RESUMO
A subset of prostate cancer displays a poor clinical outcome. Therefore, identifying this poor prognostic subset within clinically aggressive groups (defined as a Gleason score (GS) â§8) and developing effective treatments are essential if we are to improve prostate cancer survival. Here, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of a TCGA dataset (GS â§8) to identify pathways upregulated in a prostate cancer cohort with short survival. When conducting bioinformatics analyses, the definition of factors such as "overexpression" and "shorter survival" is vital, as poor definition may lead to mis-estimations. To eliminate this possibility, we defined an expression cutoff value using an algorithm calculated by a Cox regression model, and the hazard ratio for each gene was set so as to identify genes whose expression levels were associated with shorter survival. Next, genes associated with shorter survival were entered into pathway analysis to identify pathways that were altered in a shorter survival cohort. We identified pathways involving upregulation of GRB2. Overexpression of GRB2 was linked to shorter survival in the TCGA dataset, a finding validated by histological examination of biopsy samples taken from the patients for diagnostic purposes. Thus, GRB2 is a novel biomarker that predicts shorter survival of patients with aggressive prostate cancer (GS â§8).
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Coortes , Proteína Adaptadora GRB2/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Análise de Sobrevida , Regulação para Cima/genéticaRESUMO
Early relapse after platinum chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) portends poor survival. A-priori identification of platinum resistance is therefore crucial to improve on standard first-line carboplatin-paclitaxel treatment. The DNA repair pathway homologous recombination (HR) repairs platinum-induced damage, and the HR recombinase RAD51 is overexpressed in cancer. We therefore designed a REMARK-compliant study of pre-treatment RAD51 expression in EOC, using fluorescent quantitative immunohistochemistry (qIHC) to overcome challenges in quantitation of protein expression in situ. In a discovery cohort (n = 284), RAD51-High tumours had shorter progression-free and overall survival compared to RAD51-Low cases in univariate and multivariate analyses. The association of RAD51 with relapse/survival was validated in a carboplatin monotherapy SCOTROC4 clinical trial cohort (n = 264) and was predominantly noted in HR-proficient cancers (Myriad HRDscore < 42). Interestingly, overexpression of RAD51 modified expression of immune-regulatory pathways in vitro, while RAD51-High tumours showed exclusion of cytotoxic T cells in situ. Our findings highlight RAD51 expression as a determinant of platinum resistance and suggest possible roles for therapy to overcome immune exclusion in RAD51-High EOC. The qIHC approach is generalizable to other proteins with a continuum instead of discrete/bimodal expression.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas , Platina , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Paclitaxel , Rad51 Recombinase/genéticaRESUMO
Both inhalational and intravenous anesthetics affect myocardial remodeling, but the precise effect of each anesthetic on molecular signaling in myocardial remodeling is unknown. Here, we performed in silico analysis to investigate signaling alterations in cardiomyocytes induced by inhalational [sevoflurane (Sevo)] and intravenous [propofol (Prop)] anesthetics. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling was inhibited by Sevo and promoted by Prop. Moreover, nuclear accumulation of p65 and transcription of NF-kB-regulated genes were suppressed in Sevo-administered mice, suggesting that Sevo inhibits the NF-kB signaling pathway. Our data demonstrate that NF-kB signaling is inhibited by Sevo and promoted by Prop. As NF-kB signaling plays an important role in myocardial remodeling, our results suggest that anesthetics may affect myocardial remodeling through NF-kB.
Assuntos
Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Idoso , Anestésicos Intravenosos/farmacologia , Animais , Remodelamento Atrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Coração/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miócitos Cardíacos/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/efeitos dos fármacos , Propofol/farmacologia , Sevoflurano/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Remodelação Ventricular/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Biomarker-driven cancer therapy has met with significant clinical success. Identification of a biomarker implicated in a malignant phenotype and linked to poor clinical outcome is required if we are to develop these types of therapies. A subset of prostate adenocarcinoma (PACa) cases are treatment-resistant, making them an attractive target for such an approach. To identify target molecules implicated in shorter survival of patients with PACa, we established a bioinformatics-to-clinic sequential analysis approach, beginning with 2-step in silico analysis of a TCGA dataset for localized PACa. The effect of candidate genes identified by in silico analysis on survival was then assessed using biopsy specimens taken at the time of initial diagnosis of localized and metastatic PACa. We identified PEG10 as a candidate biomarker. Data from clinical samples suggested that increased expression of PEG10 at the time of initial diagnosis was linked to shorter survival time. Interestingly, PEG10 overexpression also correlated with expression of chromogranin A and synaptophysin, markers for neuroendocrine prostate cancer, a type of treatment-resistant prostate cancer. These results indicate that PEG10 is a novel biomarker for shorter survival of patients with PACa. Also, PEG10 expression at the time of initial diagnosis may predict focal neuroendocrine differentiation of PACa. Thus, PEG10 may be an attractive target for biomarker-driven cancer therapy. Thus, bioinformatics-to-clinic sequential analysis is a valid tool for identifying targets for precision oncology.
RESUMO
LSD1, a lysine-specific histone demethylase, is overexpressed in several types of cancers and linked to poor outcomes. In breast cancer, the significance of LSD1 overexpression is not clear. We have performed an in silico analysis to assess the relationship of LSD1 expression to clinical outcome. We demonstrate that LSD1 overexpression is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer, especially in basal-like breast cancer, a subtype of breast cancer with aggressive clinical features. This link is also observed in samples of triple negative breast cancer. Interestingly, we note that overexpression of LSD1 correlates with down-regulation of BRCA1 in triple negative breast cancer. This phenomenon is also observed in in vitro models of basal-like breast cancer, and is associated with an increased sensitivity to PARP inhibitors. We propose therefore that high expression levels of the demethylase LSD1 is a potential prognostic factor of poor outcome in basal-like breast cancer, and that PARP inhibition may be a therapeutic strategy of interest in this poor prognostic subtype with overexpression of LSD1.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/mortalidade , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Expressão Gênica , Histona Desmetilases/genética , Neoplasia de Células Basais/genética , Neoplasia de Células Basais/mortalidade , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Histona Desmetilases/metabolismo , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasia de Células Basais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasia de Células Basais/patologia , Prognóstico , RNA Mensageiro , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/mortalidadeRESUMO
PARP inhibitors are a class of promising anti-cancer drugs, with proven activity in BRCA mutant cancers. However, as with other targeted agents, treatment with PARP inhibitors generates acquired resistance within these tumors. The mechanism of this acquired resistance is poorly understood. We established cell lines that are resistant to PARP inhibitor by continuous treatment with the drug, and then used RNA sequencing to compare gene expression. Pathway analysis on the RNA sequencing data indicates that NF-κB signaling is preferentially up-regulated in PARP inhibitor-resistant cells, and that knockdown of core components in NF-κB signaling reverses the sensitivity to PARP inhibitor in resistant cells. Of therapeutic relevance, we show that PARP inhibitor-resistant cells are sensitive to an NF-κB inhibitor in comparison to their parental controls. Malignancies with up-regulation of NF-κB are sensitive to bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that is currently used in the clinic. We also show that treatment with bortezomib results in cell death in the PARP inhibitor-resistant cells, but not in parental cells. Therefore we propose that up-regulation of NF-κB signaling is a key mechanism underlying acquired resistance to PARP inhibition, and that NF-κB inhibition, or bortezomib are potentially effective anti-cancer agents after the acquisition of resistance to PARP inhibitors.
Assuntos
NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Bases , Bortezomib/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Feminino , Genes BRCA1 , Humanos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The breast and ovarian cancer suppressor BRCA1 is essential for cellular responses to DNA damage. It heterodimerizes with BARD1 to acquire an E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase activity that is often compromised by cancer-associated mutations. Neither the significance of this activity to damage responses, nor a relevant in vivo substrate, is clear. RESULTS: We have separated DNA-damage responses requiring the BRCA1 E3 ligase from those independent of it, using a gene-targeted point mutation in vertebrate DT40 cells that abrogates BRCA1's catalytic activity without perturbing BARD1 binding. We show that BRCA1 ubiquitylates claspin, an essential coactivator of the CHK1 checkpoint kinase, after topoisomerase inhibition, but not DNA crosslinking by mitomycin C. BRCA1 E3 inactivation decreases chromatin-bound claspin levels and impairs homology-directed DNA repair by interrupting signal transduction from the damage-activated ATR kinase to its effector, CHK1. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify claspin as an in vivo substrate for the BRCA1 E3 ligase and suggest that its modification selectively triggers CHK1 activation for the homology-directed repair of a subset of genotoxic lesions. This mechanism unexpectedly defines an essential but selective function for BRCA1 E3 ligase activity in cellular responses to DNA damage.