Usefulness of brain perfusion CT in focal-onset status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perfusion computed tomography (PCT) patterns in patients with status epilepticus (SE). METHODS: We included consecutive SE patients, diagnosed by ictal encephalography (EEG) findings and clinical semiology, who prospectively underwent a dedicated PCT study of SE in the ictal phase. The perfusion maps were visually analyzed. For the quantitative assessment, regions of interest in areas where the maps suggested abnormalities were compared with the corresponding area in the unaffected contralateral cortex. Asymmetry indices between affected and unaffected hemispheres were calculated for the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), regional cerebral blood volume (rCBV), time to peak (TTP), and mean transit time (MTT). Nine patients underwent a follow-up PCT after SE resolution, and the corresponding maps were compared to the ictal maps. In addition, we included a control group of 10 sex- and age-matched patients with SE mimics or postictal phenomena, who also underwent acute PCT during the study period. RESULTS: The study included 19 patients: mean age 69.47 ± (standard deviation) 15.9 years, 68.4% men. On visual analysis of parametric perfusion maps during the ictal phase, regional cortical hyperperfusion was depicted in 78.9% of patients. Quantitative analysis showed significantly increased rCBF (P = 0.002) and rCBV (P = 0.004) values and decreased TTP (P < 0.001) and MTT (P = 0.001) in cortical areas of the affected vs the unaffected side. The mean asymmetry index was 12.8 for rCBF, 13.7 for rCBV, -3.0 for TTP, and -3.7 for MMT. In the nine patients with a follow-up PCT, eight showed decreased intensity, rCBV (P = 0.035), and rCBF (P = 0.024) in the hyperperfusion areas. The sensitivity of hyperperfusion detection for the diagnosis of SE was 78.95%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 93.75%, and negative predictive value 69.23%. Comparative quantitative analysis of asymmetry indices for rCBF, rCBV, and MTT between ictal PCT and control patients showed significant differences for all parameters (rCBF P = 0.001; rCBV P = 0.002; TTP P = 0.001; and MTT P = 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: Visual and quantitative analysis of perfusion maps detects regional hyperperfusion in SE patients with good diagnostic capability. Perfusion was increased in PCT maps of the affected cerebral hemisphere as compared to the contralateral region during the ictal phase. PCT may provide valuable diagnostic information in patients with SE and complement the diagnostic value of EEG.

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: imaging findings and clinical outcome.

INTRODUCTION: We aim to investigate the clinical onset, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings, and follow-up of patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-related inflammation, an uncommon but clinically striking presentation of CAA. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical manifestations, CT/MR imaging findings, and outcome of ten consecutive patients with CAA-related inflammation. In each patient, a brain CT study was performed at hospital admission, and brain MR imaging was carried out 2 to 4 days later. Clinical and radiologic follow-up findings were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: The most common clinical onset was rapidly progressive cognitive decline, followed by focal neurological signs. Brain CT/MR showed unenhanced expansive subcortical lesions, corresponding to areas of vasogenic edema, associated with chronic lobar, cortical, or cortical-subcortical micro/macrohemorrhages. Clinical symptoms recovered in a few weeks under treatment in eight patients and spontaneously in the remaining two. MRI follow-up at 2 to 12 months after treatment showed resolution of the lesions. Three patients experienced symptomatic disease recurrence, with new lesions on CT/MR. CONCLUSION: In the absence of histological data, early recognition of the clinical symptoms and typical radiologic features of CAA-related inflammation is essential to enable timely establishment of proper treatment.

Perampanel: A therapeutic alternative in refractory status epilepticus associated with MELAS syndrome.

To our knowledge, there are no reports of status epilepticus (SE) associated with mitochondrial diseases and treated with perampanel (PER). We present three cases of patients with refractory SE associated with MELAS syndrome who responded favorably to PER. All cases were diagnosed as non-convulsive SE (focal without impairment of level of consciousness). After an initial treatment with other anti-seizure drugs, PER was added in all cases (8, 16 and 12 mg) and cessation of SE was observed within the next 4-8 hours. All the cases involved a stroke-like lesion present on brain MRI. In our patients, PER was an effective option in SE associated with MELAS syndrome.

Cerebrovascular disease burden in late-onset non-lesional focal epilepsy.

PURPOSE: Late-onset non-lesional focal epilepsy, defined as new-onset seizures in patients older than 60 years, is diagnosed increasingly more often in relation to aging of the population. It has been attributed mainly to occult cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), although high levels of evidence to support this notion are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the burden of leukoaraiosis, a marker of cerebral SVD, and hippocampal atrophy in patients with late-onset epilepsy (LOE). METHODS: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were retrospectively analyzed by two blinded radiologists. The Fazekas and Scheltens scales were used to assess the degree of leukoaraiosis and hippocampal atrophy in 33 patients with non-lesional LOE, 41 patients with clinical signs of SVD (eg, recent history of transient ischemic attack [TIA] or lacunar stroke), and 26 healthy controls, all >60 years of age. RESULTS: Mean age in epilepsy patients was 70.9 (±6.6) years; 57.6% were men. The history of vascular risk factors was similar in all groups. Median (interquartile range) Fazekas score was 1 (0-1) in the epilepsy group, 1 (0-2) in TIA/lacunar stroke patients, and 0 (0-1) in the healthy group. Degree of leukoaraiosis was milder in epilepsy patients compared to the TIA/lacunar stroke group (p = 0.004), and similar to that of healthy controls (p = 0.593). Hippocampal atrophy was significantly greater in patients with epilepsy (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the etiology of LOE is not exclusively related to cerebrovascular disease. Hippocampal atrophy may contribute to the origin of the seizures.

Epilepsia partialis continua: aetiology, semiology and prognosis in a Spanish adult cohort.

To describe the semiological features in patients suffering with Epilepsia Partialis Continua (EPC), also referred as Kozhevnikov syndrome and their relationship with aetiology, duration, and prognosis, as well as recurrence during follow-up. We analysed consecutive EPC patients diagnosed and followed in our centre over a seven-and-a half year period. We collected demographic and clinical data, along with neuroimaging and EEG recordings. All patients were followed for more than six months. Patients were categorised with single body area or multiple body area involvement according to the body parts affected. Recurrence was defined as a second EPC episode after one week. We collected data from 27 adult patients; 70.4% were men, the mean age was 65.2 years old (range: 17-89 years), and 40.7% had previous epilepsy. EPC causes were structural in 85.1% (stroke being the most frequent; 44.4%), metabolic in 11.1%, and of unknown origin in 7.4%. A cortical lesion on neuroimaging was shown in 70.4%. Involvement of multiple body areas was reported in 55.6% of patients. The optimal cut-off period to predict death was nine days (with a sensitivity of 62.5% and specificity of 75%; p=0.039), and this group of patients exhibited more multiple body area involvement (88.9% vs 38.9%; p=0.04). During follow-up, patients with cortical lesions had more EPC relapses (p=0.037). The most frequent aetiology of EPC in our patients was stroke. Multiple body area involvement and duration were associated with mortality. Patients with cortical lesions had more EPC relapses during follow-up.

[Visual epileptic seizures. Signs and symptoms, and clinical implications]. / Crisis epilepticas visuales. Semiologia e implicaciones clinicas.

INTRODUCTION: Visual phenomena can be symptoms of epileptic seizures, although with an uncertain clinical meaning and relationship with the epileptogenic focus. AIMS: To describe the clinical implications of visual epileptic seizures according to their signs and symptoms in adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected consecutively over a period of one year from patients who reported visual signs and symptoms as the main manifestation of their seizures, and the visual symptoms are classified according to the characteristics of the description. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 78 patients, with a mean age of 43.5 years. Focal epilepsy accounted for 97% of the cases. Of the 63% that were symptomatic epilepsies, 57% were vascular. The visual seizures were, in 81.9% of cases, the aura prior to the seizure, and 17.9% were isolated visual seizures. The coexistence of visual seizures and other types of seizure was associated to pharmacoresistance (p = 0.021). The visual symptoms reported were as follows: simple hallucinations (55.1%), illusions (23.1%), complex hallucinations (15.4%) and loss of vision (6.4%). The lobar localisation of the lesions was occipital (24.4%), temporoparietooccipital (21.8%), temporal (9%), parietal (3.8%) and frontal (1.3%). Occipital lesions were associated with simple visual hallucinations (p < 0.001), and visual illusions and complex visual hallucinations, with lesions affecting the temporoparietooccipital junction (p < 0.05). Of the 55.1% of patients with a unilateral lesion in the magnetic resonance scan, 33% reported symptoms in the contralateral visual hemifield. CONCLUSIONS: Visual seizures mainly present as epileptic auras. Simple hallucinations are related with an occipital origin, whereas complex hallucinations are associated with more anterior regions of the brain. The appearance of lateralised visual phenomena suggests an origin located in the contralateral hemisphere.

TITLE: Crisis epilepticas visuales. Semiologia e implicaciones clinicas.Introduccion. Los fenomenos visuales pueden ser sintomas de crisis epilepticas, aunque con un significado clinico y una relacion con el foco epileptogeno incierto. Objetivo. Describir las implicaciones clinicas de las crisis epilepticas visuales segun su semiologia en adultos. Pacientes y metodos. Durante un año se recoge consecutivamente a pacientes que describian semiologia visual como manifestacion principal de sus crisis y se clasifican los sintomas visuales segun las caracteristicas de la descripcion. Resultados. Se incluye a 78 pacientes con una edad media de 43,5 años. El 97% de los casos eran epilepsias focales. Entre el 63% de las epilepsias sintomaticas, el 57% eran vasculares. Las crisis visuales eran, en un 81,9%, el aura previa a la crisis, y en un 17,9%, crisis visuales aisladas. La coexistencia de crisis visuales y otro tipo de crisis se asocio a farmacorresistencia (p = 0,021). Los sintomas visuales fueron: alucinaciones simples (55,1%), ilusiones (23,1%), alucinaciones complejas (15,4%) y perdida de vision (6,4%). La localizacion lobar de las lesiones era occipital (24,4%), temporoparietooccipital (21,8%), temporal (9%), parietal (3,8%) y frontal (1,3%). Las lesiones occipitales se asociaron con alucinaciones visuales simples (p < 0,001), y las ilusiones visuales y alucinaciones visuales complejas, con lesiones de la encrucijada temporoparietooccipital (p < 0,05). Del 55,1% de los pacientes con lesion unilateral en la resonancia magnetica, el 33% referia los sintomas en el hemicampo visual contralateral. Conclusiones. Las crisis visuales se presentan, principalmente, como auras epilepticas. Las alucinaciones simples se relacionan con el origen occipital, mientras que las alucinaciones complejas se asocian con regiones cerebrales mas anteriores. La aparicion de fenomenos visuales lateralizados nos orienta a un origen en el hemisferio contralateral.

[Malformations of cortical development in adult patients with epilepsy: a series of 79 cases]. / Malformaciones del desarrollo cortical en pacientes adultos con epilepsia: serie de 79 casos.

INTRODUCTION: Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are an important cause of epilepsy, delayed psychomotor development or neurological deficits. AIM. To report on the long-term clinical course and differential characteristics of several groups of MCD in adults with epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our sample consisted of patients over 16 years of age with MCD confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, and epilepsy. The characteristics of the epilepsy, presence of neurological deficits, intellectual disability, history of perinatal pathology and electroencephalogram recordings were analysed. The patients were classified into three groups (G) in accordance with the Barkovich classification. RESULTS: A total of 85 patients with MCD were identified from 2630 patients with epilepsy and 79 of them were finally included in the sample. Mean age: 37 years, 57% were females. Mean age at onset of the crises: 17.8 years, and 59.5% were medication resistant. The distribution of the cases according to the Barkovich classification was: G1 (alterations affecting neuronal proliferation): 59.5%; G2 (alterations affecting migration): 25.3%; and G3 (alterations affecting cortical organisation): 15.2%. Focal neurological deficit was observed in 19% and 34.2% had an intelligence quotient < 80. On analysing by groups, G3 was found to display a higher percentage of focal neurological and intelligence quotient deficits than G1 and G2 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with MCD in G3 are more likely to have neurological deficit, intellectual disability and better control over their crises than patients from G1 and G2, most of whom present refractory epilepsy.

TITLE: Malformaciones del desarrollo cortical en pacientes adultos con epilepsia: serie de 79 casos.Introduccion. Las malformaciones del desarrollo cortical (MDC) son una causa importante de epilepsia, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor o deficits neurologicos. Objetivo. Describir la evolucion clinica a largo plazo y las caracteristicas diferenciales de los distintos grupos de MDC en adultos con epilepsia. Pacientes y metodos. Pacientes mayores de 16 años con MDC confirmada por resonancia magnetica y epilepsia. Se analizaron las caracteristicas de la epilepsia, la presencia de deficits neurologicos, la discapacidad intelectual, los antecedentes de patologia perinatal y el electroencefalograma. Los pacientes se clasificaron en tres grupos (G) segun la clasificacion de Barkovich. Resultados. Se identificaron 85 pacientes con MDC de 2.630 pacientes con epilepsia, y se incluyeron 79 pacientes. Edad media: 37 años, el 57% mujeres. Edad media al inicio de las crisis: 17,8 años. El 59,5% era farmacorresistente. La distribucion de los casos segun la clasificacion de Barkovich fue: G1 (alteraciones de la proliferacion neuronal): 59,5%; G2 (alteraciones de la migracion): 25,3%; y G3 (alteraciones de la organizacion cortical): 15,2%. El 19% presentaba un deficit neurologico focal y el 34,2% tenia un cociente intelectual < 80. Al analizar por grupos, el G3 mostraba un mayor porcentaje de deficits neurologicos focales y discapacidad intelectual que el G1 y el G2 (p < 0,05). Conclusion. Los pacientes con MDC del G3 tienen mayor probabilidad de tener deficit neurologico, discapacidad intelectual y mejor control de las crisis que los pacientes del G1 y G2, que se manifiestan, predominantemente, con epilepsia farmacorresistente.

[Aetiology and treatment of epilepsy in a series of 1,557 patients]. / Etiologia y tratamiento de la epilepsia en una serie de 1.557 pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: The aetiology of epilepsy is an important decisive factor in its treatment and prognosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances suggest that the causal distribution, treatment and prognosis of the population with epilepsy may have undergone some modification. AIM: To describe the distribution of syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment in patients with epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients with epilepsy who were treated consecutively in our epilepsy department. Demographic data were collected, together with information about syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment at the time of eligibility. The data were analysed jointly and by age groups. RESULTS: Altogether 1,557 patients were included, 54% of them males. Seventy-three per cent of the sample had focal epilepsy, which was secondary to a structural lesion in 56% of patients. Generalised epilepsies accounted for 20%. Five per cent were unclassifiable. By ages, vascular causation predominated in practically all the groups and its prevalence increased with age. The most commonly used antiepileptic drugs were valproic acid (29%), levetiracetam (27%) and carbamazepine (20%). Seventy per cent of the generalised epilepsies and 57% of the focal ones were on monotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence by age groups was similar to that reported in developed countries, although a lower prevalence of cryptogenic epilepsies was observed. More than 60% of patients followed monotherapy and valproic acid was the most widely used.

TITLE: Etiologia y tratamiento de la epilepsia en una serie de 1.557 pacientes.Introduccion. La etiologia de la epilepsia es un determinante importante del tratamiento y el pronostico. Los avances diagnosticos y terapeuticos hacen pensar que la distribucion causal, el tratamiento y el pronostico de la poblacion con epilepsia se hayan podido ver modificados. Objetivo. Describir la distribucion sindromica, etiologica y el tratamiento farmacologico en los pacientes con epilepsia. Pacientes y metodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal de pacientes con epilepsia atendidos de manera consecutiva en la consulta de nuestra unidad de epilepsia. Se recogieron datos demograficos, de sindrome, etiologia y tratamiento farmacologico en el momento de la inclusion. Se analizaron los datos de modo conjunto y por grupos de edad. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1.557 pacientes, el 54% varones. El 73% de la muestra tenia una epilepsia focal, que era secundaria a una lesion estructural en el 56%. Las epilepsias generalizadas representaron el 20%. El 5% fue inclasificable. Por edad, la etiologia vascular predominaba en practicamente todos los grupos y su prevalencia aumentaba en relacion con la edad. Los farmacos antiepilepticos mas utilizados fueron acido valproico (29%), levetiracetam (27%) y carbamacepina (20%). El 70% de las epilepsias generalizadas y el 57% de las focales seguian tratamiento en monoterapia. Conclusiones. La prevalencia por grupos de edad fue similar a la descrita en paises desarrollados aunque se observo una menor prevalencia de epilepsias criptogenicas. Mas del 60% de los pacientes seguia monoterapia y el acido valproico fue el mas utilizado.

Crisis epilépticas visuales. Semiología e implicaciones clínicas / Visual epileptic seizures. Signs and symptoms, and clinical implications

Introducción. Los fenómenos visuales pueden ser síntomas de crisis epilépticas, aunque con un significado clínico y una relación con el foco epileptógeno incierto. Objetivo. Describir las implicaciones clínicas de las crisis epilépticas visuales según su semiología en adultos. Pacientes y métodos. Durante un año se recoge consecutivamente a pacientes que describían semiología visual como manifestación principal de sus crisis y se clasifican los síntomas visuales según las características de la descripción. Resultados. Se incluye a 78 pacientes con una edad media de 43,5 años. El 97% de los casos eran epilepsias focales. Entre el 63% de las epilepsias sintomáticas, el 57% eran vasculares. Las crisis visuales eran, en un 81,9%, el aura previa a la crisis, y en un 17,9%, crisis visuales aisladas. La coexistencia de crisis visuales y otro tipo de crisis se asoció a farmacorresistencia (p = 0,021). Los síntomas visuales fueron: alucinaciones simples (55,1%), ilusiones (23,1%), alucinaciones complejas (15,4%) y pérdida de visión (6,4%). La localización lobar de las lesiones era occipital (24,4%), temporoparietooccipital (21,8%), temporal (9%), parietal (3,8%) y frontal (1,3%). Las lesiones occipitales se asociaron con alucinaciones visuales simples (p < 0,001), y las ilusiones visuales y alucinaciones visuales complejas, con lesiones de la encrucijada temporoparietooccipital (p < 0,05). Del 55,1% de los pacientes con lesión unilateral en la resonancia magnética, el 33% refería los síntomas en el hemicampo visual contralateral. Conclusiones. Las crisis visuales se presentan, principalmente, como auras epilépticas. Las alucinaciones simples se relacionan con el origen occipital, mientras que las alucinaciones complejas se asocian con regiones cerebrales más anteriores. La aparición de fenómenos visuales lateralizados nos orienta a un origen en el hemisferio contralateral (AU)

Introduction. Visual phenomena can be symptoms of epileptic seizures, although with an uncertain clinical meaning and relationship with the epileptogenic focus. Aims. To describe the clinical implications of visual epileptic seizures according to their signs and symptoms in adults. Patients and methods. Data were collected consecutively over a period of one year from patients who reported visual signs and symptoms as the main manifestation of their seizures, and the visual symptoms are classified according to the characteristics of the description. Results. The sample consisted of 78 patients, with a mean age of 43.5 years. Focal epilepsy accounted for 97% of the cases. Of the 63% that were symptomatic epilepsies, 57% were vascular. The visual seizures were, in 81.9% of cases, the aura prior to the seizure, and 17.9% were isolated visual seizures. The coexistence of visual seizures and other types of seizure was associated to pharmacoresistance (p = 0.021). The visual symptoms reported were as follows: simple hallucinations (55.1%), illusions (23.1%), complex hallucinations (15.4%) and loss of vision (6.4%). The lobar localisation of the lesions was occipital (24.4%), temporoparietooccipital (21.8%), temporal (9%), parietal (3.8%) and frontal (1.3%). Occipital lesions were associated with simple visual hallucinations (p < 0.001), and visual illusions and complex visual hallucinations, with lesions affecting the temporoparietooccipital junction (p < 0.05). Of the 55.1% of patients with a unilateral lesion in the magnetic resonance scan, 33% reported symptoms in the contralateral visual hemifield. Conclusions. Visual seizures mainly present as epileptic auras. Simple hallucinations are related with an occipital origin, whereas complex hallucinations are associated with more anterior regions of the brain. The appearance of lateralised visual phenomena suggests an origin located in the contralateral hemisphere (AU)

Malformaciones del desarrollo cortical en pacientes adultos con epilepsia: serie de 79 casos / Malformations of cortical development in adult patients with epilepsy: a series of 79 cases

Introducción. Las malformaciones del desarrollo cortical (MDC) son una causa importante de epilepsia, retraso del desarrollo psicomotor o déficits neurológicos. Objetivo. Describir la evolución clínica a largo plazo y las características diferenciales de los distintos grupos de MDC en adultos con epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Pacientes mayores de 16 años con MDC confirmada por resonancia magnética y epilepsia. Se analizaron las características de la epilepsia, la presencia de déficits neurológicos, la discapacidad intelectual, los antecedentes de patología perinatal y el electroencefalograma. Los pacientes se clasificaron en tres grupos (G) según la clasificación de Barkovich. Resultados. Se identificaron 85 pacientes con MDC de 2.630 pacientes con epilepsia, y se incluyeron 79 pacientes. Edad media: 37 años, el 57% mujeres. Edad media al inicio de las crisis: 17,8 años. El 59,5% era farmacorresistente. La distribución de los casos según la clasificación de Barkovich fue: G1 (alteraciones de la proliferación neuronal): 59,5%; G2 (alteraciones de la migración): 25,3%; y G3 (alteraciones de la organización cortical): 15,2%. El 19% presentaba un déficit neurológico focal y el 34,2% tenía un cociente intelectual < 80. Al analizar por grupos, el G3 mostraba un mayor porcentaje de déficits neurológicos focales y discapacidad intelectual que el G1 y el G2 (p < 0,05). Conclusión. Los pacientes con MDC del G3 tienen mayor probabilidad de tener déficit neurológico, discapacidad intelectual y mejor control de las crisis que los pacientes del G1 y G2, que se manifiestan, predominantemente, con epilepsia farmacorresistente (AU)

Introduction. Malformations of cortical development (MCD) are an important cause of epilepsy, delayed psychomotor development or neurological deficits. Aim. To report on the long-term clinical course and differential characteristics of several groups of MCD in adults with epilepsy. Patients and methods. Our sample consisted of patients over 16 years of age with MCD confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, and epilepsy. The characteristics of the epilepsy, presence of neurological deficits, intellectual disability, history of perinatal pathology and electroencephalogram recordings were analysed. The patients were classified into three groups (G) in accordance with the Barkovich classification. Results. A total of 85 patients with MCD were identified from 2630 patients with epilepsy and 79 of them were finally included in the sample. Mean age: 37 years, 57% were females. Mean age at onset of the crises: 17.8 years, and 59.5% were medication resistant. The distribution of the cases according to the Barkovich classification was: G1 (alterations affecting neuronal proliferation): 59.5%; G2 (alterations affecting migration): 25.3%; and G3 (alterations affecting cortical organisation): 15.2%. Focal neurological deficit was observed in 19% and 34.2% had an intelligence quotient < 80. On analysing by groups, G3 was found to display a higher percentage of focal neurological and intelligence quotient deficits than G1 and G2 (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Patients with MCD in G3 are more likely to have neurological deficit, intellectual disability and better control over their crises than patients from G1 and G2, most of whom present refractory epilepsy (AU)

Etiología y tratamiento de la epilepsia en una serie de 1.557 pacientes / Aetiology and treatment of epilepsy in a series of 1, 557 patients

Introducción. La etiología de la epilepsia es un determinante importante del tratamiento y el pronóstico. Los avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos hacen pensar que la distribución causal, el tratamiento y el pronóstico de la población con epilepsia se hayan podido ver modificados. Objetivo. Describir la distribución sindrómica, etiológica y el tratamiento farmacológico en los pacientes con epilepsia. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal de pacientes con epilepsia atendidos de manera consecutiva en la consulta de nuestra unidad de epilepsia. Se recogieron datos demográficos, de síndrome, etiología y tratamiento farmacológico en el momento de la inclusión. Se analizaron los datos de modo conjunto y por grupos de edad. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1.557 pacientes, el 54% varones. El 73% de la muestra tenía una epilepsia focal, que era secundaria a una lesión estructural en el 56%. Las epilepsias generalizadas representaron el 20%. El 5% fue inclasificable. Por edad, la etiología vascular predominaba en prácticamente todos los grupos y su prevalencia aumentaba en relación con la edad. Los fármacos antiepilépticos más utilizados fueron ácido valproico (29%), levetiracetam (27%) y carbamacepina (20%). El 70% de las epilepsias generalizadas y el 57% de las focales seguían tratamiento en monoterapia. Conclusiones. La prevalencia por grupos de edad fue similar a la descrita en países desarrollados aunque se observó una menor prevalencia de epilepsias criptogénicas. Más del 60% de los pacientes seguía monoterapia y el ácido valproico fue el más utilizado (AU)

Introduction. The aetiology of epilepsy is an important decisive factor in its treatment and prognosis. Diagnostic and therapeutic advances suggest that the causal distribution, treatment and prognosis of the population with epilepsy may have undergone some modification. Aim. To describe the distribution of syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment in patients with epilepsy. Patients and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients with epilepsy who were treated consecutively in our epilepsy department. Demographic data were collected, together with information about syndromes, aetiology and pharmacological treatment at the time of eligibility. The data were analysed jointly and by age groups Results. Altogether 1,557 patients were included, 54% of them males. Seventy-three per cent of the sample had focal epilepsy, which was secondary to a structural lesion in 56% of patients. Generalised epilepsies accounted for 20%. Five per cent were unclassifiable. By ages, vascular causation predominated in practically all the groups and its prevalence increased with age. The most commonly used antiepileptic drugs were valproic acid (29%), levetiracetam (27%) and carbamazepine (20%). Seventy per cent of the generalised epilepsies and 57% of the focal ones were on monotherapy treatment. Conclusions. The prevalence by age groups was similar to that reported in developed countries, although a lower prevalence of cryptogenic epilepsies was observed. More than 60% of patients followed monotherapy and valproic acid was the most widely used (AU)

Valoración mediante TC multidetector de las variantes anatómicas en las arterias coronarias / Anomalous coronary arteries: an evaluation with CT-multidetector

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar que el TC multidetector es un método útil para valorar las anomalías de las arterias coronarias, pues ofrece una visión tridimensional, identifica orígenes anómalos y curso anatómico en relación con los grandes vasos, y se convierte así en una herramienta eficaz con la que pueden contar el cardiólogo, el hemodinamista o el cirujano de corazón para planear un procedimiento intervencionista. Metodología: Se revisaron retrospectivamente 1180 estudios coronarios con TC multidetector realizados durante el período de noviembre 1 de 2002 a abril 30 de 2006, evaluándose el origen, forma del ostium y recorrido de las arterias coronarias. Hallazgos: Se detectaron 26 (2.2%) pacientes con anormalidades anatómicas de las arterias coronarias, 14 hombres y 12 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 60 años, 23 (88.46%) de estos pacientes fueron remitidos para valoración por dolor torácico y sospecha de evento coronario agudo. Entre las anormalidades anatómicas de las arterias coronarias se encontraron: ausencia de tronco izquierdo, (4); dos arterias coronarias derechas con ostium individual, (1); arteria circunfleja con origen en seno derecho, (2); y trayecto retrocardiaco, (1); duplicación de vasos, (6); nacimiento anterior de la arteria coronaria derecha, (1); arteria coronaria derecha con origen en el seno de Valsalva izquierdo y trayecto interarterial, (4); puente intramiocárdico, (3); salida retroaórtica de la arteria circunfleja, (1); salida de los tres vasos del seno coronario derecho, (1); ostium alto de la arteria coronaria derecha, (1); fístula arteriovenosa, (1); y rama de la arteria mamaria derecha a la primera diagonal, (1). Conclusión: El TC multidetector ofrece una clara visualización del origen y curso de las arterias coronarias anómalas con una visión anatómica en tercera dimensión que no es posible determinar con angiografía convencional y es especialmente útil para determinar la relación con los grandes vasos.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to demonstrate that TC multidetector is a good method for assessment of coronary artery anomalies, allowing a tridimensional view, identifying their anomalous origin and anatomic course in relation to great vessels, it represents a very useful tool for cardiologists, hemodynamists or cardiac surgeons in the planning of an interventional procedure. Methods: One hundred and eighty studies about coronary 16-CT multidetector published from November 1, 2002 to April 30, 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The coronary arteries origin and course and the ostium shape were evaluated. Results: Twenty six (2.2%) patients with anatomic abnormalities of the coronary arteries were found, 14 males and 12 females, the mean age was 60 years and 23 (88.46%) of these patients were referred for assessment of thoracic pain or suspicion of an acute coronary event. The anatomic abnormalities found in coronary arteries were: left trunk absence, (4); two right coronary arteries with an individual ostium each, (1); a circumflex artery originating from the right sinus, (2) and retrocardiac trajectory, (1); duplication of vessels, (6); anterior origin of the right coronary artery, (1); a right coronary artery originating from the left sinus of Valsalva and interarterial trajectory, (4); intramyocardial bridge, (3); retroaortic exit from the circumflex artery, (1); exit of the three vessels from the right coronary sinus, (1); a high right coronary artery ostium, (1); an arteriovenous fistula, (1); and a mammary artery branch from the first diagonal artery, (1). Conclusions: The 16-CT multidetector offers a clear visualization of the origin and course of the anomalous coronary arteries with a tridimensional anatomic view not achieved by conventional angiography, especially for assessing their relationship with the great vessels.

Lacosamida intravenosa en monoterapia en un caso de estado epiléptico parcial complejo / Intravenous lacosamide in monotherapy in a case of complex partial epileptic status

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