Survival difference between secondary and de novo acute myeloid leukemia by age, antecedent cancer types, and chemotherapy receipt.

BACKGROUND: This study compared the survival of persons with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) to those with de novo AML (dnAML) by age at AML diagnosis, chemotherapy receipt, and cancer type preceding sAML diagnosis. METHODS: Data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 17 Registries were used, which included 47,704 individuals diagnosed with AML between 2001 and 2018. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare AML-specific survival between sAML and dnAML. Trends in 5-year age-standardized relative survival were examined via the Joinpoint survival model. RESULTS: Overall, individuals with sAML had an 8% higher risk of dying from AML (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-1.11) compared to those with dnAML. Disparities widened with younger age at diagnosis, particularly in those who received chemotherapy for AML (HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.10-1.19). In persons aged 20-64 years and who received chemotherapy, HRs were greatest for those with antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.83-2.28), ovarian cancer (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.19-3.08), head and neck cancer (HR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.02-2.36), leukemia (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.12-1.89), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.20-1.69). Among those aged ≥65 years and who received chemotherapy, HRs were highest for those with antecedent cervical cancer (HR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.15-5.10) and myelodysplastic syndrome (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.19-1.38). The 5-year relative survival improved 0.3% per year for sAML slower than 0.86% per year for dnAML. Consequently, the survival gap widened from 7.2% (95% CI, 5.4%-9.0%) during the period 2001-2003 to 14.3% (95% CI, 12.8%-15.8%) during the period 2012-2014. CONCLUSIONS: Significant survival disparities exist between sAML and dnAML on the basis of age at diagnosis, chemotherapy receipt, and antecedent cancer, which highlights opportunities to improve outcomes among those diagnosed with sAML.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Survival Among People With Second Primary Cancer in the US.

Importance: Comprehensive data for racial and ethnic disparities after second primary cancers (SPCs) are lacking despite the growing burden of SPCs. Objective: To quantify racial and ethnic disparities in survival among persons with SPCs. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based, retrospective cohort study used data from 18 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries in the US for persons diagnosed with the most common SPCs at age 20 years or older from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2013 (with follow-up through December 31, 2018). Data were analyzed between January and April 2023. Exposure: Race and ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White). Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were 5-year relative survival and cause-specific survival. Cause-specific hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for death from cancer or cardiovascular disease (CVD) in each racial and ethnic minority population compared with the White population overall and stratified by SPC type, with adjustment for sex, year and age at SPC diagnosis, and prior cancer type and stage (baseline model) and additionally for county attributes (household income, urbanicity), SPC characteristics (stage, subtype), and treatment. Results: Among 230 370 persons with SPCs (58.4% male), 4.5% were Asian or Pacific Islander, 9.6% were Black, 6.4% were Hispanic, and 79.5% were White. A total of 109 757 cancer-related deaths (47.6%) and 18 283 CVD-related deaths (7.9%) occurred during a median follow-up of 54 months (IQR, 12-93 months). In baseline models, compared with the White population, the risk of cancer-related death overall was higher in the Black (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.18-1.23) and Hispanic (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.13) populations but lower in the Asian or Pacific Islander population (HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.96). When stratified by 13 SPC types, the risk of cancer-related death was higher for 10 SPCs in the Black population, with the highest HR for uterine cancer (HR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.63-2.15), and for 7 SPCs in the Hispanic population, most notably for melanoma (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.21-1.76). For CVD-related death, the overall HR was higher in the Black population (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.34-1.49), with elevated risks evident for 11 SPCs, but lower in the Asian or Pacific Islander (HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.69-0.81) and Hispanic (HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96) populations than in the White population. After further adjustments for county attributes and SPC characteristics and treatment, HRs were reduced for cancer-related death and for CVD-related death and associations in the same direction remained. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of SPC survivors, the Black population had the highest risk of both death from cancer and death from CVD, and the Hispanic population had a higher risk of death from cancer than the White population. Attenuations in HRs after adjustment for potentially modifiable factors highlight opportunities to reduce survival disparities among persons with multiple primary cancers.

Recent Mortality Patterns and Time Trends for the Major Cancers in 47 Countries Worldwide.

BACKGROUND: Most prior studies have reported cancer mortality trends across countries for specific cancer types. Herein, we examine recent patterns and trends in cancer mortality rates for the eight common forms of cancer in 47 countries across five continents (except Africa) based on the World Health Organization mortality database. METHODS: Rates were age-standardized to the 1966 Segi-Doll world population, and trends in the age-standardized rates for the most recent 10 years of data were examined using Joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Cancer-specific mortality rates vary substantially across countries, with rates of infection-related (cervix and stomach) and tobacco-related cancers (lung and esophagus) varying by 10-fold. Recent mortality rates for all major cancers decreased in most of the studied countries except lung cancer in females and liver cancer in males, where increasing rates were observed in most countries. Rates decreased or stabilized in all countries for lung cancer in men and stomach cancer in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reinforce the importance of implementing and strengthening resource-stratified and targeted cancer prevention and control programs in all parts of the world to further reduce or halt the rising cancer burden. IMPACT: The results may inform cancer prevention and treatment strategies and in so doing, reduce the marked global cancer disparities observed today.

Breast Cancer Complicated by Cardiac Tamponade in a Patient With Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

Pericardial effusion may occur as a result of malignant pericarditis, which may in turn result in cardiac tamponade. This paper reports on a rare case of cardiac tamponade that occurred in an African American patient with breast cancer and neurofibromatosis. Herein, we present a case of a 38-year-old woman with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and breast cancer. She presented with sudden shortness of breath and hypotension. Computed tomography of the chest and an echocardiogram confirmed the presence of cardiac tamponade. Symptomatic relief was obtained following an emergency pericardiocentesis. The patient experienced a recurrence of symptomatic pleuro-pericardial effusion, requiring repeat therapeutic pericardiocentesis and thoracocentesis. To eliminate accumulating fluid, an indwelling drain was placed. The clinical condition of the patient, however, continued to deteriorate and she expired a few days after admission. When patients with breast cancer present with dyspnea, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion of cardiac tamponade; urgent imaging should be performed to exclude tamponade. Further research is needed to identify the factors that predict cardiac tamponade in breast cancer patients as well as the optimal treatment for the condition. It is also necessary to examine the relationship between a history of neurofibromatosis and cardiac tamponade.

Malignant Pleural Effusion Due to Uterine Serous Carcinoma: An Unusual Presentation.

Endometrial cancer is the most common cancer of the female genital tract. It can rarely metastasize to the pleura and present as a malignant pleural effusion. Here we present the case of a 61-year-old female with two primary malignancies, breast and endometrium, who presented to us with shortness of breath. Imaging was suggestive of a malignant pleural effusion. Diagnostic and therapeutic thoracentesis were performed that were initially suggestive of a breast source. However, final pleural fluid studies showed endometrial serous carcinoma as the source of the effusion. The patient received pembrolizumab and lenvatinib treatment and continues to be followed up in our clinic.

A Diagnostic Dilemma: A Case of Neurosarcoidosis Without Systemic Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomas in involved organs. Approximately 10% of patients with sarcoidosis exhibit central nervous system involvement. However, the occurrence of isolated neurosarcoidosis without concurrent systemic signs is very rare, affecting less than 1% of patients. We report a case of isolated neurosarcoidosis in a previously healthy patient who initially presented with a single episode of seizure and loss of consciousness. Brain MRI showed T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense extra-axial soft tissue mass over the left cerebral convexity measuring approximately 14 mm in maximum depth. Excisional biopsy of the brain mass showed chronic non-caseating granulomatous inflammation with epitheloid cells that was consistent with sarcoidosis. Treatment with high dose-steroids led to significant clinical improvement. At a two-year follow-up, there were no signs of systemic disease or recurrence of the meningeal mass. This case emphasizes the rarity of such presentation, diagnostic difficulties, and the importance of high suspicion and timely management to prevent debilitating neurologic complications.

Malignant Pleural Effusion As the Initial Presentation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common renal neoplasm. Its presentation is often very occult, and it may be discovered incidentally. It may present with the classic symptoms of back pain, flank pain, hematuria, or hypertension. Renal cell carcinoma may also present with malignant pleural effusion at diagnosis; however, it is very rare. In this case report and literature review, we describe a 77-year-old male who was diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma after presenting with a malignant pleural effusion - an extremely rare phenomenon. An analysis of the literature yielded 13 case reports, including ours, where the diagnostic presentation of renal cell carcinoma was a malignant pleural effusion. Our patient presented with left-sided chest pain. Imaging was suggestive of pleural effusion. CT and MRI imaging demonstrated masses in the upper and lower poles of the right kidney suggestive of renal cell carcinoma. CT imaging also showed lung nodules that were suggestive of pulmonary metastases. Biopsy and immunostaining of pleural tissue were positive for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Therapeutic thoracentesis was performed. Despite this, the patient developed recurrent large-volume pleural effusions requiring drainage and placement of a pleural catheter. Our patient's extremely rare presentation of malignant pleural effusion as the diagnostic presentation of renal cell carcinoma along with recurrent, large-volume effusions requiring drainage has only been reported in the form of case reports in the literature.

Intraoral myeloid sarcoma presenting as toothache and gingival mass.

A female patient in her 70s with a medical history of myelodysplastic neoplasm presented to the outpatient department with a 4-month history of toothache, painful gingival swelling and loose teeth that required extractions. Intraoral examination revealed a swelling in the lower anterior portion of the mandible, which displaced her teeth. Incisional biopsy of the gingival lesion revealed dense aggregates of atypical round cells which stained positive for CD43, CD45, CD33 and myeloperoxidase, consistent with myeloid sarcoma. Subsequent bone marrow biopsy displayed hypercellular marrow with immature myeloid elements and 21% myeloblasts by flow cytometry, compatible with diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The patient initially went into remission after treatment but later died of AML relapse after 18 months.

Perceptions of medical doctors living in Ethiopia about physician migration: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES: Migration of physicians is one of the most pressing global health problems of our time with the greatest implications in sub-Saharan African countries. Although other studies have explored and produced important quantitative data about the impact of medical migration in the health sector of Ethiopia, the motive behind Ethiopian physician migration have been explored less thoroughly. This article explores the perceptions of a group of physicians about the complicated and continuously evolving driving forces of physician migration in Ethiopia. DESIGN: Qualitative study using in-depth, virtual semistructured interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Using purposive sampling, 12 physicians participated. SETTING: Skype interviews with 12 participants working in Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. RESULTS: Four themes emerged reflecting the perceptions of Ethiopian medical doctors on the driving forces of physician migration: (1) Economic push and pull factors; (2) Professional push and pull factors; (3) Social and Political push and pull factors and (4) Medical migration governance. CONCLUSION: The emigration of Ethiopian physicians is made after weighing the push and pull factors. Push factors are more crucial than pull factors, and financial reasons play the leading role. Junior physician unemployment, politicisation of hospital administration, and poor medical migration governance are growing problems. Junior physician unemployment is a recent phenomenon in Ethiopia and with a potential to be a leading push factor if appropriate intervention is not taken. The findings of this study are worrying and urge for comprehensive solutions to be devised by policy-makers to deal with physician migration in Ethiopia.

BRASH Syndrome Presenting With Idioventricular Escape Rhythm in a Patient With Trifascicular Block.

Bradycardia, renal failure, atrioventricular (AV) nodal disease, shock, and hyperkalemia (BRASH) syndrome is a well-recognized constellation of distinct clinicopathologic entities comprising bradycardia, renal failure, AV nodal disease, shock, and hyperkalemia. Our patient is an 89-year-old female with a past medical history significant for hypertension and diabetes, who was newly started on labetalol and had recent gastroenteritis; she presented to our Emergency Department with bradycardia and shock. Upon presentation, she showed physical signs of volume depletion, and her blood pressure was 50 mmHg systolic and heart rate was 25 beats per minute. The initial electrocardiogram showed an idioventricular rhythm. The laboratory workup revealed hyperkalemia. The patient was given repeated doses of atropine with no significant response. She was resuscitated with isotonic fluids. The patient improved clinically, her blood pressure stabilized, her potassium level, renal function, and heart rate were normalized, and normal sinus rhythm was restored with a narrow QRS complex. A diagnosis of BRASH syndrome was made retrospectively. Overall, the treatment of this syndrome is largely symptomatic. Hemodynamic support with fluid and treatment of hyperkalemia remains the goal of care. The overall prognosis is good if identified early and managed appropriately.

Cardiac Tamponade in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Cardiac tamponade is a rare presentation in breast cancer and may be associated with poor prognosis. In this article, we reviewed the characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with breast cancer who developed cardiac tamponade. Three databases (PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS) were searched for relevant articles published from 1978 to 2022 and 16 articles were identified comprising 64 cases. The median age of the cases was 52 years. Cardiac tamponade was diagnosed with echocardiogram or computerized tomography of the chest or both in 91.9%, 1.6% and 6.5% of the cases, respectively. Cytology of the pericardial fluid was done in 90.5% of the cases while biopsy in addition to cytology was done in 9.5% of cases. Tamponade was proven to be malignant in 97.4% of the cases. The initial treatment for tamponade was pericardiocentesis. Adjunct therapies ranged from the insertion of a pericardial window, pericardiectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The median time from the first treatment of breast cancer to the onset of tamponade was 24 months while the median survival following diagnosis of tamponade was 13 months. There was no significant correlation (spearman rank-sum correlation coefficient= 0.35, p = 0.165) between time to tamponade (interval time from the first diagnosis of breast cancer and the onset of cardiac tamponade) and survival. Cardiac tamponade may adversely affect survival in patients with breast cancer. Early diagnosis with echocardiogram and cytology may guide management and expectations. Further observational studies are needed to determine the predictors of cardiac tamponade and optimal treatment in patients with breast cancer.