Feasibility of rotational atherectomy in patients with acute coronary syndrome: favorable in-hospital outcomes and clinical importance of complexed coronary atherosclerosis.

The feasibility of rotational atherectomy (RA) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients who present with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains fully unsettled. We retrospectively evaluated 198 consecutive patients who underwent RA during PCI from 2009 to 2020. All patients underwent intracoronary imaging (intravascular ultrasound 96.5%, optical coherence tomography 9.1%, both 5.6%) during PCI. Patients who underwent RA during PCI were divided into two groups: ACS (n = 49; unstable angina pectoris, n = 27; non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction, n = 18, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction, n = 4) and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) (n = 149). The RA procedural success rate was comparable between in the ACS and CCS groups (93.9 vs. 89.9%, P = 0.41). No significant differences were observed in procedural complications and in-hospital death between the groups. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) after 2 years was significantly higher in ACS group compared with CCS group (38.7 vs. 17.4%, log-rank P = 0.002). Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified SYNTAX score or CABG SYNTAX score > 22 (hazard ratio (HR) 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-5.06, P = 0.002) and mechanical circulatory support during the procedure (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.21-5.59, P = 0.013) as predictors of MACE at 2 years, but not ACS on index admission (HR 1.58, 95% CI 0.84-2.99, P = 0.151). RA procedure is feasible as a bail-out strategy for ACS lesions. However, more complexed coronary atherosclerosis and mechanical circulatory support during RA procedure, but no ACS lesions were associated with worse mid-term clinical outcomes.

Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics of the CURRENT AS Registry-2.

BACKGROUND: There is scarce data evaluating the current practice pattern and clinical outcomes for patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), including both those who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and those who were managed conservatively in the TAVI era.Methods and Results: The Contemporary outcomes after sURgery and medical tREatmeNT in patients with severe Aortic Stenosis (CURRENT AS) Registry-2 is a prospective, physician-initiated, multicenter registry enrolling consecutive patients who were diagnosed with severe AS between April 2018 and December 2020 among 21 centers in Japan. The rationale for the prospective enrollment was to standardize the assessment of symptomatic status, echocardiographic evaluation, and other recommended diagnostic examinations such as computed tomography and measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide. Moreover, the schedule of clinical and echocardiographic follow up was prospectively defined and strongly recommended for patients who were managed conservatively. The entire study population consisted of 3,394 patients (mean age: 81.6 years and women: 60%). Etiology of AS was degenerative in 90% of patients. AS-related symptoms were present in 60% of patients; these were most often heart failure symptoms. The prevalence of high- and low-gradient AS was 58% and 42%, respectively, with classical and paradoxical low-flow low-gradient AS in 4.6% and 6.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CURRENT AS Registry-2 might be large and meticulous enough to determine the appropriate timing of intervention for patients with severe AS in contemporary clinical practice.

Dropwise Condensation on a Hierarchical Nanopillar Structured Surface.

Nanopillar structure processing has been performed on condensation surfaces to control wettability and achieve a high heat transfer coefficient via dropwise condensation and jumping droplets. Modified dry etching was performed using gold (Au) nanoparticles generated by annealing Au as a mask. High-aspect-ratio nanopillar processing was also performed to produce uniform pillar surfaces and novel hierarchical pillar surfaces. A uniform nanopillar surface with pillars having diameters of 20-850 nm and a hierarchical pillar surface with thick pillars having diameters ranging from 100 to 860 nm and thin pillars with diameters ranging from 20 to 40 nm were mixed and fabricated. Condensation experiments were performed using the noncoated nanopillar surfaces, and the condensation behaviors on the silicon (Si) surfaces were observed from above using a microscope and from the side using a high-speed camera. On the uniform surface US-3 and the hierarchical surfaces HS-1 and HS-2, droplet jumps were observed frequently in the droplet size range of 20-50 µm. In contrast, as the droplet size increased to 50 µm or more, the number of jumps observed decreased as the droplet size increased. The frequency of droplet jumps on the hierarchical surfaces from the start of condensation to approximately 2 min was higher than that on the uniform surfaces, although the density of droplet formation on the hierarchical surfaces was not relatively large. On the basis of the observation of droplet behavior from the side surface, we identified that the primary jump was due to the coalescence of droplets adhering to the surface and that the subsequent jump was caused by the droplet coalescence when the jump droplets were reattached. The primary jump occurrence rate was high on all pillar surfaces.

Glucagon-like Peptide-1 analogues and delipidation of coronary atheroma in statin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: The prespecified sub-analysis of the OPTIMAL randomized clinical trial.

Background and aims: Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated the ability of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues (GLP-1RAs) to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). How GLP-1RAs modulate diabetic atherosclerosis remains to be determined yet. Methods: The OPTIMAL study was a prospective randomized controlled study to compare the efficacy of 48-week continuous glucose monitoring- and HbA1c-guided glycemic control on near infrared spectroscopty (NIRS)/intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-derived plaque measures in 94 statin-treated patients with T2D (jRCT1052180152, UMIN000036721). Of these, 78 patients with evaluable serial NIRS/IVUS images were analyzed to compare plaque measures between those treated with (n = 16) and without GLP-1RAs (n = 72). Results: All patients received a statin, and on-treatment LDL-C levels were similar between the groups (66.9 ± 11.6 vs. 68.1 ± 23.2 mg/dL, p = 0.84). Patients receiving GLP-1RAs demonstrated a greater reduction of HbA1c [-1.0 (-1.4 to -0.5) vs. -0.4 (-0.6 to -0.2)%, p = 0.02] and were less likely to demonstrate a glucose level >180 mg/dL [-7.5 (-14.9 to -0.1) vs. 1.1 (-2.0 - 4.2)%, p = 0.04], accompanied by a significant decrease in remnant cholesterol levels [-3.8 (-6.3 to -1.3) vs. -0.1 (-0.8 - 1.1)mg/dL, p = 0.008]. On NIRS/IVUS imaging analysis, the change in percent atheroma volume did not differ between the groups (-0.9 ± 0.25 vs. -0.2 ± 0.2%, p = 0.23). However, GLP-1RA treated patients demonstrated a greater frequency of maxLCBI4mm regression (85.6 ± 0.1 vs. 42.0 ± 0.6%, p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the GLP-1RA use was independently associated with maxLCBI4mm regression (odds ratio = 4.41, 95%CI = 1.19-16.30, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In statin-treated patients with T2D and CAD, GLP-1RAs produced favourable changes in lipidic plaque materials, consistent with its stabilization.

In-hospital outcomes after SAVR or TAVI in patients with severe aortic stenosis.

There were no data comparing the in-hospital outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) with those after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) in Japan. Among consecutive patients with severe AS between April 2018 and December 2020 in the CURRENT AS Registry-2, we identified 1714 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement (TAVI group: 1134 patients, and SAVR group: 580 patients). Patients in the TAVI group were much older (84.4 versus 73.6 years, P < 0.001) and more often had comorbidities than those in the SAVR group. In-hospital death rate was numerically lower in the TAVI group than in the SAVR group (0.6% versus 2.2%). After excluding patients with dialysis, in-hospital death rate was very low and comparable in the TAVI and SAVR groups (0.6% versus 0.8%). The rates of major bleeding and new-onset atrial fibrillation during index hospitalization were higher after SAVR than after TAVI (72% versus 20%, and 26% versus 4.6%, respectively), while the rate of pacemaker implantation was higher after TAVI than after SAVR (8.1% versus 2.4%). Regarding the echocardiographic data at discharge, the prevalence of patient-prosthesis mismatch was lower in the TAVI group than in the SAVR group (moderate: 9.0% versus 26%, and severe: 2.6% versus 4.8%). In this real-world data in Japan, TAVI compared with SAVR was chosen in much older patients with more comorbidities with severe AS. In-hospital death rate was numerically lower in the TAVI group than in the SAVR group.

Urinary catheterization prior to PCI worsens clinical outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Indwelling urethral catheters (IUCs) are used to measure urine volume, keep patients on bed rest, or keep the groin area clean in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the association between IUC use and in-hospital urinary-related complications is unknown. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective analysis of 303 patients admitted to our hospital in 2018-2020 who had AMI without cardiogenic shock. An IUC was inserted in the emergency room upon initiation of invasive catheter treatment and removed as soon as possible. The primary outcome was in-hospital adverse urinary event (IHAUE), which consisted of in-hospital urinary tract infection and in-hospital gross hematuria. RESULTS: Of 303 patients, 243 patients (80.2 %) underwent IUC insertion. A lower proportion of patients with IUCs were male (72 % vs. 85 %, p = 0.044). A higher proportion had Killip classification 2 or 3 (13 % vs. 0 %, p = 0.003) or ST-elevation myocardial infarction (65 % vs. 32 %, p < 0.001). IHAUEs occurred significantly more commonly in patients with IUCs than without IUCs (11 % vs. 2 %, p = 0.023). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that IHAUEs occurred more frequently in patients with IUCs than patients without IUCs (log-rank test p = 0.033). Furthermore, IUC use longer than the median of 2 days was associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) for IHAUE when compared with those without IUC use (OR, 3.65; 95 % confidence interval, 1.28-10.4; p = 0.015). There were no significant differences in in-hospital mortality by IUC status. CONCLUSIONS: IUC use is associated with a higher risk of IHAUEs in patients with uncomplicated AMI. Routine IUC use might not be recommended.

In-hospital adverse events and recurrence in hospitalized patients with acute pericarditis.

BACKGROUND: Acute pericarditis occasionally requires invasive treatment, and may recur after discharge. However, there are no studies on acute pericarditis in Japan, and its clinical characteristics and prognosis are unknown. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study of clinical characteristics, invasive procedures, mortality, and recurrence in patients with acute pericarditis hospitalized from 2010 to 2022. The primary in-hospital outcome was adverse events (AEs), a composite of all-cause mortality and cardiac tamponade. The primary outcome in the long-term analysis was hospitalization for recurrent pericarditis. RESULTS: The median age of all 65 patients was 65.0 years [interquartile range (IQR), 48.0-76.0 years], and 49 (75.3 %) were male. The etiology of acute pericarditis was idiopathic in 55 patients (84.6 %), collagenous in 5 (7.6 %), bacterial in 1 (1.5 %), malignant in 3 (4.6 %), and related to previous open-heart surgery in 1 (1.5 %). Of the 8 patients (12.3 %) with in-hospital AE, 1 (1.5 %) died during hospitalization and 7 (10.8 %) developed cardiac tamponade. Patients with AE were less likely to have chest pain (p = 0.011) but were more likely to have symptoms lasting 72 h after treatment (p = 0.006), heart failure (p < 0.001), and higher levels of C-reactive protein (p = 0.040) and B-type natriuretic peptide (p = 0.032). All patients complicated with cardiac tamponade were treated with pericardial drainage or pericardiotomy. We analyzed 57 patients for recurrent pericarditis after excluding 8 patients: 1 with in-hospital death, 3 with malignant pericarditis, 1 with bacterial pericarditis, and 3 lost to follow-up. During a median follow-up of 2.5 years (IQR 1.3-3.0 years), 6 patients (10.5 %) had recurrences requiring hospitalization. The recurrence rate of pericarditis was not associated with colchicine treatment or aspirin dose or titration. CONCLUSIONS: In acute pericarditis requiring hospitalization, in-hospital AE and recurrence were each observed in >10 % of patients. Further large studies on treatment are warranted.

Distal Radial Approach in Coronary Angiography Using a Transdermal Nitroglycerin Patch: Double-Blinded Randomized Trial.

Nitroglycerin dilates the radial artery and prevents spasm, which increases the success rate of sheath cannulation through the conventional transradial approach. However, the effects of nitroglycerin on distal radial approach (DRA) procedures are not known. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether a transdermal nitroglycerin patch improves the rate of successful DRA cannulation. A total of 92 patients scheduled for coronary angiography by means of DRA randomly received (1:1) a transdermal nitroglycerin patch preintegrated with the covering material or only the covering material on their upper arm on the side of the puncture. The diameter of the distal radial artery was evaluated with ultrasound at baseline and after application. DRA procedures were performed in a double-blind fashion. The primary outcome was the rate of successful palpation-guided distal radial artery cannulation with the first puncture. The nitroglycerin group had larger distal radial artery diameter after patch application than that of the no-treatment group (mean, 3.21 mm vs 2.71 mm, p <0.001), but not at baseline (mean, 2.64 mm vs 2.64 mm, p = 0.965).The nitroglycerin group had a significantly higher success rate of DRA cannulation with the first puncture than that of the no-treatment group (59% vs 24%, p = 0.001; odds ratio 4.5, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 11.0). The nitroglycerin group required fewer punctures than did the no-treatment group (median, 1 vs 3, p = 0.019). There were no significant differences in the occurrence of hypotension between the 2 groups. No patients experienced radial artery occlusion. In conclusion, transdermal nitroglycerin patch application safely facilitates DRA cannulation. Trial Registration: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials, https://jrct.niph.go.jp/ (identifier: jRCTs051210128).

Calcified plaque harboring lipidic materials associates with no-reflow phenomenon after PCI in stable CAD.

Calcified atheroma has been viewed conventionally as stable lesion which less likely increases no-reflow phenomenon. Given that lipidic materials triggers the formation of calcification, lipidic materials could exist within calcified lesion, which may cause no-reflow phenomenon after PCI. The REASSURE-NIRS registry (NCT04864171) employed near-infrared spectroscopy and intravascular ultrasound imaging to evaluate maximum 4-mm lipid-core burden index (maxLCBI4mm) at target lesions containing small (maximum calcification arc < 180°: n = 272) and large calcification (maximum calcification arc ≥ 180°: n = 189) in stable CAD patients. The associations of maxLCBI4mm with corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) and no-reflow phenomenon after PCI were analyzed in patients with target lesions containing small and large calcification, respectively. No-reflow phenomenon occurred in 8.0% of study population. Receiver-operating characteristics curve analyses revealed that optimal cut-off values of maxLCBI4mm for predicting no-reflow phenomenon were 585 at small calcification (AUC = 0.72, p < 0.001) and 679 at large calcification (AUC = 0.76, p = 0.001). Target lesions containing small calcification with maxLCBI4mm ≥ 585 more likely exhibited a greater CTFC (p < 0.001). In those with large calcification, 55.6% of them had maxLCBI4mm ≥ 400 [vs. 56.2% (small calcification), p = 0.82]. Furthermore, a higher CTFC (p < 0.001) was observed in association with maxLCBI4mm ≥ 679 at large calcification. On multivariable analysis, maxLCBI4mm at large calcification still independently predicted no-reflow phenomenon (OR = 1.60, 95%CI = 1.32-1.94, p < 0.001). MaxLCBI4mm at target lesions exhibiting large calcification elevated a risk of no-reflow phenomenon after PCI. Calcified plaque containing lipidic materials is not necessarily stable lesion, but could be active and high-risk one causing no-reflow phenomenon.

Heart-Brain Team Approach of Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicating Acute Stroke: Characteristics of Guideline-Recommended Coronary Revascularization and Antithrombotic Therapy and Cardiovascular and Bleeding Outcomes.

Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) infrequently occurs after acute stroke. The Heart-brain team approach has a potential to appropriately manage this poststroke cardiovascular complication. However, clinical outcomes of AMI complicating acute stroke (AMI-CAS) with the heart-brain team approach have not been characterized. The current study investigated cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI-CAS managed by a heart-brain team. Methods and Results We retrospectively analyzed 2390 patients with AMI at our institute (January 1, 2007-September 30, 2020). AMI-CAS was defined as the occurrence of AMI within 14 days after acute stroke. Major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular events (cardiac-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke) and major bleeding events were compared in subjects with  AMI-CAS and those without acute stroke. AMI-CAS was identified in 1.6% of the subjects. Most AMI-CASs (37/39=94.9%) presented ischemic stroke. Median duration of AMI from the onset of acute stroke was 2 days. Patients with AMI-CAS less frequently received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (43.6% versus 84.7%; P<0.001) and dual-antiplatelet therapy (38.5% versus 85.7%; P<0.001), and 33.3% of them did not receive any antithrombotic agents (versus 1.3%; P<0.001). During the observational period (median, 2.4 years [interquartile range, 1.1-4.4 years]), patients with AMI-CAS exhibited a greater likelihood of experiencing major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular events (hazard ratio [HR], 3.47 [95% CI, 1.99-6.05]; P<0.001) and major bleeding events (HR, 3.30 [95% CI, 1.34-8.10]; P=0.009). These relationships still existed even after adjusting for clinical characteristics and medication use (major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular event: HR, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.02-3.42]; P=0.04; major bleeding: HR, 2.67 [95% CI, 1.03-6.93]; P=0.04). Conclusions Under the heart-brain team approach, AMI-CAS was still a challenging disease, reflected by less adoption of primary percutaneous coronary intervention and antithrombotic therapies, with substantially elevated cardiovascular and major bleeding risks. Our findings underscore the need for a further refined approach to mitigate their ischemic/bleeding risks.

Sex Differences in the Density of Lipidic Plaque Materials: Insights From the REASSURE-NIRS MultiCenter Registry.

BACKGROUND: Intravascular imaging has shown better response of coronary atheroma to statin-mediated lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women. However, its detailed mechanism remains to be determined yet. Modifiability of coronary atheroma under lipid-lowering therapies is partly driven by lipidic plaque component. Given a smaller plaque volume in women, lipidic plaque features including their density may differ between sex. Therefore, the current study sought to characterize sex-related differences in the density of lipidic plaque. METHODS: We analyzed 1429 coronary lesions (culprit/nonculprit lesions=825/604) in 758 coronary artery disease patients (men/women=608/150) from the REASSURE-NIRS multicenter registry (Revelation of Pathophysiological Phenotypes of Vulnerable Lipid-Rich Plaque on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy). Total atheroma volume at 4-mm segment, maximum 4-mm-lipid-core burden index, and lipid plaque density index (=maximum 4-mm-lipid-core burden index/total atheroma volume at 4-mm segment) on near-infrared spectroscopy/intravascular ultrasound imaging at culprit and nonculprit lesions were compared in men and women. RESULTS: Statin and high-intensity statin were used in 72.4 (P=0.81) and 22.9% (P=0.32) of study subjects, respectively. Women exhibited a smaller adjusted total atheroma volume at 4-mm segment (culprit lesions: 50.3±0.4 versus 54.2±0.3mm3, P<0.001, nonculprit lesions: 31.5±3.0 versus 44.4±2.1mm3, P<0.001), whereas their adjusted maximum 4-mm-lipid-core burden index did not differ between sex (culprit lesions: 544.7±29.9 versus 501.7±19.1, P=0.11, nonculprit lesions: 288.8±26.7 versus 272.7±18.9, P=0.51). Furthermore, a greater adjusted lipid plaque density index was observed in women (culprit lesions: 18.2±0.9 versus 9.8±0.6, P<0.001, nonculprit lesions: 23.0±2.0 versus 7.8±1.4, P<0.001). These adjustments of total atheroma volume at 4-mm segment, maximum 4-mm-lipid-core burden index, and lipid plaque density index included age, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, a history of myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, statin and ezetimibe use, vessel volume, and hospital unit. The aforementioned plaque features consistently existed in both acute coronary syndrome and stable coronary artery disease subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Women harbored greater condensed lipidic plaque features, accompanied by smaller atheroma volume. These observations indicate potentially better modifiable disease in women, which underscores the need to intensify their lipid-lowering therapies for further improving their outcomes. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/; Unique identifier: NCT04864171.

Bypass failure of internal mammary artery caused by subclavian artery stenosis: its clinical characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes in patients receiving coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Background: While internal mammary artery (IMA) has become a major conduit of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, subclavian artery stenosis (SAS) could cause subsequent coronary events due to ischemia of myocardial territory supplied by IMA. Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes of SAS-related IMA failure (SAS-IMAF) remain to be fully determined yet. Therefore, the current study was designed to characterize SAS-IMAF in patients receiving CABG with IMA. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study which analyzed 380 patients who presented acute coronary syndrome/stable ischemic heart disease (ACS/SIHD) after CABG using IMA (2005.01.01-2020.10.31). SAS-IMAF was defined as the presence of myocardial ischemia/necrosis caused by SAS. Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes [major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) = cardiac death + non-fatal myocardial infarction + non-fatal ischemic stroke], were compared in subjects with and without SAS-IMAF. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model and propensity score-matched analyses were used to compare cardiovascular outcomes between those with and without SAS-IMAF. Results: SAS-IMAF was identified in 5.5% (21/380) of study subjects. Patients with SAS-IMAF are more likely had a history of hemodialysis (P<0.001), stroke (P<0.001) and lower extremity artery disease (P<0.001). Furthermore, SAS-IMAF patients more frequently presented ACS (P=0.002) and required mechanical support (P=0.02). Despite SAS as a culprit lesion causing ACS/SIHD, percutaneous coronary intervention was firstly selected in 47.6% (10/21) of them. Consequently, 33.3% (7/21) of SAS-IMAF patients required additional revascularization procedure (vs. 0.3%, P<0.001). During 4.9-year observational period, SAS-IMAF exhibited a 5.82-fold [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.31-14.65, P<0.001] increased risk of MACE. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model [hazard ratio (HR) 4.04, 95% CI: 1.44-11.38, P=0.008] and propensity score-matched analyses (HR 2.67, 95% CI: 1.06-6.73, P=0.038) consistently demonstrated the association of SAS-IMAF with MACE. Conclusions: SAS-IMAF reflects a high-risk phenotype of polyvascular disease, underscoring meticulous evaluation of subclavian artery after CABG using IMA.

The effect of continuous glucose monitoring-guided glycemic control on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease: The OPTIMAL randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) improves glycemic fluctuation and reduces hypoglycemic risk. Whether CGM-guided glycemic control favorably modulates coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unknown. METHODS: The OPTIMAL trial was a prospective, randomized, single-center trial in which 94 T2DM patients with CAD were randomized to CGM- or HbA1c-guided glycemic control for 48 weeks (jRCT1052180152). The primary endpoint was the nominal change in total atheroma volume (TAV) measured by serial IVUS. The secondary efficacy measure was the nominal change in maxLCBI4mm on near-infrared spectroscopy imaging. RESULTS: Among the 94 randomized patients, 82 had evaluable images at 48 weeks. Compared to HbA1c-guided glycemic control, CGM-guided control achieved a greater reduction in %coefficient of variation [-0.1 % (-1.8 to 1.6) vs. -3.3 % (-5.1 to -1.5), p = 0.01] and a greater increase in the duration with glucose between 70 and 180 mg/dL [-1.5 % (-6.0 to 2.9) vs. 6.7 % (1.9 to 11.5), p = 0.02]. TAV increased by 0.11 ± 1.9 mm3 in the HbA1c-guided group and decreased by -3.29 ± 2.00 mm3 in the CGM-guided group [difference = -3.4 mm3 (95%CI: -8.9 to 2.0 mm3), p = 0.22]. MaxLCBI4mm, increased by 90.1 ± 25.6 in the HbA1c-guided group and by 50.6 ± 25.6 in the CGM-guided group (difference = -45.6 (95%CI: -118.1 to 26.7) p = 0.21]. A post-hoc exploratory analysis showed a greater regression of maxLCBI4mm in the CGM-guided group [difference = 20.4 % (95%CI:1.3 to 39.5 %), p = 0.03]. CONCLUSIONS: CGM-guided control for 48 weeks did not slow disease progression in T2DM patients with CAD. A greater regression of lipidic plaque under CGM-guided glycemic control in the post-hoc analysis requires further investigation.

Feasibility of Nitroglycerin Patch as a Pretreatment for the Distal Radial Approach: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (DRANG Study).

BACKGROUND: The distal radial approach (DRA) is a novel catheter cannulation technique to access the distal radial artery for coronary angiography (CAG). It is associated with less occurrence of puncture site occlusion than the conventional transradial approach. However, cannulation failure occasionally occurs due to difficulty in puncturing the smaller distal radial artery. Nitroglycerin is expected to improve the rate of successful DRA via its vasodilative and vasospasm-preventive effects. METHODS: The DRA in CAG using transdermal NitroGlycerin patch (DRANG) study is a single-center, double-arm, parallel-assignment, double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Eligible patients with angina pectoris who are scheduled to receive CAG via DRA at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center will be enrolled and allocated to the nitroglycerin group (n = 46) or the no-treatment group (n = 46). The nitroglycerin group will receive a transdermal nitroglycerin patch pre-integrated with a covering material that completely conceals the patch on their upper arm on the puncture side. The no-treatment group will receive only the covering material. Applications are performed 2-8 h before puncture while the patient wears an eye mask. Physicians who are blinded to the allocation and have similar experience with DRA puncture will perform DRA using the Seldinger technique with a 22-gauge needle. The primary outcome is the rate of successful palpation-guided distal radial artery cannulation with the first puncture. The secondary outcomes are the rate of successful distal radial artery cannulation, number of punctures, procedure time, use of ultrasound guidance, diameter of the distal radial artery and changes before and after patch application, and occurrence of arterial vasospasm, occlusion, or hypotension. CONCLUSIONS: This study will allow us to determine the impact of a transdermal nitroglycerin patch on the rate of successful DRA and validate its effectiveness as a DRA pretreatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: jRCTs051210128.

Cardiovascular and bleeding risks of inactive cancer in patients with acute myocardial infarction who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stent and dual/triple antithrombotic therapy.

Background: Active cancer associates with increased cardiovascular and bleeding risks in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Recent chemotherapeutic agents have improved survival rate which enables to induce inactive status of cancer. However, whether cardiovascular and bleeding risks still exist in AMI patients with inactive cancer remains unknown. Methods: The current study is a retrospective cross-sectional study including 712 AMI patients receiving primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent between 2007 and 2017. Primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction subjects was defined as PCI performed within 48 and 72 hours of symptom onset, respectively. Cardiovascular (= all-cause death + non-fatal MI + stroke) and bleeding events were compared in AMI patients with and without inactive cancer. Results: Inactive cancer was identified in 11.1% of study subjects. Patients with inactive cancer were older (P<0.001) with atrial fibrillation (P<0.001), chronic kidney disease (P<0.001), anemia (P<0.001) and a higher prevalence of Killip class IV (P<0.001). Dual (82.3% vs. 86.7%) and triple (17.7% vs. 13.3%, P=0.34) antithrombotic therapies were commenced. Nearly 80% of subjects switched to single antithrombotic therapy around 1.5 years after dual/triple antithrombotic therapies (77.2% vs. 77.3%, P=0.994). During the 2.9-year observational period, inactive cancer was associated with 3.59-fold elevated risk for experiencing a composite of cardiovascular and bleeding events (95% CI: 2.13-6.04, P<0.001). Furthermore, after adjusting clinical characteristics, inactive cancer was an independent predictor for bleeding events (HR: 3.98, 95% CI: 1.90-8.34, P<0.001). Of particular interests, even after switching to single antithrombotic therapy, an elevated bleeding risk was still observed in inactive cancer subjects (P<0.001). Conclusions: Inactive cancer worsened clinical outcome, especially bleeding risks in AMI subjects, underscoring to further optimize their antithrombotic managements.

Elevated Lipoprotein(a) as a potential residual risk factor associated with lipid-rich coronary atheroma in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease on statin treatment: Insights from the REASSURE-NIRS registry.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The residual risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with diabetes on statin therapy warrants identification of other pro-atherogenic drivers. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] promotes the formation of necrotic cores within vessel walls. Given that patients with diabetes have an Lp(a)-associated ASCVD risk, Lp(a) might lead to plaque vulnerability in patients with diabetes on statin therapy. METHODS: We analyzed target lesions that underwent PCI in 312 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) on statin treatment from the REASSURE-NIRS registry (NCT04864171). Maximum 4-mm lipid-core-burden index (maxLCBI4mm) in target lesions was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging. The relationship between Lp(a) levels and maxLCBI4mm was investigated in patients with and without diabetes. RESULTS: High-intensity statin use (p = 0.49) and on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.32) and Lp(a) levels (p = 0.09) were comparable between patients with and without diabetes. Lp(a) levels were significantly associated with maxLCBI4mm in patients with diabetes (p = 0.01) but not in patients without diabetes (p = 0.96). Multivariate analysis showed that LDL-C levels (p = 0.03) predict maxLCBI4mm in patients without diabetes, but not Lp(a) levels (p = 0.91). Both LDL-C (p = 0.01) and Lp(a) (p = 0.04) levels were independent predictors of maxLCBI4mm in patients with diabetes. Even in patients with diabetes achieving LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL), Lp(a) levels remained associated with maxLCBI4mm (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship between Lp(a) and maxLCBI4mm exists in patients with diabetes and CAD on statin treatment, even with LDL-C <1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL). Lp(a) might be associated with more vulnerable coronary atheroma in patients with diabetes despite receiving statin therapy.

The Residual Lipid-Rich Coronary Atheroma Behind the Implanted Newer-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent and Future Stent-Related Event Risks.

BACKGROUND: Lipid-rich plaque is an important substrate that causes future coronary events. However, the clinical implications of underlying plaque characteristics in coronary lesions after newer-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation remain unknown. METHODS: The current study analyzed 445 target lesions after newer-generation DES implantation in 416 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (chronic coronary syndrome/acute coronary syndrome = 264/181) from the REASSURE-NIRS multicentre registry. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging was used to evaluate maximum lipid core burden index after stent implantation in target lesions (residual maxLCBI4mm). The primary and secondary outcomes were 3-year lesion-oriented clinical outcomes (LOCO): cardiac death, nonfatal target-lesion-related myocardial infarction (MI), or ischemia-driven target-lesion revascularization (ID-TLR) and patient-oriented clinical outcomes (POCO): all-cause death, nonfatal MI, or ID unplanned revascularization. Outcomes were compared by residual maxLCBI4mm tertile. RESULTS: Median residual maxLCBI4mm was 183; 16% of lesions had residual maxLCBI4mm > 400. Higher residual maxLCBI4mm was not associated with a greater likelihood of LOCO or POCO during the observational period (LOCO, log-rank P = 0.76; POCO, log-rank P = 0.84). Mixed-effects logistic regression demonstrated that residual maxLCBI4mm does not predict LOCO (odds ratio [OR], 1.000; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.997-1.003; P = 0.95). There was no significant relationship between residual maxLCBI4mm and POCO (OR, 1.001; 95% CI, 0.999-1.002; P = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: Residual maxLCBI4mm is not associated with LOCO or POCO in patients with CAD after newer-generation DES implantation. Our findings suggest that NIRS-derived underlying lipid-rich plaque is not associated with the risk of stent-related events and patient-based outcomes in patients with CAD who have received newer-generation DESs.

Clinical impact of cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with suspected coronary artery disease associated with chronic kidney disease (AQUAMARINE-CKD study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Although screening for coronary artery disease (CAD) using computed tomography coronary angiography in patients with stable chest pain has been reported to be beneficial, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) might have limited benefit due to complications of contrast agent nephropathy and decreased diagnostic accuracy as a result of coronary artery calcifications. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a novel imaging modality for detecting coronary stenosis and high-risk coronary plaques without contrast media that is not affected by coronary artery calcification. However, the clinical use of this technology has not been robustly evaluated. METHODS: AQUAMARINE-CKD is an open parallel-group prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial of 524 patients with CKD at high risk for CAD estimated based on risk factor categories for a Japanese urban population (Suita score) recruited from 6 institutions. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive a CMR examination that includes non-contrast T1-weighted imaging and coronary magnetic angiography (CMR group) or standard examinations that include stress myocardial scintigraphy (control group). Randomization will be conducted using a web-based system. The primary outcome is a composite of cardiovascular events at 1 year after study examinations: all-cause death, death from CAD, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal ischemic stroke, and ischemia-driven unplanned coronary intervention (percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass surgery). DISCUSSION: If the combination of T1-weighted imaging and coronary magnetic angiography contributes to the risk assessment of CAD in patients with CKD, this study will have major clinical implications for the management of patients with CKD at high risk for CAD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (jRCT) 1,052,210,075. Registered on September 10, 2021.

Condensation Behavior of Hierarchical Nano/Microstructured Surfaces Inspired by Euphorbia myrsinites.

In nature, many extant species exhibit functionalized surface structures during evolution. In particular, wettability affects the functionalization of the surface, and nano/microstructures have been found to enable functions, such as droplet jumping, thereby making self-cleaning, antifog, antibacterial, and antireflection surfaces. Important efforts are underway to understand the surface structure of plant leaves and establish rational design tools for the development of new engineering materials. In this study, we focused on the hierarchical nano/microstructure of the leaves of Euphorbia myrsinites (hereinafter, E. myrsinites), which has a hierarchical shape with microsized papillae, covered with nanosized protruding wax, and observed the condensation behavior on the leaf surface. Si is vertically etched via reactive ion etching (RIE) to artificially mimic the hierarchical nano/microstructures on the leaves of E. myrsinites. We made four types of artificial hierarchical structures, with micropillars having pillar diameters of 5.6 and 16 µm (pillar spacing of 20 and 40 µm, respectively) and heights of 6.5 and 19.5 µm, and nanopillars formed on the surface. The optical observation with a microscope revealed a very high density of condensed droplets on the artificial surface and a stable jumping behavior of droplets of 10 µm or more. Furthermore, in the samples with a micropillar diameter of 5.6 µm and a micropillar height of 19.5 µm, the droplets that had jumped and fallen thereupon bounced off, thereby preventing reattachment. As a result, no droplets of 35 µm or more could exist even after 10 min. In addition, it was clear that a small underlying droplet of less than 10 µm was generated at the bottom of the relatively large secondary droplet existing on the large micropillar of 16 µm, and a frequent coalescence of the droplets occurred. This study revealed the phenomenon of condensation on the surface of plants as well as made it possible to improve the heat exchange process by significantly promoting the heat transfer of condensation using artificial surfaces.