS: Since 1990, 101 patients with noninvasive breast cancer were treated with irradiation following breast-conserving surgery. All the patients had irradiation of the whole breast (mean dose, 47.6 +/- 1.2 Gy). The radiation dose boost to the tumor bed was delivered in 28.7% of the cases (mean dose, 21.03 +/- 3.06 Gy), and in 71.3%, the boost was not administered. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 34 months, survival is 100%. The disease-free survival at 5 years by the Kaplan-Meier method is 93.6 +/- 8.65. CONCLUSIONS: The conserving treatment is a valid option for treatment of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ.

Accelerated hypofractionated breast radiotherapy: FAQs (frequently asked questions) and facts.

The demand for breast cancer care has increased as cancer treatment innovations have proliferated. Adjuvant radiotherapy to the breast is considered to be part of the standard treatment in breast cancer. The role of radiotherapy in terms of reducing loco-regional recurrence and increased survival after conservative surgery, and also after a mastectomy in selected cases, has been previously shown in several randomized trials. Patterns of radiotherapy commonly used for breast cancer comprise a period of approximately five weeks, frequently with the addition of an additional 1-1.5 weeks of a radiation boost to the primary tumour area. In last years, there has been a renewed interest in hypofractionated and accelerated radiotherapy schedules that reduce the overall treatment time to barely three weeks, leading to an improvement in quality of life for patients and also optimizing workload of radiation oncology departments. However, despite the existing evidence supporting the use of hypofractionated treatment regimens, their widespread is still far from complete. Many questions have generated resistance among clinical oncologists for their regular use. The aim of this review is to answer those questions that may arise with the use of moderate hypofractionation in breast cancer.

Face to face activation of a phenylselenium borane with α,ß-unsaturated carbonyl substrates: facile synthesis of C-Se bonds.

Activated olefins directly react with a phenylselenium borane, at room temperature, without any metal or organocatalytic assistance. Up to 10 examples of ß-(phenylseleno) substituted ketones and aldehydes have been prepared and theoretical evidence for the mechanism opens up non-existing pathways to create C-heteroatom bonds as a general tool.

Relationship between radiation-induced apoptosis of T lymphocytes and chronic toxicity in patients with prostate cancer treated by radiation therapy: a prospective study.

PURPOSE: To assess the correlation of radiation-induced apoptosis in vitro of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes with late toxicity of prostate cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 214 patients were prospectively included in the study. Peripheral blood was drawn from patients before treatment and irradiated with 8 Gy. The percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes that underwent radiation-induced apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. Toxicity and mortality were correlated in 198 cases with pretreatment apoptosis and clinical and biological variables by use of a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: The mean percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte radiation-induced apoptosis was 28.58% (±14.23) and 50.76% (±18.9), respectively. Genitourinary (GU) toxicity was experienced by 39.9% of patients, while gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity was experienced by 19.7%. The probability of development of GU toxicity was nearly doubled (hazard ratio [HR] 1.99, P=.014) in those patients in whom the percentage of in vitro radiation-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T-lymphocytes was ≤28.58%. It was also almost double in patients who received doses ≥50 Gy in 65% of the bladder volume (V65 ≥50) (HR 1.92, P=.048). No correlation was found between GI toxicity and any of the variables studied. The probability of death during follow-up, after adjustment for different variables, was 2.7 times higher in patients with a percentage of CD8+ T lymphocyte apoptosis ≤50.76% (P=.022). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our study shows, in the largest prospective cohort of prostate cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, that in vitro radiation-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T lymphocytes assessed before radiation therapy was associated with the probability of developing chronic GU toxicity. In addition, the radiation dose received in the urinary bladder (V65 ≥50) affected the occurrence of GU toxicity. Finally, we also demonstrate that radiation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T lymphocytes was associated with overall survival, although larger series are needed to confirm this finding.

Trends in the surgical procedures of women with incident breast cancer in Catalonia, Spain, over a 7-year period (2005-2011).

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer in women, accounting for 28% of all tumors among women in Catalonia (Spain). Mastectomy has been replaced over time by breast-conserving surgery (BCS) although not as rapidly as might be expected. The aim of this study was to assess the evolution of surgical procedures in incident BC cases in Catalonia between 2005 and 2011, and to analyze variations based on patient and hospital characteristics. METHODS: We processed data from the Catalonian Health Service's Acute Hospital Discharge database (HDD) using ASEDAT software (Analysis, Selection and Extraction of Tumor Data) to identify all invasive BC incident cases according to the codes 174.0-174.9 of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) that were attended for the one-year periods in 2005, 2008 and 2011. Patients were classified according to surgical procedures (BCS vs mastectomy, and immediate vs delayed reconstruction), and results were compared among periods according to age, stage, comorbidity and hospital level. RESULTS: BC surgical procedures were performed in more than 80% of patients. Surgical cases showed a significant increasing trend in the proportion of women aged 50-69 years, more advanced disease stages, higher comorbidity and they were attended in hospitals of less complexity level throughout the study period. Similar pattern was found for patients treated with BCS, which increased significantly from 67.9% in 2005 to 74.0% in 2011.Simple lymph node removal increased significantly (from 48.8% to 71.4% and from 63.6% to 67.8% for 2005 and 2011 in conservative and radical surgery, respectively). A slightly increase in the proportion of mastectomized young women (from 28% in 2005 to 34% in 2011) was detected, due to multiple factors. About 22% of women underwent post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, this being mostly immediate. CONCLUSIONS: The use of HDD linked to the ASEDAT allowed us to evaluate BC surgical treatment in Catalonia. A consolidating increasing trend of BCS was observed in women aged 50-69 years, which corresponds with the pattern in most European countries. Among the mastectomized patients, immediate breast reconstructions have risen significantly over the period 2005-2011.