The process in-between: Parents' perceptions about how practitioners promote the outcomes of the Incredible Years Basic program.

Practitioners are recognized as one of the key components that make parenting interventions meaningful and helpful to families, and the impact of practitioners' skills on the outcomes of parenting interventions has been consistently recognized in research. However, the mechanisms and ongoing processes through which the practitioners' actions and skills may impact parental engagement and other outcomes remain unknown. This qualitative study explored parents' perceptions about the processes through which specific practitioners' skills contribute to the outcomes of the Incredible Years Basic Parent Program (IYPP). Twenty-four Portuguese parents who had completed the IYPP were interviewed in four focus groups, and the data were analyzed through thematic analysis. Practitioners' skills were perceived by parents as having an impact on their engagement in the program, their process of change, and their interpersonal relationships. Practitioners were perceived to demonstrate their influence in the intervention process through six different roles: the roles of a confidant, a positive coach, a partner, a maestro, a tailor, and a congruent person. This study reinforces the prominent role of practitioners in enabling parental outcomes of an evidence-based parenting program and suggests that more attention should be paid to continuing supervision and other professional development processes.

Therapist Factors Matter: A Systematic Review of Parent Interventions Directed at Children's Behavior Problems.

The present review systematically explored research examining the relationship between therapist-related factors and the outcomes of parent interventions directed at children's behavior problems. A systematic search of the literature was conducted with online scientific databases, parenting programs, web sites, and bibliographic references of the selected articles, according to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 24 quantitative studies met the inclusion criteria. Although some methodological limitations were identified with respect to the measurement of therapist factors, the reviewed research strongly suggests that the therapist plays a critical role in parent interventions directed at behavior problems. In particular, many parent outcomes are found to be related to the parent-therapist alliance, the therapist's fidelity to the intervention, specific therapist's in-session actions, and the therapist's personal variables. The parent-therapist alliance and therapist fidelity to the intervention consistently relate to changes in parenting practices, and alliance additionally relates to fewer perceived barriers to participation in treatment, more treatment acceptability, and greater parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy. In addition, specific in-session therapist interpersonal actions relate to parents' engagement and satisfaction, while both the therapist's interpersonal actions and more active skills relate to parent change. Therapist's personal variables have been scarcely or poorly studied to date, but the results found justify the need to develop further research in this area. In conclusion, more attention should be given to the role of the therapist when implementing parenting programs directed at behavior problems, and more and better research is needed that can overcome the methodological limitations identified.

La presente revisión exploró de forma sistemática las investigaciones que examinam la relación entre los factores relacionados con el terapeuta y los resultados de intervenciones para padres de niños con problemas de conducta. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la bibliografía con bases de datos científicas en línea, sitios web de programas de entrenamiento para padres y referencias bibliográficas de los artículos seleccionados, de acuerdo con las pautas de PRISMA. Un total de 24 estudios cuantitativos reunieron los criterios de inclusión. Aunque se identificaron algunas limitaciones metodológicas con respecto a la medición de los factores del terapeuta, la investigación analizada sugiere marcadamente que el terapeuta desempeña un papel crítico en las intervenciones dirigidas a padres de niños con problemas de conducta. En particular, muchos resultados de los padres se encuentran relacionados con la alianza entre los padres y el terapeuta, la fidelidad del terapeuta a la intervención, las acciones específicas del terapeuta dentro de la sesión y las variables personales del terapeuta. La alianza entre los padres y el terapeuta y la fidelidad del terapeuta a la intervención se relacionan constantemente con los cambios en las prácticas parentales, y la alianza además se relaciona con menos obstáculos percibidos para la participación en el tratamiento, una mayor aceptabilidad de lo mismo y una mayor satisfacción y autoeficacia de los padres. Además, las acciones interpersonales específicas del terapeuta dentro de la sesión se relacionan con la participación y la satisfacción de los padres, mientras que tanto las acciones interpersonales del terapeuta como las habilidades más activas se relacionan con el cambio de las praticas parentales. Hasta la fecha, las variables personales del terapeuta se han estudiado poco o deficientemente, pero los resultados encontrados justifican la necesidad de desarrollar la investigación en esta área. Para concluir, se debe prestar más atención al papel del terapeuta a la hora de implementar programas de entrenamiento para padres de niños con problemas de conducta, y se necesitan más y mejores investigaciones que puedan superar las limitaciones metodológicas identificadas.

A parent-based intervention programme involving preschoolers with AD/HD behaviours: are children's and mothers' effects sustained over time?

To evaluate the 12-month efficacy of a parent-based intervention programme on children's and mothers' outcomes in a sample of Portuguese preschoolers displaying early hyperactive and inattentive behaviours (AD/HD behaviours), 52 preschool children whose mothers had received the Incredible Years basic parent training (IY) were followed from baseline to 12 months of follow-up. Reported and observational measures were used. Effects were found in the children's reported AD/HD behaviours at home and at school after 12 months. Large effect sizes were also found in mothers' variables: a decrease in self-reported dysfunctional parenting practices and an improved sense of competence and observed positive parenting. However, the improvements in coaching skills that have been observed after 6 months of follow-up decreased over time. No other significant differences were found between 6 and 12 months follow-up, with small effect sizes indicating that the significant post-intervention changes in child and parenting measures were maintained. After 12 months of follow-up, there was a clinically important reduction of over 30 % in reported AD/HD behaviours in 59 % of children. The sustained effects observed both for children and their mothers suggest long-term benefits of IY. Therefore, efforts should be made by Portuguese policy makers and professionals to deliver IY as an early preventive intervention for children displaying early AD/HD behaviours.

Disruptive child behavior severity and parenting program session attendance: Individual participant data meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We tested if baseline disruptive child behavior problem severity predicts parental attendance at sessions of a parenting group program. METHOD: We used a database of randomized trials of the Incredible Years parenting program in Europe and restricted the sample to participants randomized to the intervention arm. Using baseline Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory scores, we distinguished between trial-level problem severity and child-level problem severity, compared linear and quadratic functional forms at both levels, and considered cross-level interactions, all in a multilevel Poisson regression framework. RESULTS: Drawing on 918 participants in 12 trials, we found that within trials, parents of children with the least and most severe problems attended fewer sessions. Between trials, each additional 10-point increase in the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory trial mean predicted an 11% increase in attendance. Models including child sex, age, or family low-income did not change coefficients or their interpretation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that although generally attendance is higher in parents of children with more challenging behavior, it seems difficult for group programs to keep families with the least or most severe problems engaged. Our findings call for the need to better understand the conditions under which lower attendance translates into equivalent or lesser program benefits. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of the incredible years parenting program on children's interpersonal conflict: An integrative data analysis.

Behavioral parenting programs, such as Incredible Years (IY), reduce conduct problems in children. However, conduct problems encompass many different behaviors, and little is known about the effects of parenting programs on specific aspects of children's conduct problems, such as children's relationships with others. The aim of this study was to examine, for the first time, the effects of the IY parenting program on children's levels of conflict with their parents, siblings, and peers. We used individual participant-level data pooled across 12 randomized trials in Europe, comprising a total of 1,409 families: child aged 1-11 years (M = 5.53 years, SD = 1.56) and 61% male, 60% low-income families, and 30% from an ethnic minority. Multilevel models were used to explore the effects of IY on children's conflict with parents, siblings, and peers. The IY program reduced children's conflict with their parents (ß = -.21), but there were no main effects of the program on conflict with siblings or peers. Moderation analyses showed that IY reduced conflict in sibling relationships for the 22% of families with the most severe sibling conflict at baseline. This suggests that high-quality behavioral parenting programs, such as IY, can effectively reduce children's conflict within the home (i.e., with parents and siblings), especially when initial levels of sibling conflict are high, but do not have broader benefits on children's interpersonal conflict outside of the home (i.e., with peers). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Factor structure and measurement invariance of the BRIEF2 Parent Form across gender in a Portuguese sample.

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and the measurement invariance across gender of the BRIEF2 Parent Form in Portuguese typically developing children. Participants were 700 typically developing children (n = 352 girls and n = 348 boys) aged 6-16 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test five competing factor models. Consistent with the BRIEF2 original dimensional structure, the three-factor model demonstrated the most adequate fit to the data. The measurement invariance of the three-factor model across gender was supported (configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance). Overall, the BRIEF2 Parent Form showed adequate psychometric properties, suggesting that it is a useful instrument to assess everyday executive functioning based on reports of behaviors observed by parents in healthy Portuguese children.

BRIEF-A: Factor structure and measurement invariance across self-report and informant forms.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes the psychometric properties of the two forms (self-report and informant) of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult version (BRIEF-A) in a sample of healthy Portuguese adults. METHOD: The participants were 608 adults, 304 of whom answered the self-report form (ages 18-59; 137 male and 167 female) and 304 who answered the informant form (ages 18-70; 110 male and 194 female). RESULTS: The internal consistency for the indexes and the Global Executive Composite was very good (≥.90), whereas for the scales they were either acceptable (between .70 and .80) or good (≥.80), except for the Inhibit scale in both forms. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test seven competing factor models for each of the forms. The original two-factor model (Behavioral Regulation and Metacognition Indexes) showed a slightly better model fit than the three-factor model (Behavioral Regulation, Emotional Regulation, and Metacognition Indexes) in both forms. The multiple-group analysis of the two-correlated-factor model across forms was supported (configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the BRIEF-A showed adequate psychometric properties, suggesting that it is a useful instrument to assess everyday executive functioning in healthy Portuguese adults.

Do Parents Perceive Practitioners to Have a Specific Role in Change? A Longitudinal Study Following Participation in an Evidence-Based Program.

Little attention has been given to the role of practitioners in evidence-based parenting programs and to the evaluation that parents make of their importance in the process of change. This study aims to explore the role that parents assign to the facilitators of the Incredible Years (IY) program in enabling long-term life changes, as well as the association between parents' evaluation of the practitioners' skills and specific changes perceived after the intervention. In this longitudinal study, we applied 1 survey to 80 community parents who had participated in an IY group 2 years before, and we retrieved archival data to assess changes in parents' ratings of sense of competence and in children's behaviors immediately after the end of the intervention. Two years after the intervention, parents perceived significant improvements, especially in their parenting and their children's behaviors, and they recognized that their IY practitioners had played a significant role in these life changes. Parents who attributed a greater role to the practitioners' skills reported a greater number of improvements in parental sense of competence and in children's behaviors. The practitioners' skills relating more broadly to these specific changes are the practitioners' sensitivity and flexibility towards parents' needs and the practitioners' ability to clearly share knowledge with parents. The practitioner's assigned role when implementing an evidence-based parenting program seems to go far beyond the mere conveyance of the program's specific contents and methods and deserves to be researched further.

Validating the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales-2: Preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders.

Social skills deficits and some behavior problems are a well-established issue in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, most of the studies available analyze social skills or behavior problems of children with ASD, but not both. The present study intends to compare the social skills and behavior problems of 32 preschoolers with ASD paired with 32 typically developing preschoolers, as evidence of validity of the Portuguese version of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Each child was rated independently by parents and teachers. Results showed a statistically significant difference in all PKBS-2 scores between the two groups, with the children with ASD rated with fewer social skills and more behavior problems by both informants. The discriminant analysis highlighted the three Social Skills, the Over-Activity/Lack of Attention and Social Withdrawal subscales as more accurate in differentiating between the two groups. The implications of using a single behavior rating scale that can be filled in by different informants (parents and teachers) to assess positive and negative behaviors are emphasized. Furthermore, the usefulness of the PKBS-2 as a screening assessment tool that could be used in clinical practice and intervention with preschoolers with ASD is discussed.

Observação da interação professor-aluno no jardim de infância: O Teacher-Pupil Observation Tool / Observation of teacher-student interaction in preschool: the teacher-pupil observation tool / Observación de la interacción profesor-alumno en la educación infantil: el teacher-pupil observation tool

Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar a versão portuguesa do Teacher-Pupil Observation Tool (T-POT), no que diz respeito ao acordo e fidedignidade entre observadores e às categorias de comportamentos observadas nos professores na sua utilização em contexto pré-escolar. Três observadores receberam treinamento na cotação de 11 categorias de comportamentos do professor do T-POT. Posteriormente, 65 professoras de jardim de infância foram observadas durante 25 minutos, numa situação de interação nas suas salas com um pequeno grupo de crianças. Obteve-se uma média de acordo entre observadores de 74% nas sessões de treinamento e coeficientes de correlação intraclasse de 0,90-0,99. Os resultados indicam que as categorias do T-POT mais utilizadas pelas professoras nas suas interações com as crianças são questões, confirmações e ordens. A discussão salienta as implicações para a prática e a pesquisa da utilização de medidas de observação na avaliação da interação professor-aluno nas salas de jardim de infância. (AU)

The purpose of this study was to present the Portuguese version of the Teacher-Pupil Observation Tool (T-POT), in terms of agreement and reliability among observers and the categories of behaviors observed in teachers when used in preschool setting. Three observers were trained in scoring 11 T-POT teacher's behavior categories. Subsequently, 65 preschool teachers were observed with T-POT during 25 minutes, while interacting in their classrooms with a small group of children. A mean of 74% of agreement was reached between observers for the training sessions and intraclass correlation coefficients of 0,90-0,99. The results indicate that the T-POT categories most used by teachers in their interactions with children are questions, acknowledgments and commands. The discussion highlights the implications for practice and research on the use of observation measures in the assessment of teacher-student interaction in preschool classrooms. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar la versión portuguesa del Teacher-Pupil Observation Tool (T-POT), en lo que se refiere al acuerdo y la confiabilidad entre observadores y, por otro lado, las categorías de comportamiento observadas en los profesores en la utilización del test en el contexto preescolar. Tres observadores recibieron entrenamiento en la cotización de 11 categorías de comportamiento del profesor del T-POT. Posteriormente, 65 profesoras de la educación infantil fueron observadas utilizando el T-POT durante 25 minutos, en una situación de interacción en sus aulas con un pequeño grupo de niños. Se obtuvo un acuerdo medio del 74% entre observadores en las sesiones de entrenamiento y coeficientes de correlación intraclase de 0,90-0,99. Los resultados indican que las categorías del T-POT más utilizadas por las profesoras en sus interacciones con los niños son cuestiones, confirmaciones y órdenes. La discusión destaca las implicaciones para la práctica y la investigación de la utilización de medidas de observación en la evaluación de la interacción profesor-alumno en la educación infantil. (AU)

Qualidade de Vida Familiar na Deficiência Intelectual: Revisão Sistemática de Estudos / Family Quality of Life in Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review of Studies

Resumo A qualidade de vida familiar (QdVF) em famílias de pessoas com deficiência intelectual (DI) tem interessado investigadores, sugerindo potencialidades em termos de avaliação e intervenção. O presente artigo realizou uma revisão sistemática dos estudos empíricos que analisam a QdVF em famílias de pessoas com DI. Efetuou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica num portal de bases de dados e recorreu-se a critérios de inclusão previamente definidos. Do total de 32 estudos selecionados, 15 recorreram ao instrumento FQOLS-2006, focando-se na análise das dimensões e domínios da mesma; 11 ao Beach Center FQOL Survey, relacionando o constructo com diversas variáveis; e seis a outras formas de avaliação, essencialmente qualitativas. Assim, a QdVF mostra-se pertinente para compreender e intervir com famílias de pessoas com DI.

Abstract Family quality of life (FQoL) for families with members who have an intellectual disability (ID) has recently captured the interest of researchers and demonstrated potential for evaluation and intervention. This paper intends to revise systematically empirical studies that analyze FQoL in families with members having ID. A bibliographic search was carried out in a database and previously defined inclusion criteria were used. From a total of 32 studies, 15 used the FQOLS-2006 that focused on the analysis of their dimensions and domains, 11 the Beach Center FQOL Survey that related the construct to other individual and family variables and six other methods to evaluate FQoL. Thus, FQoL is relevant to understand and intervene with families of persons with ID.

Validity evidences for the portuguese version of the problem behavior scale: preschool and kindergarten behavior scales-2 / Evidências de validade da versão portuguesa da escala de problemas do comportamento: preschool and kindergarten behavior scales-2 / Evidencias de validez de la versión portuguesa de la escala de problemas de conducta: preschool and kindergarten behavior scales-2

The early identification of problem behaviors is essential in preschool. This paper presents evidence of validity (confirmatory factor analysis) for the Problem Behavior scale of the Portuguese version of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Analyses were performed for the scale's 46 items, which were grouped into 16 item-parcels. Once it was verified that the model fit the total sample (N = 2000; CFI = .98; RMSEA = .06), analyses were replicated for the samples collected at home and at school (n = 1000 per setting). Results indicate a factor structure equivalent to the original version, with five supplemental subscales, distributed into two subscales (Externalizing and Internalizing), stable for the two subsamples, with high internal consistency levels (α = .78-.97). The discussion highlights the utility/validity of the Portuguese version of the Problem Behavior scale among preschoolers.

A identificação precoce de problemas do comportamento é essencial na idade pré-escolar. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar evidências de validade (análise fatorial confirmatória) da escala de Problemas do Comportamento da versão portuguesa das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Foram efetuadas análises para os 46 itens da escala, posteriormente reagrupados em 16 parcelas. Verificado o ajustamento do modelo para a totalidade da amostra (N = 2000; CFI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,06), as análises foram replicadas para as subamostras recolhidas em casa e na escola (n = 1000 por contexto). Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura fatorial equivalente à da versão original, com cinco subescalas suplementares, repartidas por duas subescalas (Externalizante e Internalizante), e estável para as duas subamostras, com valores elevados de consistência interna (α = 0,78-0,97). A discussão enfatiza a utilidade/validade da versão portuguesa da escala de Problemas do Comportamento com pré-escolares.

La identificación temprana de los problemas de conducta es esencial en el preescolar. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar evidencias de validez (análisis factorial confirmatorio) de la escala de Problemas de Conducta de la versión portuguesa de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Se realizaron análisis para los 46 ítems de la escala, posteriormente reagrupados en 16 parcelas. Se verifico el ajuste del modelo en la muestra completa (N = 2000; CFI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,06), y se replicaron los análisis en las submuestras recogidas en casa y en la escuela (n = 1000 por contexto). Los resultados apuntan a una estructura factorial equivalente a la de la versión original, con cinco subescalas suplementarias, distribuidas en dos subescalas (Externalizante e Internalizante), que se mantiene en ambas submuestras, con valores elevados de consistencia interna (α = 0,78-0,97). La discusión acentúa la utilidad/validez de la versión portuguesa de la escala de Problemas de Conducta con preescolares.

Validity Evidences for the Portuguese Version of the Problem Behavior Scale: Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales-2 / Evidências de Validade da Versão Portuguesa da Escala de Problemas do Comportamento: Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales-2 / Evidencias de Validez de la Versión Portuguesa de la Escala de Problemas de Conducta: Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales-2

ABSTRACT The early identification of problem behaviors is essential in preschool. This paper presents evidence of validity (confirmatory factor analysis) for the Problem Behavior scale of the Portuguese version of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Analyses were performed for the scale's 46 items, which were grouped into 16 item-parcels. Once it was verified that the model fit the total sample (N = 2000; CFI = .98; RMSEA = .06), analyses were replicated for the samples collected at home and at school (n = 1000 per setting). Results indicate a factor structure equivalent to the original version, with five supplemental subscales, distributed into two subscales (Externalizing and Internalizing), stable for the two subsamples, with high internal consistency levels (α = .78-.97). The discussion highlights the utility/validity of the Portuguese version of the Problem Behavior scale among preschoolers.(AU)

RESUMO A identificação precoce de problemas do comportamento é essencial na idade pré-escolar. Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar evidências de validade (análise fatorial confirmatória) da escala de Problemas do Comportamento da versão portuguesa das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Foram efetuadas análises para os 46 itens da escala, posteriormente reagrupados em 16 parcelas. Verificado o ajustamento do modelo para a totalidade da amostra (N = 2000; CFI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,06), as análises foram replicadas para as subamostras recolhidas em casa e na escola (n = 1000 por contexto). Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura fatorial equivalente à da versão original, com cinco subescalas suplementares, repartidas por duas subescalas (Externalizante e Internalizante), e estável para as duas subamostras, com valores elevados de consistência interna (α = 0,78-0,97). A discussão enfatiza a utilidade/validade da versão portuguesa da escala de Problemas do Comportamento com pré-escolares.(AU)

RESUMEN La identificación temprana de los problemas de conducta es esencial en el preescolar. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar evidencias de validez (análisis factorial confirmatorio) de la escala de Problemas de Conducta de la versión portuguesa de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2). Se realizaron análisis para los 46 ítems de la escala, posteriormente reagrupados en 16 parcelas. Se verifico el ajuste del modelo en la muestra completa (N = 2000; CFI = 0,98; RMSEA = 0,06), y se replicaron los análisis en las submuestras recogidas en casa y en la escuela (n = 1000 por contexto). Los resultados apuntan a una estructura factorial equivalente a la de la versión original, con cinco subescalas suplementarias, distribuidas en dos subescalas (Externalizante e Internalizante), que se mantiene en ambas submuestras, con valores elevados de consistencia interna (α = 0,78-0,97). La discusión acentúa la utilidad/validez de la versión portuguesa de la escala de Problemas de Conducta con preescolares.(AU)

Escala de Sentido de Competência Parental (PSOC): estudos psicométricos / Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC): Psychometric studies / Escala de Sentido de Competencia Parental (PSOC): estudios psicométricos

O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em reforçar os estudos de validade e de precisão da escala de Sentido de Competência Parental (PSOC) com pais de crianças portuguesas, em uma amostra de 436 pais de crianças com 3 a 6 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória confirmou o ajustamento dos dados a um modelo de dois fatores (Satisfação e Eficácia). As duas subescalas apresentaram bons índices de consistência interna. Os resultados mostraram-se negativamente correlacionados ao nível de atividade motora das crianças e positivamente com o bem-estar psicológico dos pais. Pais de crianças com problemas de comportamento externalizantes apresentaram resultados mais baixos. Não se observaram diferenças em função da idade da criança, mas os pais de meninos, mais velhos e mais escolarizados reportaram sentir-se menos eficazes. O nível de satisfação correlacionou-se positivamente à escolaridade dos pais. Os resultados documentaram as boas características psicométricas da PSOC portuguesa.(AU)

The main goal of this research was to reinforce validity and reliability studies of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) with parents of Portuguese children. The study was based on a sample of 436 parents of 3 to 6 year old children. CFA confirmed the data adjustment to a bi-factorial model (Satisfaction and Efficacy). Both subscales had good internal consistency. Results were negatively correlated with children’s activity level and positively with parents’ well-being. Parents of children with externalizing behavior problems scored lower. There were no differences according to children’s age but parents of boys, older and parents who were more educated rated themselves as having lower levels of efficacy, while parent’s education was positively correlated with satisfaction level. Results documented the good psychometric properties of the PSOC Portuguese version.(AU)

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue reforzar los estudios de validez y fiabilidad de la escala de Sentido de Competencia Parental (PSOC) con padres de niños portugueses. Se realizó el estudio con base en una muestra de 436 padres con niños de entre 3 y 6 años. El AFC confirmó el ajuste de los datos a un modelo de dos factores (Satisfacción y Eficacia). Las dos subescalas mostraron buenos índices de consistencia interna. Los resultados reflejaron que índices más elevados en la PSOC correlacionan negativamente con el nivel de actividad motora de los niños y positivamente con el bienestar psicológico de los padres. Los padres de hijos con trastornos de conducta externalizante tuvieron resultados más bajos. No se han encontrado diferencias en función de la edad del niño, pero sí se encontró que los padres de varones, padres de más edad y con mayor nivel académico tienden a percibirse como menos eficaces. Por su parte, el nivel de satisfacción correlaciona positivamente con el nivel académico de los padres. Los resultados indicaron que la PSOC portuguesa tiene buenas características psicométricas.(AU)

Escala de Sentido de Competência Parental (PSOC): estudos psicométricos / Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC): Psychometric studies / Escala de Sentido de Competencia Parental (PSOC): estudios psicométricos

O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em reforçar os estudos de validade e de precisão da escala de Sentido de Competência Parental (PSOC) com pais de crianças portuguesas, em uma amostra de 436 pais de crianças com 3 a 6 anos. A análise fatorial confirmatória confirmou o ajustamento dos dados a um modelo de dois fatores (Satisfação e Eficácia). As duas subescalas apresentaram bons índices de consistência interna. Os resultados mostraram-se negativamente correlacionados ao nível de atividade motora das crianças e positivamente com o bem-estar psicológico dos pais. Pais de crianças com problemas de comportamento externalizantes apresentaram resultados mais baixos. Não se observaram diferenças em função da idade da criança, mas os pais de meninos, mais velhos e mais escolarizados reportaram sentir-se menos eficazes. O nível de satisfação correlacionou-se positivamente à escolaridade dos pais. Os resultados documentaram as boas características psicométricas da PSOC portuguesa...

The main goal of this research was to reinforce validity and reliability studies of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) with parents of Portuguese children. The study was based on a sample of 436 parents of 3 to 6 year old children. CFA confirmed the data adjustment to a bi-factorial model (Satisfaction and Efficacy). Both subscales had good internal consistency. Results were negatively correlated with children’s activity level and positively with parents’ well-being. Parents of children with externalizing behavior problems scored lower. There were no differences according to children’s age but parents of boys, older and parents who were more educated rated themselves as having lower levels of efficacy, while parent’s education was positively correlated with satisfaction level. Results documented the good psychometric properties of the PSOC Portuguese version...

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue reforzar los estudios de validez y fiabilidad de la escala de Sentido de Competencia Parental (PSOC) con padres de niños portugueses. Se realizó el estudio con base en una muestra de 436 padres con niños de entre 3 y 6 años. El AFC confirmó el ajuste de los datos a un modelo de dos factores (Satisfacción y Eficacia). Las dos subescalas mostraron buenos índices de consistencia interna. Los resultados reflejaron que índices más elevados en la PSOC correlacionan negativamente con el nivel de actividad motora de los niños y positivamente con el bienestar psicológico de los padres. Los padres de hijos con trastornos de conducta externalizante tuvieron resultados más bajos. No se han encontrado diferencias en función de la edad del niño, pero sí se encontró que los padres de varones, padres de más edad y con mayor nivel académico tienden a percibirse como menos eficaces. Por su parte, el nivel de satisfacción correlaciona positivamente con el nivel académico de los padres. Los resultados indicaron que la PSOC portuguesa tiene buenas características psicométricas...

Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2): adaptação e estudos psicométricos da versão portuguesa / Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2): adaptation and psychometric studies of the Portuguese version

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar o processo de tradução, adaptação e alguns estudos psicométricos da versão portuguesa das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2; Merrell, 2002), uma escala de avaliação com 76 itens na sua versão original, especificamente desenvolvida para avaliar aptidões sociais e problemas de comportamento em crianças pré-escolares. A amostra normativa é composta por 1000 crianças pré-escolares avaliadas por pais e educadores/professores. Foram efetuados estudos de tradução/adaptação e inclusão de outros itens relevantes que, após análises de itens, análise fatorial exploratória e de consistência interna, resultaram numa versão portuguesa com 80 itens. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória permitiram identificar três subescalas para a escala de Aptidões Sociais e duas subescalas para a de Problemas de Comportamento. As escalas apresentaram uma boa consistência interna e foram observadas intercorrelações moderadas a elevadas entre as subescalas e o resultado total. Para a estabilidade temporal, os resultados são congruentes com os da versão original, com valores moderados a elevados (r = 0,65 a 0,90). Apesar de algumas limitações apresentadas, fica disponível uma ferramenta útil e válida na avaliação de aptidões sociais e problemas de comportamento das crianças portuguesas pré-escolares.(AU)

This study aims to document the process of translation, adaptation and some psychometric studies of the Portuguese version of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales - Second Edition (PKBS-2; Merrell, 2002), a behavior rating scale with 76 items on the original version, specifically developed to assess social skills and problem behaviors in preschool children. The normative sample comprises 1000 preschoolers rated by their parents and teachers. Studies of translation/adaptation and inclusion of other relevant items were done. After item analyses, exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency studies the Portuguese version with 80 items was developed. Exploratory factor analysis studies identified three subscales for the Social Skills Scale and two subscales for the Problem Behaviors Scale. The scales showed good internal consistency, and moderate to high correlations between subscales and the total score were observed. Results from the test-retest study are congruent with results from the original version, with moderate to high values (r = .65 to .90). In spite of the presented limitations, it is made available a useful and valid tool for the assessment of social skills and problem behaviors of preschool Portuguese children. (AU)

Factor validation of the portuguese version of the social skills scale of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales / Validação fatorial da versão portuguesa da escala de aptidões sociais das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales / Validación factorial de la versión portuguesa de la escala de aptitudes sociales de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales

The assessment of preschoolers’ social skills represents a topic of growing importance in research recently developed in the field. The purpose of this article is to present confirmatory factor analyses studies for the Social Skills scale of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2), a behavior rating scale that evaluates social skills and problem behaviors, adapted and validated for Portuguese preschool children. The 34 items of the Social Skills scale, distributed on three subscales (Social Cooperation/Adjustment, Social Interaction/Empathy and Social Independence/Assertiveness), were grouped into item-parcels. Model adjustment was analyzed for the total sample (N = 2000) and the analyses were replicated for the subsamples collected in the home (n = 1000) and school settings (n = 1000). The factor structure was very stable for the three samples, with high internal consistency levels and correlations between parcels/scales. The results highlight the utility/validity of the Social Skills scale of the PKBS-2 (Portuguese version)...

A avaliação de aptidões sociais de crianças pré-escolares representa um tópico de relevância crescente em pesquisas desenvolvidas na área. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar estudos de análise fatorial confirmatória da escala de Aptidões Sociais das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2), uma escala de avaliação de aptidões sociais e problemas de comportamento adaptada e validada para a população pré-escolar portuguesa. Os 34 itens da escala de Aptidões Sociais, distribuídos por três subescalas (Cooperação/Ajustamento Social, Interação Social/Empatia e Independência Social/Assertividade), foram reagrupados em parcelas. O ajustamento do modelo foi analisado para a totalidade da amostra (N = 2000) e as análises replicadas para subamostras recolhidas em casa (n = 1000) e na escola (n = 1000). A estrutura fatorial revelou-se bastante estável nas três amostras, sobressaindo valores elevados de consistência interna e correlação entre parcelas/escalas. Os resultados reforçam a utilidade/validade da escala de Aptidões Sociais das PKBS-2 (versão portuguesa)...

La evaluación de las habilidades sociales en los niños en la etapa preescolar es un tema de creciente relevancia en la investigación recientemente desarrollada. Este trabajo presenta los estudios de análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala de Habilidades Sociales de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2) validada para la población preescolar portuguesa. Los 34 ítems de la escala se distribuyen en tres subescalas (Cooperación/Ajuste Social, Interacción Social/Empatía e Independencia Social/Asertividad), se agruparan en parcelas. El ajuste del modelo fue analizado para la muestra total (N = 2000), y se realizó una replicación del análisis para las submuestra recogida en casa (n = 1000) y en la escuela (n = 1000). La estructura factorial resultó ser bastante estable en las tres muestras, destacando los altos niveles de consistencia interna y de correlación entre parcelas/escalas. Los resultados refuerzan la utilidad/validez de la escala de Habilidades Sociales de las PKBS-2 (versión portuguesa)...

Pais e/ou professores? Acordo entre informadores na avaliação socioemocional de pré-escolares / Parents and/or teachers? Inter-ratter agreement on preschoolers social-emotional assessment

Pais e professores são os informadores mais requisitados na avaliação socioemocional em idade pré-escolar. Todavia, o facto de informadores que interagem com a criança em diversos contextos poderem ter perspetivas distintas coloca, frequentemente, em causa a fiabilidade e validade desses relatos. O presente artigo tem por objetivo rever 22 estudos de 57 identificados, publicados desde 1987 até 2011, acerca do acordo entre informadores dos contextos familiar e escolar, no preenchimento de inventários comportamentais. Os vários estudos sugerem um grau de acordo reduzido a moderado e a inexistência de um informador-chave na avaliação socioemocional, alertando para a necessidade de recolha paralela da perspetiva de pais e professores, para obter um retrato mais completo dos comportamentos. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para estudos futuros...

Parents and teachers are the most requested informants for preschool social-emotional assessment. However, the fact that informants who interact with the child in different settings may have different perspectives frequently calls into question the reliability and validity of these reports. The present paper intends to review 22 studies of 57 identified, published between 1987 and 2011, about the agreement between informants from home and school settings while completing rating scales. The studies suggest a low to moderate informant agreement and the inexistence of a key-informant in social-emotional assessment, therefore drawing attention to the need to collect the perspectives of both parents and teachers, as a means of achieving a more complete picture of behaviors. Results are discussed in their implications for future research...

Factor validation of the portuguese version of the social skills scale of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales / Validação fatorial da versão portuguesa da escala de aptidões sociais das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales / Validación factorial de la versión portuguesa de la escala de aptitudes sociales de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales

The assessment of preschoolers’ social skills represents a topic of growing importance in research recently developed in the field. The purpose of this article is to present confirmatory factor analyses studies for the Social Skills scale of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2), a behavior rating scale that evaluates social skills and problem behaviors, adapted and validated for Portuguese preschool children. The 34 items of the Social Skills scale, distributed on three subscales (Social Cooperation/Adjustment, Social Interaction/Empathy and Social Independence/Assertiveness), were grouped into item-parcels. Model adjustment was analyzed for the total sample (N = 2000) and the analyses were replicated for the subsamples collected in the home (n = 1000) and school settings (n = 1000). The factor structure was very stable for the three samples, with high internal consistency levels and correlations between parcels/scales. The results highlight the utility/validity of the Social Skills scale of the PKBS-2 (Portuguese version).(AU)

A avaliação de aptidões sociais de crianças pré-escolares representa um tópico de relevância crescente em pesquisas desenvolvidas na área. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar estudos de análise fatorial confirmatória da escala de Aptidões Sociais das Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2), uma escala de avaliação de aptidões sociais e problemas de comportamento adaptada e validada para a população pré-escolar portuguesa. Os 34 itens da escala de Aptidões Sociais, distribuídos por três subescalas (Cooperação/Ajustamento Social, Interação Social/Empatia e Independência Social/Assertividade), foram reagrupados em parcelas. O ajustamento do modelo foi analisado para a totalidade da amostra (N = 2000) e as análises replicadas para subamostras recolhidas em casa (n = 1000) e na escola (n = 1000). A estrutura fatorial revelou-se bastante estável nas três amostras, sobressaindo valores elevados de consistência interna e correlação entre parcelas/escalas. Os resultados reforçam a utilidade/validade da escala de Aptidões Sociais das PKBS-2 (versão portuguesa).(AU)

La evaluación de las habilidades sociales en los niños en la etapa preescolar es un tema de creciente relevancia en la investigación recientemente desarrollada. Este trabajo presenta los estudios de análisis factorial confirmatorio de la escala de Habilidades Sociales de las Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales – Second Edition (PKBS-2) validada para la población preescolar portuguesa. Los 34 ítems de la escala se distribuyen en tres subescalas (Cooperación/Ajuste Social, Interacción Social/Empatía e Independencia Social/Asertividad), se agruparan en parcelas. El ajuste del modelo fue analizado para la muestra total (N = 2000), y se realizó una replicación del análisis para las submuestra recogida en casa (n = 1000) y en la escuela (n = 1000). La estructura factorial resultó ser bastante estable en las tres muestras, destacando los altos niveles de consistencia interna y de correlación entre parcelas/escalas. Los resultados refuerzan la utilidad/validez de la escala de Habilidades Sociales de las PKBS-2 (versión portuguesa).(AU)

Pais e/ou professores? Acordo entre informadores na avaliação socioemocional de pré-escolares / Parents and/or teachers? Inter-ratter agreement on preschoolers social-emotional assessment

Pais e professores são os informadores mais requisitados na avaliação socioemocional em idade pré-escolar. Todavia, o facto de informadores que interagem com a criança em diversos contextos poderem ter perspetivas distintas coloca, frequentemente, em causa a fiabilidade e validade desses relatos. O presente artigo tem por objetivo rever 22 estudos de 57 identificados, publicados desde 1987 até 2011, acerca do acordo entre informadores dos contextos familiar e escolar, no preenchimento de inventários comportamentais. Os vários estudos sugerem um grau de acordo reduzido a moderado e a inexistência de um informador-chave na avaliação socioemocional, alertando para a necessidade de recolha paralela da perspetiva de pais e professores, para obter um retrato mais completo dos comportamentos. São discutidas as implicações dos resultados para estudos futuros.(AU)

Parents and teachers are the most requested informants for preschool social-emotional assessment. However, the fact that informants who interact with the child in different settings may have different perspectives frequently calls into question the reliability and validity of these reports. The present paper intends to review 22 studies of 57 identified, published between 1987 and 2011, about the agreement between informants from home and school settings while completing rating scales. The studies suggest a low to moderate informant agreement and the inexistence of a key-informant in social-emotional assessment, therefore drawing attention to the need to collect the perspectives of both parents and teachers, as a means of achieving a more complete picture of behaviors. Results are discussed in their implications for future research.(AU)