Comparative analysis of commercially available kits for optimal DNA extraction from bovine fecal samples.

In the field of metagenomic research, the choice of DNA extraction methods plays a pivotal yet often underestimated role in shaping the reliability and interpretability of microbial community data. This study delves into the impact of five commercially available DNA extraction kits on the analysis of bovine fecal microbiota. Recognizing the importance of accurate DNA extraction in elucidating microbial community dynamics, we systematically assessed DNA yield, quality, and microbial composition across these kits using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Notably, the FastDNA spin soil kit yielded the highest DNA concentration, while significant variations in quality were observed across kits. Furthermore, differential abundance analysis revealed kit-specific biases that impacted taxa representation. Microbial richness and diversity were significantly influenced by the choice of extraction kit, with QIAamp DNA stool minikit, QIAamp Power Pro, and DNeasy PowerSoil outperforming the Stool DNA Kit. Principal-coordinate analysis revealed distinct clustering based on DNA isolation procedures, particularly highlighting the unique microbial community composition derived from the Stool DNA Kit. This study also addressed practical implications, demonstrating how kit selection influences the concentration of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial taxa in samples. This research highlights the need for consideration of DNA extraction kits in metagenomic studies, offering valuable insights for researchers striving to advance the precision and depth of microbiota analyses in ruminants.

Plant biomass extracted eco-friendly natural surfactant enhanced bio-electrokinetic remediation of crude oil contaminated soil.

The current work investigates bioremediation (BIO) and electrokinetic (EK) remediation of crude oil hydrocarbons utilizing the biomass-electrokinetic (BIO-EK) approaches. The use of natural surfactants derived from plant biomass may improve remediation capacity by enhancing the solubility of organic pollutants. Sapindus mukorossi, a natural surfactant producer, was extracted from plant biomass in this study. The crude oil biodegradation efficiency was reported to be 98 %. In nature, FTIR confirms that plant biomass is lipopeptide. GCMS revealed that the crude oil (C7 - C23) was efficiently bio-degraded from lower to higher molecular weight. The application of natural surfactants in electokinetic remediation increased the plant biomass degradation of crude oil polluted soil by 98% compared to electrokinetic 55% in 2 days. Natural surfactant improves hydrocarbon solubilization and accelerates hydrocarbon electro migration to the anodic compartment, as confirmed by the presence of greater total organic content than the electrokinetic. This study proves that BIO-EK compared with a natural surfactant derived from plant biomass may be utilized to improve in situ bioremediation of crude oil polluted soils.

Isoptericola haloaureus sp. nov., a dimorphic actinobacterium isolated from mangrove sediments of southeast India, implicating biosaline agricultural significance through nitrogen fixation and salt tolerance genes.

Strain MP-1014T, an obligate halophilic actinobacterium, was isolated from the mangrove soil of Thandavarayancholanganpettai, Tamil Nadu, India. A polyphasic approach was utilized to explore its phylogenetic position completely. The isolate was Gram-positive, filamentous, non-motile, and coccoid in older cultures. Ideal growth conditions were seen at 30 °C and pH 7.0, with 5% NaCl (W/V), and the DNA G + C content was 73.3%. The phylogenic analysis of this strain based upon 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed 97-99.8% similarity to the recognized species of the genus Isoptericola. Strain MP-1014T exhibits the highest similarity to I. sediminis JC619T (99.7%), I. chiayiensis KCTC19740T (98.9%), and subsequently to I. halotolerans KCTC19646T (98.6%), when compared with other members within the Isoptericola genus (< 98%). ANI scores of strain MP-1014T are 86.4%, 84.2%, and 81.5% and dDDH values are 59.7%, 53.6%, and 34.8% with I. sediminis JC619T, I. chiayiensis KCTC19740T and I. halotolerans KCTC19646T respectively. The major polar lipids of the strain MP-1014T were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphotidylglycerol, two unknown phospholipids, and glycolipids. The predominant respiratory menaquinones were MK9 (H4) and MK9 (H2). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0, anteiso-C17:0, iso-C14:0, C15:0, and C16:0. Also, initial genome analysis of the organism suggests it as a biostimulant for enhancing agriculture in saline environments. Based on phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness, the strain MP-1014 T represents the novel species of the genus Isoptericola assigned Isoptericola haloaureus sp. nov., is addressed by the strain MP-1014 T, given its phenotypic, phylogenetic, and hereditary uniqueness. The type strain is MP-1014T [(NCBI = OP672482.1 = GCA_036689775.1) ATCC = BAA 2646T; DSMZ = 29325T; MTCC = 13246T].

Genomic insights into plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in the bacterium Bhargavaea beijingensis strain PS04.

The dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through environment is a major health concern for public health. Pathogenic bacteria in natural environment can mediate the transfer of antimicrobial-resistant genes via horizontal gene transfer to naturally occurring bacteria in the soil. Bhargavaea beijingensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in soil and water. In recent years, there has been an emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of environmental bacteria, which pose a significant threat to human health. One mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is through the acquisition of plasmids, which can carry genes that confer resistance to various antibiotics. In this study, a novel plasmid of repUS12 replicon type was identified in the strain PS04 of B. beijingensis, which carried the ermT and tet(L) genes, encoding resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracycline. The plasmid was found to be the first of its kind in B. beijingensis and was thought to have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. The emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance in B. beijingensis highlights the need for continued surveillance and monitoring of antibiotic resistance in environmental bacteria.

The genome of Symbiodiniaceae-associated Stutzerimonas frequens CAM01 reveals a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance genes indicating anthropogenic drift in the Palk Bay coral reef of south-eastern India.

An increase in antibiotic pollution in reef areas will lead to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, leading to ecological disturbances in the sensitive coral holobiont. This study provides insights into the genome of antibiotics-resistant Stutzerimonas frequens CAM01, isolated from Favites-associated Symbiodiniaceae of a near-shore polluted reef of Palk Bay, India. The draft genome contains 4.67 Mbp in size with 52 contigs. Further genome analysis revealed the presence of four antibiotic-resistant genes, namely, adeF, rsmA, APH (3")-Ib, and APH (6)-Id that provide resistance by encoding resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) antibiotic efflux pump and aminoglycoside phosphotransferase. The isolate showed resistance against 73% of the antibiotics tested, concurrent with the predicted AMR genes. Four secondary metabolites, namely Aryl polyene, NRPS-independent-siderophore, terpenes, and ectoine were detected in the isolate, which may play a role in virulence and pathogenicity adaptation in microbes. This study provides key insights into the genome of Stutzerimonas frequens CAM01 and highlights the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in coral reef ecosystems.

An antimicrobial metabolite n- hexadecenoic acid from marine sponge-associated bacteria Bacillus subtilis effectively inhibited biofilm forming multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.

Effective drug candidates to obstruct the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens have become a major concern. A potent antimicrobial producer was isolated from a marine sponge designated as MSI38 and was identified as Bacillus subtilis by 16SrDNA sequencing. The active antimicrobial fraction was purified, and the metabolite was identified as n-hexadecanoic acid by spectroscopic analysis. The fish-borne pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa FP012 was found to be multidrug-resistant and poses a risk of disease to food handlers and consumers in general. The compound showed a potent bactericidal effect against P. aeruginosa FP012 with a MIC of 31.33 ± 5.67 mg L-1 and MBC of 36.66 ± 5.17 mg L-1. The time-based biofilm inhibitory potential of MSI38 and ciprofloxacin was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A synergistic effect of MSI38 and ciprofloxacin on biofilm showed 85% inhibition.

Synthesis, antitubercular evaluation, and molecular docking studies of hybrid pyridinium salts derived from isoniazid.

In the quest to develop potent inhibitors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, novel isoniazid-based pyridinium salts were designed, synthesized, and tested for their antimycobacterial activities against the H37 Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using rifampicin as a standard. The pyridinium salts 4k, 4l, and 7d showed exceptional antimycobacterial activities with MIC90 at 1 µg/mL. The in vitro cytotoxicity and pharmacokinetics profiles of these compounds were established for the identification of a lead molecule using in vivo efficacy proof-of-concept studies and found that the lead compound 4k possesses LC50 value at 25 µg/mL. The in vitro antimycobacterial activity results were further supported by in silico studies with good binding affinities ranging from -9.8 to -11.6 kcal/mol for 4k, 4l, and 7d with the target oxidoreductase DprE1 enzyme. These results demonstrate that pyridinium salts derived from isoniazid can be a potentially promising pharmacophore for the development of novel antitubercular candidates.

Effective utilization of wheat gluten by lipopeptide biosurfactant in the formulation of cookies.

BACKGROUND: Gluten-free food products are in demand due to the gluten sensitivity of individuals around the globe. Lipopeptide biosurfactants are widely used in food formulations for wetting, foaming, emulsion stabilization, anti-adhesive and anti-microbial properties. Lipopeptide biosurfactants can be used for gluten utilization and the formulation of food products. RESULTS: The strain Bacillus licheniformis MS48 was isolated from the marine sponge associated bacteria and found to be the ideal biosurfactant producer with an emulsification activity of 70%. Biosurfactant production was optimized using lactose, yeast extract, and sodium chloride (NaCl). The 1,1-diphenyl- 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found to increase with an increase in the concentration of biosurfactant. The conformation changes in the gluten  due to the treatment of lipopeptide biosurfactant was identified by thiol quantification and scanning electron microscopy. With the addition of lipopeptide MS48 to cookie dough, cookies with softer and smooth textures were developed. The conformation changes in the gluten   in the lipopeptide incorporated  cookie dough was visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The lipopeptide biosurfactant incorporation in cookie dough causes appropriate changes in the structural network of gluten. The lipopeptide-incorporated cookies had improved the spread factor and texture. CONCLUSION: Lipopeptide biosurfactant with effective radical scavenging activity aided in the utilization of gluten. Incorporating lipopeptide in cookie dough assisted in the production of cookies with improved textural and sensory properties. This study is a novel approach to the application of lipopeptide biosurfactant in gluten utilization for the development of cookies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Gut microbiome responses in the metabolism of human dietary components: Implications in health and homeostasis.

The gut microbiome and its link with human health and disease have gained a lot of attention recently. The microbiome executes its functions in the host by carrying out the transformation of dietary components and/or de novo synthesis of various essential nutrients. The presence of complex microbial communities makes it difficult to understand the host-microbiome interplay in the metabolism of dietary components. This review attempts to uncover the incredible role of the gut microbiome in the metabolism of dietary components, diet-microbiome interplay, and restoration of the microbiome. The in silico analysis performed in this study elucidates the functional description of essential/hub genes involved in the amino acid degradation pathway, which are mutually present in the host and its gut microbiome. Hence, the computational model helps comprehend the inter-and intracellular molecular networks between humans and their microbial partners.

Identification and characterization of the novel bioactive compounds from microalgae and cyanobacteria for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Microalgae and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are used as food by humans. They have gained a lot of attention in recent years because of their potential applications in biotechnology. Microalgae and cyanobacteria are good sources of many valuable compounds, including important biologically active compounds with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities. Under optimal growth condition and stress factors, algal biomass produce varieties of potential bioactive compounds. In the current review, bioactive compounds production and their remarkable applications such as pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications along with processes involved in identification and characterization of the novel bioactive compounds are discussed. Comprehensive knowledge about the exploration, extraction, screening, and trading of bioactive products from microalgae and cyanobacteria and their pharmaceutical and other applications will open up new avenues for drug discovery and bioprospecting.

A novel anti-infective molecule nesfactin identified from sponge associated bacteria Nesterenkonia sp. MSA31 against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Overuse of antibiotics coupled with biofilm-forming ability has led to the emergence of multi-drug P. aeruginosa strains worldwide. Quorum sensing is a bacterial cell-cell communication system that regulates the expression of genes, including virulence factors, through production of acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The phenotypic expression of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa is mediated by quorum sensing systems (las and rhl). In this study an anti-infective molecule produced by a marine actinomycetes Nesterenkonia sp. MSA31 was elucidated as lipopeptide by NMR and LC-MS/MS analysis. The new lipopeptide molecule was named Nesfactin. This molecule effectively inhibited virulence phenotypes including production of hemolysin, protease, lipase, phospholipase, esterase, elastase, rhamnolipid, alginate, and pyocyanin, as well as motility and biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa. The high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed that the lipopeptide (50 µg/mL) inhibited production of the AHLs produced by the las and rhl quorum sensing systems (3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL, respectively). Docking analysis showed the binding affinity of the ligand towards the quorum sensing receptor molecules. The confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed the anti-biofilm effect of lipopeptide against P. aeruginosa. Nesfactin based hydrogel showed a significant antibiofilm effect on the catheter. This study suggests that the lipopeptide may be an effective anti-virulence treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.

A gelatinized lipopeptide diet effectively modulates immune response, disease resistance and gut microbiome in Penaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Penaeus vannamei is one of the most economically vital shrimp globally, but infectious diseases have hampered its proper production and supply. As antibiotics pose a huge threat to the environment and humankind, it is essential to seek an alternative strategy to overcome infection and ensure proper culture and production. The present study investigates the effect of an anti-infective biosurfactant derivative lipopeptide MSA31 produced by a marine bacterium on the growth performance, disease resistance, and the gut microbiome of P. vannamei when challenged with pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus SF14. The shrimp were fed with a commercial and lipopeptide formulated diet for 60 days and the growth performance was analyzed. The lipopeptide fed shrimp group showed enhanced growth performance and specific growth rate with improved weight gain than the control group. The challenge experiment showed that the survival rate was significant in the lipopeptide fed group compared to the control group. The results revealed 100% mortality in the control group at the end of 12 h of challenge, while 50% of the lipopeptide diet-fed group survived 24 h, which indicates the enhanced disease resistance in shrimp fed with a lipopeptide diet. The test group also showed higher levels of digestive and immune enzymes, which suggests that the lipopeptide diet could positively modulate the digestive and immune activity of the shrimp. The gut microbiome profiling by Illumina high-throughput sequencing revealed that the most abundant genera in the lipopeptide diet-fed group were Adhaeribacter, Acidothermus, Brevibacillus, Candidatus, Mycobacterium, Rodopila, and Streptomyces, while opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Neisseria, Rhizobium, and Salmonella were abundant in the control diet-fed shrimp. Also, lipopeptide diet-fed shrimp were found to have a high abundance of ammonia and nitrogen oxidizing bacteria, which are essential pollutant degraders. Therefore, the study reveals that the dietary supplementation of lipopeptide in shrimp aquaculture could positively modulate the gut microbiome and enhance the shrimp's overall health and immunity in an eco-friendly manner.

Insights into the role of vaginal microbiome in women's health.

The vaginal microbiome is a complex and dynamic microecosystem that fluctuates continually throughout a woman's life. Lactobacillus, a bacterium that possesses antibacterial properties dominates a healthy vaginal microbiome. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal disorder that has been linked with the dysbiosis of normal vaginal microbiota. Despite the importance of vaginal microbiome, little is known about functions it performs especially, how it helps in protecting the female reproductive tract. This knowledge gap is a significant impediment to the development of effective and feasible clinical treatments that might be required to improve women's health. Thus, a deeper understanding of the functional aspects and not just the composition of vaginal microbiome may aid in improving the diagnostics and treatment strategies. Recent advancement in molecular methods and computational biology have allowed researchers to acquire more knowledge about the vaginal microbiome. The use of metagenomics (culture-independent high-throughput technology) and bioinformatics tools have improved our understanding of the vaginal microbiome. In this review, we have attempted to explore the factors that may alter normal vaginal microbiota homeostasis such as age, sexual behavior, ethnicity, and hygiene, and so forth. We also discuss the role of probiotics in restoring healthy vaginal microbiome.

Bacillus rugosus sp. nov. producer of a diketopiperazine antimicrobial, isolated from marine sponge Spongia officinalis L.

A novel Gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium assigned as strain SPB7T which is also a new source of a cyclic diketopiperazine (3S,6S)-3,6-diisobutylpiperazine-2,5-dione is described. A polyphasic (biochemical, phenotypic and genotypic) approach was used to clarify the taxonomic affiliation of this strain. The partial and complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain SPB7T is a member of the Bacillus genus [showing high similarity (> 98.70%) with Bacillus spizizenii NRRL B-23049T, Bacillus tequilensis KCTC 13622T, Bacillus inaquosorum KCTC 13429T and Bacillus cabrialesii TE3T]. The maximum values for average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (GGDC, Formula 2) of strain SPB7T was obtained for twenty-five strains of Bacillus spizizenii (ANI 95.01-95.48% and GGDC 62.70-60.00%). The whole-genome phylogenetic relationship showed that SPB7T formed an individual and separated clade with the Bacillus spizizenii group. Principal cellular fatty acids identified in strain SPB7T were anteiso C15:0, anteiso C17:0, iso C15:0, iso C17:0, C16:0, C10:0 3OH and iso C17:1 ϖ10c. Polar lipid profile showed presence of diphosphotidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unknown phospholipids and five unknown lipids. Cells were rod shaped, catalase, oxidase-positive and motile. Growth occurred at 20-45 °C (optimal 35 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimal pH 8) and 0-10% (w/v) NaCl (optimal 2%). The phenotypic, biochemical, and genotypic traits of strain SPB7T strongly supported its taxonomic affiliation as a novel species of the Bacillus genus, for which the name Bacillus rugosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SPB7T (= NRRL B-65559T, = CICC 24827T, = MCC 4185T).

Promising treatment strategies to combat Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections: an updated review.

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The formation of biofilm by this pathogen renders it resilient to antimicrobial agents, which complicates the treatment of such infections. S. aureus can form biofilms with other pathogens and cause polymicrobial infections recalcitrant to antimicrobial agents. Therefore, anti-biofilm agents against which this bacterium cannot develop resistance are a highly desirable treatment strategy. Nanoparticles and some non-antimicrobial drugs proposed for various clinical purposes have proven to be excellent antibacterial and anti-biofilm agents to control S. aureus biofilm infections. A variety of chemically distinct compounds capable of acting as anti-biofilm agents against S. aureus have been extracted from microbial sources. This review explains the characteristics of S. aureus biofilms, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of nanoparticles, repurposed drugs, and anti-biofilm agents from microbial sources to combat S. aureus biofilm infections.

Culture-dependent and metagenomic analysis of lesser horseshoe bats' gut microbiome revealing unique bacterial diversity and signatures of potential human pathogens.

Bats are highly diverse and ecologically important mammals. They harbor various bacteria, viruses, and fungal communities that are either beneficial or potentially pathogenic. Extensive metagenomic studies in bats are limited, particularly for the gut, and to date, there are no reports on the bacterial diversity of Rhinolophus monoceros from Meghalaya, India. There are limited studies on the isolation of potential harmful or beneficial bacteria and their interactions with the environment through culture-dependent approaches. Therefore, high-throughput screening was used to understand the population structure, genetic diversity, and ecological role of the microorganisms. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA marker for gene mapping showed that the gut samples constitute a diverse group of bacteria that is dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes. The bacterial genera Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium were also observed in the Illumina dataset. Illumina sequencing revealed eight bacterial phyla composed of 112 genera. The metagenomic analysis of the OTUs from the gut revealed diverse bacterial communities as well as zoonotic and human pathogens. There were differences in the bacterial communities between the two methods used in this study, which could be related to host specificity, diet, and habitat. The culture-dependent technique resulted in the isolation of 35 bacterial isolates, of which Bacillus cereus and B. anthracis are well-known bacterial pathogens that show virulent traits including hemolytic and proteolytic activities. Pseudomonas stutzeri is an opportunistic human pathogen that was also isolated and showed similar traits. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed on all 35 isolates, and different antibiotics were used for Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The result showed that some isolates are resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin G and Cefoxitin. This report on gut bacterial communities could attract interest in the possibility of isolating and characterizing bacteria for the production of antibiotics, enzymes, plant growth promoters, and probiotics. However, the presence of potential pathogenic bacteria that may impose health hazards cannot be ignored and needs to be studied further.

Emergence of a multi host biofilm forming opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus sciuri D26 in coral Favites abdita.

Corals are hotspots of ocean microbial diversity and imbalance in the composition of coral associated microbes has been mostly correlated with the emergence of climate change driven diseases which affect the overall stability of the reef ecosystem. Coral sampling was performed by SCUBA diving at Palk Bay (latitude 9.271580, longitude 79.132203) south Indian coast. Among the 54 bacterial isolates, an isolate MGL-D26 showed comparatively high biofilm formation and was identified as Staphylococcus sciuri based on phylogenetic analysis. The production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) confirmed the formation of a slimy EPS matrix associated with the biofilm. The biofilm formation in S. sciuri D26 was induced significantly by UV exposure followed by other stress factors including pollution, agitation, and salinity. The strain inhibited innate immune factors of corals such as melanin synthesis and phenoloxidase. Challenge experiments in a model organism Aiptasia sp. showed pathogenicity of S. sciuri. Histopathological analysis revealed tissue invasion by S. sciuri which was a predisposing factor leading to mortality in challenged Aiptasia sp. However, specific disease condition of corals infected by S. sciuri requires continuous field monitoring and further investigation. Based on the findings, S. sciuri was a first reported multi-host opportunistic pathogen which has emerged in corals under environmental stress.

Marine sponge-associated bacteria as a potential source for polyhydroxyalkanoates.

Marine sponges are filter feeding porous animals and usually harbor a remarkable array of microorganisms in their mesohyl tissues as transient and resident endosymbionts. The marine sponge-microbial interactions are highly complex and, in some cases, the relationships are thought to be truly symbiotic or mutualistic rather than temporary associations resulting from sponge filter-feeding activity. The marine sponge-associated bacteria are fascinating source for various biomolecules that are of potential interest to several biotechnological industries. In recent times, a particular attention has been devoted to bacterial biopolymer (polyesters) such as intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced by sponge-associated bacteria. Bacterial PHAs act as an internal reserve for carbon and energy and also are a tremendous alternative for fossil fuel-based polymers mainly due to their eco-friendliness. In addition, PHAs are produced when the microorganisms are under stressful conditions and this biopolymer synthesis might be exhibited as one of the survival mechanisms of sponge-associated or endosymbiotic bacteria which exist in a highly competitive and stressful sponge-mesohyl microenvironment. In this review, we have emphasized the industrial prospects of marine bacteria for the commercial production of PHAs and special importance has been given to marine sponge-associated bacteria as a potential resource for PHAs.

Rhamnolipid biosurfactants: evolutionary implications, applications and future prospects from untapped marine resource.

Rhamnolipid-biosurfactants are known to be produced by the genus Pseudomonas, however recent literature reported that rhamnolipids (RLs) are distributed among diverse microbial genera. To integrate the evolutionary implications of rhamnosyl transferase among various groups of microorganisms, a comprehensive comparative motif analysis was performed amongst bacterial producers. Findings on new RL-producing microorganism is helpful from a biotechnological perspective and to replace infective P. aeruginosa strains which ultimately ensure industrially safe production of RLs. Halotolerant biosurfactants are required for efficient bioremediation of marine oil spills. An insight on the exploitation of marine microbes as the potential source of RL biosurfactants is highlighted in the present review. An economic production process, solid-state fermentation using agro-industrial and industrial waste would increase the scope of biosurfactants commercialization. Potential and prospective applications of RL-biosurfactants including hydrocarbon bioremediation, heavy metal removal, antibiofilm activity/biofilm disruption and greener synthesis of nanoparticles are highlighted in this review.