Integrative metabolome and transcriptome profiling provide insights into elucidation of the synthetic mechanisms of phenolic compounds in Yunnan hulled wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King).

BACKGROUND: Yunnan hulled wheat grains (YHWs) have abundant phenolic compounds (PCs). However, a systematic elucidation of the phenolic characteristics and molecular basis in YHWs is currently lacking. The aim of the study, for the first time, was to conduct metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of YHWs at different developmental stages. RESULTS: A total of five phenolic metabolite classes (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, lignans and coumarins, and tannins) and 361 PCs were identified, with flavonoids and phenolic acids being the most abundant components. The relative abundance of the identified PCs showed a dynamic decreasing pattern with grain development, and the most significant differences in accumulation were between the enlargement and mature stage, which is consistent with the gene regulation patterns of the corresponding phenolic biosynthesis pathway. Through co-expression and co-network analysis, PAL, HCT, CCR, F3H, CHS, CHI and bZIP were identified and predicted as candidate key enzymes and transcription factors. CONCLUSION: The results broaden our understanding of PC accumulation in wheat whole grains, especially the differential transfer between immature and mature grains. The identified PCs and potential regulatory factors provide important information for future in-depth research on the biosynthesis of PCs and the improvement of wheat nutritional quality. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Enhanced 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in high COX-2 expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells by wogonin via the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Combination therapies may increase the antitumor effects and reduce the adverse effects for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, we determined the effects of 5-fluorouracil alone or in combination with wogonin in vitro and in vivo, and we investigated the possible mechanisms. The combination of these 2 drugs led to a decrease in survival and a significant synergistic inhibitory effect on high COX-2 expression in SMMC-7721 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Furthermore, the results show that this combination inhibits COX-2 expression and increases sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents partly through regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, the combination treatment caused a significant growth inhibition of human tumor xenografts in vivo. In conclusion, wogonin may increase the cytotoxicity of some antineoplastic agents and it can be used in combination with these agents as a novel therapeutic regimen for HCC treatment.

[Trapping array-based preparative two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the purification of four components in tobacco leaves].

Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has gained increased attention because of its high peak capacity for separating complex samples. However, preparative 2D-LC aimed at isolating compounds is significantly different compared with one-dimensional liquid chromatography (1D-LC) in terms of method development and system configuration; thus, it is less developed than its analytical counterpart. The use of 2D-LC in large-scale product preparation has rarely been reported. Hence, a preparative 2D-LC system was developed in this study. The system was composed of one set of preparative LC modules as a separation system, with a dilution pump, switch valves, and trap column array as the interface, to enable the simultaneous isolation of several compounds. Tobacco was used as a sample, and the developed system was applied to isolate nicotine, chlorogenic acid, rutin, and solanesol. The chromatographic conditions were developed by investigating the trapping efficiency of different types of trap column packings, and chromatographic behaviors under different overload conditions. The four compounds were isolated in one 2D-LC run with high purity. The developed system features low cost because it employs medium-pressure isolation, excellent automation owing to its use of an online column switch, high stability, and capability for large-scale production. The isolation of chemicals from tobacco leaves as pharmaceutical raw materials could aid in the development of the tobacco industry and promote the local agricultural economy.

Feature Sequencing Method of Industrial Control Data Set Based on Multidimensional Evaluation Parameters.

The industrial control data set has many features and large redundancy, which has a certain impact on the training speed and classification results of the neural network anomaly detection algorithm. However, features are independent of each other, and dimension reduction often increases the false positive rate and false negative rate. The feature sequencing algorithm can reduce this effect. In order to select the appropriate feature sequencing algorithm for different data sets, this paper proposes an adaptive feature sequencing method based on data set evaluation index parameters. Firstly, the evaluation index system is constructed by the basic information of the data set, the mathematical characteristics of the data set, and the association degree of the data set. Then, the selection model is obtained by the decision tree training with the data label and the evaluation index, and the suitable feature sequencing algorithm is selected. Experiments were conducted on 11 data sets, including Batadal data set, CICIDS 2017, and Mississippi data set. The sequenced data sets are classified by ResNet. The accuracy of the sequenced data sets increases by 2.568% on average in 30 generations, and the average time reduction per epoch is 24.143%. Experiments show that this method can effectively select the feature sequencing algorithm with the best comprehensive performance.

[Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Bioaerosol of Animal Farms].

Confined animal feeding operations generate high concentrations of airborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including pathogenic strains that may pose a health risk to both animals and farm workers and pollute the local air environment. In this study, tetracycline and erythromycin-resistant bacteria were used as examples to study the biodiversity and community structure of airborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal farms. The Anderson sampler was used to collect bioaerosols samples from the inside environment and outside atmospheric environments. A comparative analysis of biological differences of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was conducted on fine and coarse particles, bioaerosol samples inside the house, fecal samples, and inside and outside bioaerosol samples based on the result of the Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The key genus that drives the above differences was also studied. Results showed that the biodiversity of airborne erythromycin-resistant bacteria was higher than that of airborne tetracycline-resistant bacteria, and the biodiversity of bioaerosol samples in the house was higher than that in fecal samples. There were no significant differences in the biodiversity and community structure of airborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria between fine and coarse particles. Actinobacteria is one of the key bacteria responsible for the differences between erythromycin-resistant bacteria and other bacterial populations. Staphylococcus is one of the key genera of tetracycline-resistant flora that is distinguished from erythromycin resistance and all bacterial flora. The results of the community structure showed that there was no significant difference in the dominant flora and the community structure of tetracycline and erythromycin-resistant bacteria. The community structure of feces and bioaerosol samples is different at the genus level, and the dominant bacteria are likewise different. The results of this study provide basic data for the accurate assessment of the current status of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animal farms and their ecological risks.

Separation and Analysis of Sucrose Esters in Tobacco by Online Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.

In this work, a strategy of in-series combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and online LC-GC/MS was constructed for effective separation and analysis of sucrose esters in tobacco. Sucrose esters were first extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction with high efficiency and easyhandling. Online LC-GC/MS was then applied for sucrose ester clean-up and analysis. To better evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy, we limited our focus to five groups of sucrose ester isomers. Each group differed in mass from the next by 14 Da. The obtained coefficient of the calibration curve was 0.9986. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.05 and 0.16 µg/ mL, respectively. The recovery was above 90% and the reproducibility was below 4%. This strategy was subsequently applied to the comparison of relative amounts of five groups of sucrose esters extracted from three different parts of aromatic tobacco. The satisfactory performance indicated that this strategy has great prospect for the rapid and high-throughput analysis of sucrose esters in tobacco.

Determination of volatile compounds in Magnolia bark by microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A method is described for the determination of volatile compounds in Magnolia bark using microwave-assisted extraction coupled to headspace solid-phase microextraction (MAE-HS-SPME), followed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, such as sampling time and temperature, microwave irradiation power and desorption time, were investigated to achieve the optimal conditions. The result obtained was compared with that of steam distillation; only small differences existed between these two methods. Therefore, the proposed method seems to be a feasible and relatively simple, fast and solvent-free procedure for identification of essential oils in Magnolia bark.

Analysis of Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae volatiles by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

In this paper, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was applied to analyse the volatile compounds in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae. SPME parameters such as fibers, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time were investigated. Thirty-five volatile compounds were separated and identified. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.4%, showing that the method has a good reproducibility. The volatile constituents were also analyzed by steam distillation (SD) and thirty-seven compounds were identified. The similar results obtained by the two methods showed that SPME is a good alternative for the analysis of volatile constituents in Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae samples and it is a relatively simple, rapid and solvent-free method.