RESUMO
PURPOSE: The role of alcohol in young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) is unclear. We examined associations between lifetime alcohol consumption and YOBC in the Young Women's Health History Study, a population-based case-control study of breast cancer among Non-Hispanic Black and White women < 50 years of age. METHODS: Breast cancer cases (n = 1,812) were diagnosed in the Metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registry areas, 2010-2015. Controls (n = 1,381) were identified through area-based sampling and were frequency-matched to cases by age, site, and race. Alcohol consumption and covariates were collected from in-person interviews. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was conducted to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between alcohol consumption and YOBC overall and by subtype (Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, or triple negative). RESULTS: Lifetime alcohol consumption was not associated with YOBC overall or with subtypes (all ptrend ≥ 0.13). Similarly, alcohol consumption in adolescence, young and middle adulthood was not associated with YOBC (all ptrend ≥ 0.09). An inverse association with triple-negative YOBC, however, was observed for younger age at alcohol use initiation (< 18 years vs. no consumption), aOR (95% CI) = 0.62 (0.42, 0.93). No evidence of statistical interaction by race or household poverty was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest alcohol consumption has a different association with YOBC than postmenopausal breast cancer-lifetime consumption was not linked to increased risk and younger age at alcohol use initiation was associated with a decreased risk of triple-negative YOBC. Future studies on alcohol consumption in YOBC subtypes are warranted.
Assuntos
Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas , Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Feminino , Humanos , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Receptor ErbB-2 , Receptores de Progesterona , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/etiologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Brancos , Idade de InícioRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the association between lifetime personal cigarette smoking and young-onset breast cancer (YOBC; diagnosed <50 years of age) risk overall and by breast cancer (BC) subtype, and whether risk varies by race or socioeconomic position (SEP). METHODS: Data are from the Young Women's Health History Study (YWHHS), a population-based case-control study of non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women, ages 20-49 years (n = 1812 cases, n = 1381 controls) in the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry areas, 2010-2015. Lifetime personal cigarette smoking characteristics and YOBC risk by subtype were examined using sample-weighted, multivariable-adjusted polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: YOBC risk associated with ever versus never smoking differed by subtype (Pheterogeneity = 0.01) with risk significantly increased for Luminal A (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.68) and HER2-type (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.23-3.16), and no association with Luminal B or Triple Negative subtypes. Additionally, ≥30 years since smoking initiation (versus never) was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of Luminal A (aOR 1.55; 95% CI 1.07-2.26) and HER2-type YOBC (aOR 2.77; 95% CI 1.32-5.79), but not other subtypes. In addition, among parous women, smoking initiated before first full-term pregnancy (versus never) was significantly associated with an increased risk of Luminal A YOBC (aOR 1.45; 95% CI 1.11-1.89). We observed little evidence for interactions by race and SEP. CONCLUSION: Findings confirm prior reports of a positive association between cigarette smoking and Luminal A YOBC and identify a novel association between smoking and HER2-type YOBC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Fumar Cigarros , Adulto , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fumar Cigarros/efeitos adversos , Fumar Cigarros/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gravidez , Receptor ErbB-2 , Receptores de Estrogênio , Receptores de Progesterona , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The etiology of young-onset breast cancer (BC) is poorly understood, despite its greater likelihood of being hormone receptor-negative with a worse prognosis and persistent racial and socioeconomic inequities. We conducted a population-based case-control study of BC among young Black and White women and here discuss the theory that informed our study, exposures collected, study methods, and operational results. METHODS: Cases were non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and White (NHW) women age 20-49 years with invasive BC in metropolitan Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registries 2010-2015. Controls were identified through area-based sampling from the U.S. census and frequency matched to cases on study site, race, and age. An eco-social theory of health informed life-course exposures collected from in-person interviews, including socioeconomic, reproductive, and energy balance factors. Measured anthropometry, blood (or saliva), and among cases SEER tumor characteristics and tumor tissue (from a subset of cases) were also collected. RESULTS: Of 5,309 identified potentially eligible cases, 2,720 sampled participants were screened and 1,812 completed interviews (682 NHB, 1140 NHW; response rate (RR): 60%). Of 24,612 sampled control households 18,612 were rostered, 2,716 participants were sampled and screened, and 1,381 completed interviews (665 NHB, 716 NHW; RR: 53%). Ninety-nine% of participants completed the main interview, 82% provided blood or saliva (75% blood only), and SEER tumor characteristics (including ER, PR and HER2 status) were obtained from 96% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the successfully established YWHHS should expand our understanding of young-onset BC etiology overall and by tumor type and identify sources of racial and socioeconomic inequities in BC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , População Branca , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The benefit of regular exercise in improving cancer outcomes is well established. The American Cancer Society (ACS) released a recommendation that cancer survivors should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) per week; however, few report meeting this recommendation. This study examined the patterns and correlates of meeting ACS PA recommendations in the Detroit Research on Cancer Survivors (ROCS) cohort of African American cancer survivors. METHODS: Detroit ROCS participants completed baseline and yearly follow-up surveys to update their health and health behaviors, including PA. This study examined participation in PA by select characteristics and reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) as measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System instruments. RESULTS: Among the first 1500 ROCS participants, 60% reported participating in regular PA, with 24% reporting ≥150 min/wk. Although there were no differences by sex, prostate cancer survivors were the most likely to report participating in regular PA, whereas lung cancer survivors were the least likely (P = .022). Survivors who reported participating in regular PA reported higher HRQOL (P < .001) and lower depression (P = .040). CONCLUSIONS: Just 24% of African American cancer survivors reported meeting the ACS guidelines for PA at the baseline, but it was encouraging to see increases in activity over time. Because of the established benefits of regular exercise observed in this study and others, identifying and reducing barriers to regular PA among African American cancer survivors are critical for improving outcomes and minimizing disparities.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Sobreviventes de Câncer , Exercício Físico , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Michigan , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) incidence is higher among black than white Americans. The reasons for this disparity remain unclear. METHODS: We calculated race- and sex-specific population attributable risk percentages (PAR%) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among black and white subjects ≥ 50 years of age from the US Kidney Cancer Study (USKC; 965 cases, 953 controls), a case-control study in Chicago and Detroit, and a nested case-control study in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California health care network (KPNC; 2,162 cases, 21,484 controls). We also estimated PAR% for other modifiable RCC risk factors (cigarette smoking, obesity) in USKC. RESULTS: In USKC, the PAR% for hypertension was 50% (95% CI 24-77%) and 44% (95% CI 25-64%) among black women and men, respectively, and 29% (95% CI 13-44%) and 27% (95% CI 14-39%) for white women and men, respectively. In KPNC, the hypertension PAR% was 40% (95% CI 18-62%) and 23% (95% CI 2-44%) among black women and men, and 27% (95% CI 20-35%) and 19% (95% CI 14-24%) among white women and men, respectively. The PAR% for CKD in both studies ranged from 7 to 10% for black women and men but was negligible (<1%) for white subjects. In USKC, the PAR% for current smoking was 20% and 8% among black and white men, respectively, and negligible and 8.6% for black and white women, respectively. The obesity PAR% ranged from 12 to 24% across all race/sex strata. CONCLUSIONS: If the associations found are causal, interventions that prevent hypertension and CKD among black Americans could potentially eliminate the racial disparity in RCC incidence (hypothetical black:white RCC incidence ratio of 0.5).
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/epidemiologia , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Idoso , California/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/complicações , Carcinoma de Células Renais/etnologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chicago/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Feminino , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Hipertensão/etnologia , Incidência , Neoplasias Renais/complicações , Neoplasias Renais/etnologia , Masculino , Michigan/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fumar , População Branca , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Lead is a suspected carcinogen that has been inconsistently associated with kidney cancer. To clarify this relationship, we conducted an analysis of occupational lead exposure within a population-based study of kidney cancer using detailed exposure assessment methods. METHODS: Study participants (1217 cases and 1235 controls), enrolled between 2002 and 2007, provided information on their occupational histories and, for selected lead-related occupations, answered questions regarding workplace tasks, and use of protective equipment. Industrial hygienists used this information to develop several estimates of occupational lead exposure, including probability, duration and cumulative exposure. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute ORs and 95% CIs for different exposure metrics, with unexposed subjects serving as the reference group. Analyses were also conducted stratifying on several factors, including for subjects of European ancestry only, single nucleotide polymorphisms in ALAD (rs1805313, rs1800435, rs8177796, rs2761016), a gene involved in lead toxicokinetics. RESULTS: In our study, cumulative occupational lead exposure was not associated with kidney cancer (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.3 for highest quartile vs unexposed; ptrend=0.80). Other lead exposure metrics were similarly null. We observed no evidence of effect modification for the evaluated ALAD variants (subjects of European ancestry only, 662 cases and 561 controls) and most stratifying factors, although lead exposure was associated with increased risk among never smokers. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study do not offer clear support for an association between occupational lead exposure and kidney cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Chumbo/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Chicago/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Michigan/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Equipamento de Proteção Individual/estatística & dados numéricos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Sintase do Porfobilinogênio/genética , Fatores de Risco , População Branca/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Arab Muslim and Chaldean Christian American community is unified by language but culturally diverse. Researchers are challenged to engage the Arab/Chaldean community to meet immigrant health needs. Arabs/Chaldeans are identified as white in clinical data sets making it difficult to identify health behaviours and patterns unique to the community. OBJECTIVES: To explore the views of members of the Arab/Chaldean community, including researchers and the lay public, regarding health research participation and the role of clinicians, researchers and community leaders in the research process. METHODS: A qualitative study of Arab and Chaldean adults and researchers conducted in a US community with a large Arab/Chaldean population. Five semi-structured focus group discussions were triangulated with five in-depth semi-structured interviews with Arab or Chaldean primary care researchers. Responses were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and thematically analysed, and findings confirmed with community representatives. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: (i) research expectations: risks and benefits; (ii) health care environment: clinicians as recruiters and (iii) research participations: risks and benefits. Themes captured concerns with social relationships, reputation or trust and the cost and benefit of research participation. In the Arab/Chaldean community, institutional and political fears and distrust are amplified. Respect for physicians, teachers and faith leaders connected with or recruiting for studies enhances likelihood of research participation. CONCLUSION: Clinical researchers should address the cultural and immigration histories of Arab/Chaldean research participants. Studies that maximize trust will minimize participation bias and lay the groundwork for improved health. Institutional, sociocultural and personal factors require a pre-study phase to engage and educate participants.
Assuntos
Árabes , Atitude Frente a Saúde/etnologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes , Seleção de Pacientes , Relações Pesquisador-Sujeito , Adulto , Idoso , Características Culturais , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Michigan , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Motivação , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Confiança , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The current study was performed to describe patient characteristics, treatment patterns, survival, health care resource use (HRU), and costs among older women in the United States with advanced (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage III/IV) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database. METHODS: Women who were aged ≥66 years at the time of diagnosis and diagnosed with advanced TNBC between January 1, 2007, and January 1, 2011, in the SEER-Medicare database and who were followed for survival through December 31, 2013, were eligible. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics at the time of diagnosis, subsequent treatment patterns, and survival outcomes were analyzed. HRU and costs for the first 3 months after diagnosis, the last 3 months of life, and the time in between are summarized. All analyses were stratified by American Joint Committee on Cancer stage of disease. RESULTS: There were 1244 patients newly diagnosed with advanced TNBC; the majority were aged ≥75 years (61% with stage III disease and 57.4% with stage IV disease) and white (>70% of patients in both disease stage groups). The most common treatment approaches were surgery combined with chemotherapy for patients for stage III disease (50.6%) and chemotherapy alone or with radiotherapy for patients with stage IV disease (31.3%). Diverse chemotherapy regimens were administered for each line of therapy; nevertheless, the medications used were consistent with national guidelines. Patients with stage III and stage IV disease were found to have a similar mean number of hospitalizations and outpatient visits, but mean monthly costs were greater for patients with stage IV disease at all 3 time points. The mean cost per patient-month (in 2013 US dollars) was $4810 for patients with stage III disease and $9159 for patients with stage IV disease. CONCLUSIONS: Among older women with advanced TNBC, significant treatment variations and considerable HRU and costs exist. Further research is needed to find effective treatments with which to reduce the clinical and economic burden of this disease. Cancer 2018;124:2104-14. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Assuntos
Efeitos Psicossociais da Doença , Recursos em Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicare/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/economia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/economia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Quimiorradioterapia Adjuvante/economia , Quimiorradioterapia Adjuvante/estatística & dados numéricos , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/economia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/estatística & dados numéricos , Redução de Custos , Feminino , Custos de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Mastectomia/economia , Mastectomia/estatística & dados numéricos , Medicare/economia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Estudos Retrospectivos , Programa de SEER/estatística & dados numéricos , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/terapia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The authors compared proportions and associations of depression screening, major depression, and follow-up care of Arab Americans compared to non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, Asians, and Hispanics. METHODS: Administrative data was electronically abstracted from a large health system in metropolitan Detroit among 97,918 adult patients in 2014 and 2015. A valid and reliable surname list was used to identify Arab Americans. Using chi-squares, we examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and depression screening, major depression, and follow-up care. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to examine the relationship between the main independent variable of race/ethnicity and the dependent variables of depression screening and major depression while controlling for confounders. RESULTS: Arab American women were 23% less likely to be screened for depression compared to non-Hispanic white women (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.70, 0.86). The age- and sex-adjusted proportions of major depression were 5.5% for Arab Americans compared to 7.0% for Hispanics, 6.0% for non-Hispanic blacks, 5.9% for non-Hispanic whites, and 1.5% for Asians. Arab Americans with major depression were less likely to follow up with a behavioral specialist and more likely to follow up with a primary care physician compared to other racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study adds to the discourse on depression care among Arab Americans by highlighting the existing disparities related to adequate screening and appropriate management of depression. Future studies should include information about the influences of acculturation, culture, stigma, family, and religion on depression care.
Assuntos
Assistência ao Convalescente/estatística & dados numéricos , Árabes/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/etnologia , Depressão/terapia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/etnologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estados Unidos/etnologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We developed a systematic, data-driven approach to estimate metrics of occupational exposure to lead to aid in epidemiologic analyses in a case-control study of kidney cancer. METHODS: Probability of exposure to ten lead sources was assigned using decision rules developed from an extensive literature review and expert judgement. For jobs with >50% probability of exposure, we assigned source-specific frequency based on subjects' self-reported task frequencies or means of subjects' job-groups and source-specific intensity estimates of blood lead (µg/dL). RESULTS: In our study, 18.7% of employed person-years were associated with high (≥80%) probability of exposure to any lead source. The most common medium (>50%) or high probability source of lead exposure was leaded gasoline (2.5% and 11.5% of employed person-years, respectively). The median blood lead attributed to occupational exposure was 3.1 µg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: These rules can aid in future studies after population-specific adaption for geographic differences and different exposure scenarios.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Intoxicação por Chumbo/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/induzido quimicamente , Chumbo/sangue , Intoxicação por Chumbo/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , ProbabilidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is a potential biomarker of cancer prognosis; however, evidence for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is inconsistent. METHODS: We investigated LTL and RCC-specific survival among 684 cases from the US kidney cancer study (USKC) and 241 cases from the prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening trial (PLCO). Leukocyte telomere length was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) computed using multivariable Cox models. RESULTS: Short LTL was associated with poorer disease-specific survival in both USKC (lowest vs highest quartile: HR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.4; P for trend=0.02) and PLCO (HR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.0-5.4; P=0.04). Among USKC cases, the association was strongest for stage-I RCC (HR: 5.5, 95% CI: 1.6-19.0; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that shorter LTL is an independent marker of poor RCC prognosis, particularly for stage-I disease.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Colorretais/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Renais/ultraestrutura , Leucócitos/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Pulmonares/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias Ovarianas/ultraestrutura , Neoplasias da Próstata/ultraestrutura , Encurtamento do Telômero , Telômero/ultraestrutura , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/sangue , Carcinoma de Células Renais/genética , Carcinoma de Células Renais/mortalidade , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Neoplasias Colorretais/sangue , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Neoplasias Colorretais/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/sangue , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/sangue , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/sangue , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Neoplasias da Próstata/sangue , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To investigate the discordance between original and central laboratories in estrogen receptor (ER) status, in tumors originally deemed to be ER-negative, and in HER2 status in a diverse population-based sample. METHODS: In a follow-up study of 1785 women with Stage I-III breast cancer diagnosed between 2005 and 2007 in the Detroit and Los Angeles County SEER registry catchment areas, participants were asked to consent to reassessment of ER (in tumors originally deemed to be ER-negative) and HER2 status on archival tumor samples approximately four years after diagnosis. Blocks were centrally prepared and analyzed for ER and HER2 using standardized methods and the guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists. Analyses determined the discordance between original and central laboratories. RESULTS: 132 (31%) of those eligible for ER reassessment and 367 (21%) eligible for HER2 reassessment had archival blocks reassessed centrally. ER discordance was only 6%. HER2 discordance by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was 26%, but final HER2 results-employing FISH in tumors that were IHC 2+ at the central laboratory-were discordant in only 6%. Half of the original laboratories did not perform their own assays. CONCLUSIONS: Discordance between original and central laboratories in two large metropolitan areas was low in this population-based sample compared to previously reported patient samples. Centralization of testing for key pathology variables appears to be occurring in many hospitals. In addition, quality improvement efforts may have preceded the publication and dissemination of specialty society guidelines.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico/normas , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Receptores de Estrogênio/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Imuno-Histoquímica/normas , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/normas , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Vigilância da População , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptores de Estrogênio/genética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Programa de SEER , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Use of antihypertensive medications has been associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but it is unclear whether specific types of medications increase RCC risk independent of the effect of hypertension, or whether the association varies by histologic subtype. To address this question, we analyzed data from a U.S. population-based case-control study of RCC. METHODS: We collected information on participants' use of drugs to treat hypertension, heart problems, weight control, and swelling. We computed odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each of four major drug classes, separately for participants with (643 cases, 443 controls) and without (500 cases, 718 controls) a history of hypertension, using unconditional logistic and polytomous regression models. RESULTS: None of the antihypertensive drug types was associated with RCC overall. Among participants with a history of hypertension, papillary RCC was associated with long-term use of diuretics (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.4-6.7 for 16+ years, 16 cases, 31 controls; P-trend = 0.014) and calcium channel blockers (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1-7.4 for 16+ years, 8 cases, 14 controls; P-trend = 0.18), while corresponding ORs for clear cell RCC were weaker (ORs 0.9 and 1.5, respectively) and nonsignificant. The only significant finding among those with no hypertension history was an association between calcium channel blockers and papillary RCC (OR = 17.9, 95% CI = 5.9-54.5) that was based on small numbers (8 cases, 9 controls). There was little evidence of an association between RCC and use of ACE inhibitors or beta blockers. CONCLUSIONS: Our study, while inconclusive for overall RCC, provides, to our knowledge, the first evidence supporting an association between antihypertensive medications and papillary RCC. These subtype-specific findings, although based on small numbers, warrant further investigation.
Assuntos
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/efeitos adversos , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/efeitos adversos , Anti-Hipertensivos/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/etiologia , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Renais/etiologia , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina/uso terapêutico , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Trichloroethylene, a chlorinated solvent widely used for metal degreasing, is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a kidney carcinogen. Other chlorinated solvents are suspected carcinogens, most notably the cleaning solvent perchloroethylene, although it is unclear whether they are associated with kidney cancer. We investigated kidney cancer associations with occupational exposure to 6 chlorinated solvents (trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride) within a case-control study using detailed exposure assessment methods. METHODS: Cases (n=1217) and controls (n=1235) provided information on their occupational histories and, for selected occupations, on tasks involving potential exposure to chlorinated solvents through job-specific interview modules. Using this information, an industrial hygienist assessed potential exposure to each solvent. We computed ORs and 95% CIs for different exposure metrics, with unexposed participants as the referent group. RESULTS: 1,1,1-trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and methylene chloride were not associated with kidney cancer. Among jobs with high exposure intensity, high cumulative hours exposed to perchloroethylene was associated with increased risk, both overall (third tertile vs unexposed: OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.3 to 7.4) and after excluding participants with ≥50% exposure probability for trichloroethylene (OR 3.0, 95% CI 0.99 to 9.0). A non-significant association with high cumulative hours exposed to trichloroethylene was observed (OR 1.7, 95% CI 0.8 to 3.8). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, high exposure to perchloroethylene was associated with kidney cancer, independent of trichloroethylene. Additional studies are needed to further investigate this finding.
Assuntos
Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Renais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Doenças Profissionais/induzido quimicamente , Doenças Profissionais/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Michigan/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Solventes , Tetracloroetileno/efeitos adversos , Tetracloroetileno/análise , Tricloroetileno/efeitos adversos , Tricloroetileno/análise , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Analgesics are the most commonly consumed drugs worldwide. Evidence that analgesics increase kidney cancer risk has been mixed. We investigated the association between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and analgesic use in a large population-based case-control study and a post-trial observational cohort study. Findings were used to update a recent meta-analytic review. We analyzed data from 1,217 RCC cases and 1,235 controls in the US Kidney Cancer Study and 98,807 participants in the US Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO: n = 137 RCCs). Self-reported acetaminophen, aspirin and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use and duration information was assessed in relation to RCC. For the US Kidney Cancer Study, we calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using unconditional logistic regression. For PLCO, we computed hazard ratios (HRs) and 95%CIs using Cox regression. Among case-control participants, RCC risk was associated with over-the-counter acetaminophen use (OR = 1.35, 95%CI = 1.01-1.83). There was a positive trend with increasing duration (p-trend = 0.01), with a two-fold risk for use ≥10 years (OR = 2.01, 95%CI = 1.30-3.12). No association with prescription acetaminophen use was detected. In PLCO, acetaminophen use was also associated with increased RCC risk (HR = 1.68, 95%CI = 1.19-2.39), although elevated risk was absent among the few long-term users. No association with RCC risk was detected for aspirin or NSAIDs use in either study. An association between acetaminophen use and kidney cancer was supported by meta-analytic cohort (n = 4; summary relative risk = 1.34; 95%CI = 1.13-1.59; p-heterogeneity = 0.40) and case-control (n = 9, summary OR = 1.20; 95%CI = 1.01-1.42; p-heterogeneity = 0.05) findings. In brief, acetaminophen use may increase the risk of developing RCC.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/efeitos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renais/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Renais/etiologia , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Renais/etiologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Razão de Chances , Risco , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Epidemiological evidence of a relationship between vitamin D and kidney cancer risk has been inconsistent despite experimental data indicating that vitamin D and its metabolites may inhibit carcinogenesis. Previously we reported an inverse association between renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk and occupational ultraviolet (UV) exposure among European men. In this study, we examined the association between occupational UV exposure and RCC risk among US residents and investigated whether this association varied by race and sex. Lifetime occupational data for 1,217 RCC cases and 1,235 controls in a population-based case-control study, conducted from 2002 to 2007, were assessed for occupational UV exposure. We evaluated exposure metrics in quartiles based on control exposure levels and calculated associations between RCC risk and occupational UV exposure using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for sex, race, body mass index, smoking, hypertension, center, education, family history of cancer and dietary vitamin D intake. A general pattern of decreasing RCC risk with increasing UV exposure was observed. Cases had significantly lower cumulative occupational UV exposure than controls (fourth quartile vs. first: odds ratio = 0.74 [95% confidence interval = 0.56-0.99], p-trend = 0.03). Similar results were observed for other UV exposure metrics. The association with occupational UV exposure was stronger for women than for men, but did not differ by race. Our findings suggest an inverse association between occupational UV exposure and RCC, particularly among women. Given the sex finding discrepancies in this study versus our previous study, additional research is need to clarify whether the protective effects of occupational UV exposure and RCC risk are real.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Renais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Renais/epidemiologia , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: Overtreatment of screen-detected localized prostate cancer (LPC) is an important public health concern, since the survival benefit of aggressive treatment (surgery or radiation) has not been well established. We investigated the survival expectations of patients who had LPC with and without their chosen treatment. METHODS: A population-based sample of 260 men (132 black, 128 white) 75 years old or younger with newly diagnosed LPC completed a self-administered survey. How long the patients expected to live with their chosen treatment, how long they would expect to live with no treatment, and factors associated with the difference in perceived life expectancy were assessed using multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Without any treatment, 33% of patients expected that they would live less than 5 years, 41% 5 to 10 years, 21% 10 to 20 years, and 5% more than 20 years. With their chosen treatment, 3% of patients expected to live less than 5 years, 9% 5 to 10 years, 33% 10 to 20 years, and 55% more than 20 years. Treatment chosen, age, general health perception, and perceived cancer seriousness predicted the differences in perceived life expectancy, while race and actual tumor risk did not. After adjustment for other covariates, men who choose surgery or radiation expected greater gain in survival than men who chose watchful waiting or active surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with LPC underestimated their life expectancy without treatment and overestimated the gain in life expectancy with surgery or radiation. These unrealistic expectations may compromise patients' ability to make informed treatment decisions and may contribute to overtreatment of LPC. Primary care physicians, when included in the decision process, should focus on helping patients develop realistic expectations and choices that support their treatment goals.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Escolha , Tomada de Decisões , Expectativa de Vida , Neoplasias da Próstata/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Próstata/terapia , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Masculino , Michigan , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico , Radiografia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos OperatóriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Mapping job titles to standardised occupation classification (SOC) codes is an important step in identifying occupational risk factors in epidemiological studies. Because manual coding is time-consuming and has moderate reliability, we developed an algorithm called SOCcer (Standardized Occupation Coding for Computer-assisted Epidemiologic Research) to assign SOC-2010 codes based on free-text job description components. METHODS: Job title and task-based classifiers were developed by comparing job descriptions to multiple sources linking job and task descriptions to SOC codes. An industry-based classifier was developed based on the SOC prevalence within an industry. These classifiers were used in a logistic model trained using 14â 983 jobs with expert-assigned SOC codes to obtain empirical weights for an algorithm that scored each SOC/job description. We assigned the highest scoring SOC code to each job. SOCcer was validated in 2 occupational data sources by comparing SOC codes obtained from SOCcer to expert assigned SOC codes and lead exposure estimates obtained by linking SOC codes to a job-exposure matrix. RESULTS: For 11â 991 case-control study jobs, SOCcer-assigned codes agreed with 44.5% and 76.3% of manually assigned codes at the 6-digit and 2-digit level, respectively. Agreement increased with the score, providing a mechanism to identify assignments needing review. Good agreement was observed between lead estimates based on SOCcer and manual SOC assignments (κ 0.6-0.8). Poorer performance was observed for inspection job descriptions, which included abbreviations and worksite-specific terminology. CONCLUSIONS: Although some manual coding will remain necessary, using SOCcer may improve the efficiency of incorporating occupation into large-scale epidemiological studies.
Assuntos
Indústrias/classificação , Descrição de Cargo , Processamento de Linguagem Natural , Ocupações/classificação , Algoritmos , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Métodos Epidemiológicos , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Software , Estados Unidos , United States Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationRESUMO
BACKGROUND: African American (AA) women are known to have poorer breast cancer survival than whites, and the differences may be related to underlying disparities in their clinical presentation or access to care. This study evaluated the relationship between demographic, treatment, and socioeconomic factors and breast cancer survival among women in southeast Michigan. METHODS: The population included 2387 women (34% AA) with American Joint Committee on Cancer stage I to III breast cancer who were treated at the Henry Ford Health System (HFHS) from 1996 through 2005. Linked data sets from the HFHS, the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System, and the US Census Bureau were used to obtain demographic and clinical information. Comorbidities were classified with the modified Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Economic deprivation was categorized with a census tract-based deprivation index (DI), which was stratified into 5 quintiles of increasing socioeconomic disadvantage. RESULTS: Compared with whites, AA women were significantly more likely to have larger, hormone receptor-negative tumors and more comorbidities and to reside in an economically deprived area. In an unadjusted analysis, AAs had a significantly higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.59); however, after adjustments for clinical (age, stage, hormone receptor, and CCI) and societal factors (DI), the effect of race was not significant (HR, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.96-1.34] , and HR, 0.97 [0.80-1.19] respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in breast cancer survival can be explained by clinical and socioeconomic factors. Nonetheless, AA women with breast cancer remain disproportionately affected by unfavorable tumor characteristics and economic deprivation, which likely contribute to their increased overall mortality.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/etnologia , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias da Mama/economia , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Prestação Integrada de Cuidados de Saúde , Feminino , Humanos , Michigan/epidemiologia , Michigan/etnologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Serviços Urbanos de Saúde , População Branca/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal urologic cancer. Only two common susceptibility loci for RCC have been confirmed to date. To identify additional RCC common susceptibility loci, we conducted an independent genome-wide association study (GWAS). We analyzed 533 191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with RCC in 894 cases and 1516 controls of European descent recruited from MD Anderson Cancer Center in the primary scan, and validated the top 500 SNPs in silico in 3772 cases and 8505 controls of European descent involved in the only published GWAS of RCC. We identified two common variants in linkage disequilibrium, rs718314 and rs1049380 (r(2) = 0.64, Dâ' = 0.84), in the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor, type 2 (ITPR2) gene on 12p11.23 as novel susceptibility loci for RCC (P = 8.89 × 10(-10) and P = 6.07 × 10(-9), respectively, in meta-analysis) with an allelic odds ratio of 1.19 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13-1.26] for rs718314 and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.12-1.25) for rs1049380. It has been recently identified that rs718314 in ITPR2 is associated with waist-hip ratio (WHR) phenotype. To our knowledge, this is the first genetic locus associated with both cancer risk and WHR.