Analysis of Spontaneous Eyelid Blink Dynamics Using a 240 Frames per Second Smartphone Camera.

PURPOSE: To report initial results using a native 240 frames per second smartphone camera for 2-dimensional videographic analysis of eyelid dynamics during spontaneous blinking. METHODS: Spontaneous blinking was prospectively recorded in volunteers using a smartphone camera recording at 240 frames per second in 720p. A standardized recording setup was used in which the smartphone was mounted on a tripod stand at 0.5 m in the Frankfort horizontal plane. Subjects viewed a nature documentary video in primary gaze while their spontaneous blinking was recorded for 3 minutes. Exclusion criteria included known eyelid malposition or ocular surface pathology, including dry eye syndrome, contact lens use, prior eyelid or intraocular surgery, prior periocular trauma, or craniofacial abnormality. Primary outcome measures were spontaneous interblink interval, blink rate in blinks per minute, percentage of incomplete blinks, and blink velocity. RESULTS: The authors studied 10 subjects, 5 men and 5 women. Average age was 34 (range 19-58). Mean interblink interval was found to be 7.4 seconds (SD: 5.2, range: 1.9-17.6), corresponding to a mean blink rate of 13 blinks per minute (SD: 7.8, range: 3.4-32.0). Mean percentage of incomplete blinks was 49.8% (SD: 33.3, range: 0-100). Mean blink closure velocity was 93 mm/seconds (SD: 31, range: 40-160). These numbers are consistent with previously published results of spontaneous eyelid blink parameters. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that 240 frames per second videography native to modern smartphone cameras captures anatomic detail and blink dynamics with sufficient resolution and clarity to provide objective clinical information about spontaneous eyelid blink rate, dynamics, and function.

Unilateral Alacrima as a Presenting Symptom of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma may present to oculoplastic surgeons and ophthalmologists as epiphora or medial canthus swelling. In contrast, the authors describe an uncommon initial presentation of alacrima in a 30-year-old female with nasopharyngeal carcinoma without invasion of the nasolacrimal sac, duct, or lacrimal gland. The diagnosis was delayed due an initial misdiagnosis of dry eye. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma should be included in the differential for diminished tear production, especially if it presents asymmetrically.

Phase I NT-501 Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Implant Trial for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Safety, Neuroprotection, and Neuroenhancement.

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) intraocular implant on neuroprotection and neuroenhancement in glaucoma. Design: Open-label, prospective, phase I clinical trial. Participants: A total of 11 participants were diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). One eye of each patient was assigned as the study (implant) eye. Methods: The study eye was implanted with a high-dose CNTF-secreting NT-501 implant, whereas the other eye served as a control. All patients were followed up for 18 months. Analysis was limited to descriptive statistics. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcome was safety through 18 months after implantation assessed by serial eye examinations, structural and functional testing, and adverse events (AEs) recording. Parameters measured included visual acuity (VA), Humphrey visual field (HVF), pattern electroretinogram, scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC), and OCT. These parameters were also used for secondary analysis of efficacy outcome. Results: All NT-501 implants were well tolerated with no serious AEs associated with the implant. The majority of AEs were related to the implant placement procedure and were resolved by 12 weeks after surgery. Foreign-body sensation was the most commonly reported AE and was self-limited to the postoperative period. The most common implant-related AE was pupil miosis; no patients underwent explant. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity decreased more in fellow eyes than in study eyes (VA, -5.82 vs. -0.82 letters; and contrast sensitivity, -1.82 vs. -0.37 letters, for fellow vs. study eyes, respectively). The median HVF visual field index and mean deviation measurements worsened (decreased) in fellow eyes (-13.0%, -3.9 dB) and improved (increased) in study eyes (2.7%, 1.2 dB). Implanted eyes showed an increase in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by OCT and by GDx VCC (OCT, 2.66 µm vs. 10.16 µm; and GDx VCC, 1.58 µm vs. 8.36 µm in fellow vs. study eyes, respectively). Conclusions: The NT-501 CNTF implant was safe and well tolerated in eyes with POAG. Eyes with the implant demonstrated both structural and functional improvements suggesting biological activity, supporting the premise for a randomized phase II clinical trial of single and dual NT-501 CNTF implants in patients with POAG, which is now underway. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

Topical adapalene for the treatment of follicular conjunctivitis due to periocular molluscum contagiosum in children.

PURPOSE: Periocular molluscum contagiosum can cause a chronic secondary follicular conjunctivitis or keratoconjunctivitis that rarely leads to corneal scarring and visual impairment. We describe two cases of follicular conjunctivitis due to periocular molluscum contagiosum that were successfully treated with topical adapalene 0.1%. OBSERVATIONS: Case 1 is a 9-year old female with a history of leg molluscum contagiosum who presented with three 1mm flesh-colored umbilicated papules on the periocular skin of the right eye with associated follicular conjunctivitis and diffuse corneal punctate epithelial erosions. Ocular symptoms were persistent for 6 months. Case 2 is a 4-year old female with a 3-month history of right periocular bumps and one month of conjunctival redness with eyelid edema. Examination revealed umbilicated flesh colored nodules on the right upper and lower eyelids with associated trace conjunctival injection. Both patients experienced rapid resolution of both eyelid involvement and conjunctivitis following the use of twice daily topical adapalene 0.1% to the eyelid lesions, with no reported side effects. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Topical adapalene 0.1% is a cost-effective, convenient, and non-toxic over-the-counter retinoid cream that should be considered for first-line therapy in the treatment of periocular molluscum contagiosum and any associated conjunctivitis.

Eyelid and Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma.

Facial trauma often involves injuries to the eyelid and periorbital region. Management of these injuries can be challenging due to the involvement of multiple complex anatomic structures that are in close proximity. Restoration of normal anatomic relationships of the eyelids and periocular structures is essential for optimum functional and aesthetic outcome after trauma. This review provides an overview of the current literature involving soft tissue trauma of the eyelid and periorbital tissue, and highlights key steps in patient evaluation and management with various types of injuries.

Current treatment and management of infantile hemangiomas.

Infantile hemangiomas, otherwise known as infantile capillary hemangiomas, strawberry hemangiomas, or strawberry nevi, are nonmalignant vascular tumors that commonly affect children. The natural disease course typically involves growth for up to a year, followed by regression without treatment over a period of years with no cosmetic or functional sequelae. Less commonly, however, infantile hemangiomas can become a threat to vision or even life depending on location and size of the lesion. In addition, infantile hemangiomas, particularly those involving the face, may be disfiguring and result in lifelong sequelae. ß-blockers have become a mainstay of therapy given their relatively low-risk profile and efficacy. Other treatment modalities previously described in the literature include corticosteroids (both intralesional and systemic), imiquimod, vincristine, bleomycin A5, and interferon α. More recently, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors such as captopril have been used. Laser therapy and, less commonly, surgical excision are also available treatment options. We review current recommended management and treatment of capillary hemangiomas and discuss the benefits and risks of all previously reported treatment modalities.

Eyelid and Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma.

Facial trauma often involves injuries to the eyelid and periorbital region. Management of these injuries can be challenging due to the involvement of multiple complex anatomic structures that are in close proximity. Restoration of normal anatomic relationships of the eyelids and periocular structures is essential for optimum functional and aesthetic outcome after trauma. This review provides an overview of the current literature involving soft tissue trauma of the eyelid and periorbital tissue, and highlights key steps in patient evaluation and management with various types of injuries.