Bone responsiveness to parathyroid hormone is negatively associated with parathyroid hormone-lowering drug use in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts on bone to indirectly increase the number and activity of osteoclasts. Thus, PTH has a stimulatory effect on bone resorption and upregulates bone turnover. However, the responsiveness of bone to PTH varies widely among patients receiving dialysis. In fact, relative to the serum PTH level, the level of serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), a bone resorption marker derived from osteoclasts, varies as well. This study aimed to examine factors related to bone responsiveness to PTH in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: This study included patients receiving chronic HD in Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital (Kanagawa, Japan) and Yonaha Medical Clinic (Okinawa, Japan) and excluded patients who received HD for less than 6 months, those who received a combination of HD and peritoneal dialysis, and those who had cancer bone metastases or myeloma. The TRACP-5b/intact PTH (iPTH) ratio was created as an index of bone responsiveness to PTH, categorized into tertiles (low, medium, and high), and a cross-sectional study was conducted. P < 0.05 indicated statistically significant differences. RESULTS: One hundred and six patients were analyzed. Age (P = 0.010), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.003), use of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) agonists (P = 0.008), use of vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) (P = 0.012), plasma iPTH level (P < 0.001), serum 1,25(OH)2D level (P = 0.003), and serum TRACP-5b level (P < 0.001) were significantly different among the three categories. In the single linear regression analysis, age (P = 0.016), corrected serum calcium level (P = 0.007), and ln [1,25(OH)2D] (P = 0.044) showed a significant positive correlation with ln [TRACP-5b/iPTH], whereas BMI (P = 0.026), use of CaSR agonists (P = 0.001), use of VDRAs (P = 0.009), and serum phosphorus level (P = 0.018) showed a significant negative correlation. Upon conducting multiple linear regression analysis incorporating significant variables in the single linear regression analysis, a significant negative correlation was observed between the TRACP-5b/iPTH ratio and intravenous administration of a CaSR agonist (etelcalcetide) and/or a VDRA (calcitriol or maxacalcitol) in all the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Bone responsiveness to PTH is negatively correlated with the intravenous administration of a CaSR agonist and/or a VDRA in patients undergoing chronic HD.

Calciprotein particles regulate fibroblast growth factor-23 expression in osteoblasts.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a hormone indispensable for maintaining phosphate homeostasis. In response to phosphate intake, FGF23 is secreted from osteocytes/osteoblasts and acts on the kidney to increase urinary phosphate excretion. However, the mechanism by which these cells sense phosphate intake remains elusive. Calciprotein particles are nanoparticles of calcium-phosphate precipitates bound to serum protein fetuin-A and are generated spontaneously in solution containing calcium, phosphate, and fetuin-A to be dispersed as colloids. In cultured osteoblastic cells, increase in either calcium or phosphate concentration in the medium induced FGF23 expression, which was dependent on calciprotein particle formation. When transition of calcium-phosphate precipitates from the amorphous phase to the crystalline phase was blocked by bisphosphonate, the calciprotein particle size was reduced and FGF23 expression was augmented, suggesting that small calciprotein particles containing amorphous calcium-phosphate precipitates function as a more potent FGF23 inducer than larger calciprotein particles containing crystalline calcium-phosphate precipitates. In mice, bolus phosphate administration by oral gavage transiently increased circulating calciprotein particle levels followed by a modest increase in FGF23 expression and serum FGF23 levels. However, continuous dietary phosphate load induced robust and persistent increase in circulating calciprotein particles and FGF23 levels. We confirmed by in vivo imaging that calciprotein particles injected intravenously extravasated into the bone marrow and were deposited on the inner surface of the bone, indicating that these particles have direct access to osteoblasts. Thus, we propose that osteoblasts induce FGF23 expression and secretion when they sense an increase in extracellular calciprotein particles following phosphate ingestion.

Comprehensive analysis of DNA adducts (DNA adductome analysis) in the liver of rats treated with 1,4-dioxane.

1,4-Dioxane is a genotoxic carcinogen, and its mutagenic properties were recently observed in the liver of guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) delta transgenic rats. However, the mechanisms of its genotoxicity remain unclear. We analyzed DNA adduct formation in rat livers following 1,4-dioxane treatment. After administering 1,4-dioxane in drinking water at doses of 0, 20, 200, and 5,000 ppm, liver adduct formation was analyzed by DNA adductome analysis. Adducts in treated rat livers were dose-dependently increased compared with those in the control group. Principal component analysis-discriminant analysis (PCA-DA) clearly revealed two clusters of DNA adducts, associated with 0 ppm and low-dose (20 ppm) 1,4-dioxane-treatment versus middle- and high-dose (200, 5,000 ppm)-treated rats. After confirming the intensity of each adduct, three adducts were screened as characteristic of 1,4-dioxane treatment. Two of the three candidates contained thymine or cytidine/uracil moieties. Another candidate was identified as 8-oxo-dG based on mass fragmentation together with high-resolution accurate-mass (HRAM) mass spectrometry data. Oxidative stress responses may partly explain the mechanisms of increased mutations in the liver of gpt delta rats following 1,4-dioxane treatment.

The impact of preserved Klotho gene expression on antioxidative stress activity in healthy kidney.

Klotho, which was originally identified as an antiaging gene, forms a complex with fibroblast growth factor 23 receptor in the kidney, with subsequent signaling that regulates mineral metabolism. Other biological activities of Klotho, including antiaging effects such as protection from various types of cellular stress, have been shown; however, the precise mechanism of these effects of Klotho gene in the healthy human kidney is not well understood. In this study, we examined the relationships of Klotho and antioxidative stress gene expression levels in zero-hour biopsy specimens from 44 donors in kidney transplantation and verified them in animal models whose Klotho gene expression levels were varied. The nitrotyrosine expression level in the kidney was evaluated in these animal models. Expression levels of Klotho gene were positively correlated with the p53 gene and antioxidant enzyme genes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, peroxiredoxin 3 (PRDX3), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) but not clinical parameters such as age and renal function or pathological features such as glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis tubular atrophy. The expression levels of all genes were significantly higher in mice with Klotho overexpression than in wild-type mice, and those except for catalase, PRDX3, and GPX1 were significantly lower in Klotho-deficient mice than in wild-type littermate mice. Nitrotyrosine-positive bands of various sizes were observed in kidney from Klotho-deficient mice only. The preservation of Klotho gene expression might induce the antioxidative stress mechanism for homeostasis of healthy human kidney independently of its general condition, including age, renal function, and histological findings.

Influence of GSH S-transferase on the mutagenicity induced by dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloropropane.

It has been suggested that dichloromethane (DCM) and 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) are responsible for occupational cholangiocarcinoma. Dihaloalkanes are metabolically activated by GSH S-transferase theta1 (GSTT1) to yield products such as episulfonium ions. However, whether the GSTT1-mediated step of these dihaloalkanes is related to occupational cholangiocarcinoma is not known. In the present study, we investigated the influence of GSTT1 activation on the mutagenicity of DCM and 1,2-DCP using GSTT1-expressing Salmonella typhimurium TA100 (TA100-GST). Since the mutagenicity of DCM was significantly increased in TA100-GST compared with mock control (TA100-pCTC), GSTT1 is thought to be involved in the mutagenicity of DCM. Mutation spectrum analysis on the hisG gene revealed that C:G to A:T transversions were the predominant form observed in DCM-treated TA100-pCTC. However, C:G to T:A transitions were dramatically increased in TA100-GST. We also analysed the DCM-DNA adduct, N2-GSH-Me-dG, and formation of N2-GSH-Me-dG was increased in TA100-GST compared with TA100-pCTC. On the other hand, 1,2-DCP did not increase the numbers of revertants in TA100-GSTT1. In mutation spectrum analysis, C:G to T:A transitions was predominant in both TA100-pCTC and TA100-GSTT1. These findings suggest that GSTT1 has little involvement in DCP mutagenicity, and other mechanisms might be more important for bioactivation and consequent genotoxicity. Clarification of the mechanisms underlying the development of DCM- and/or 1,2-DCP-related human cholangiocarcinoma may help establish risk assessment and prevention strategies against occupational cancer.

Fibroblast growth factor 23 and Klotho: physiology and pathophysiology of an endocrine network of mineral metabolism.

The metabolically active and perpetually remodeling calcium phosphate-based endoskeleton in terrestrial vertebrates sets the demands on whole-organism calcium and phosphate homeostasis that involves multiple organs in terms of mineral flux and endocrine cross talk. The fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-Klotho endocrine networks epitomize the complexity of systems biology, and specifically, the FGF23-αKlotho axis highlights the concept of the skeleton holding the master switch of homeostasis rather than a passive target organ as hitherto conceived. Other than serving as a coreceptor for FGF23, αKlotho circulates as an endocrine substance with a multitude of effects. This review covers recent data on the physiological regulation and function of the complex FGF23-αKlotho network. Chronic kidney disease is a common pathophysiological state in which FGF23-αKlotho, a multiorgan endocrine network, is deranged in a self-amplifying vortex resulting in organ dysfunction of the utmost severity that contributes to its morbidity and mortality.

[Role of parathyroid hormone in Klotho-FGF23 system].

Klotho was originally identified as an anti-aging gene that accelerated aging when disrupted and extended life span when overexpressed in mice. The Klotho gene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein and is expressed in the kidney and parathyroid gland. Klotho protein functions as an obligate subunit of the receptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). FGF23 is a hormone secreted from osteocytes and osteoblasts and acts on renal tubular cells to promote phosphate excretion into the urine and suppress synthesis of active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3;1,25(OH)(2)D(3)). Decreased Klotho expression due to the kidney damage including CKD might increase the circulating level of FGF23 and trigger disturbed mineral-bone metabolism, leading to CKD-MBD. Characteristic features of CKD-MBD including hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, and decreased serum 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) can be explained by (mal) adaptation of the Klotho-FGF23 system, which also contributes to the pathophysiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). In addition to its function as a receptor for FGF23, the extracellular domain of Klotho is secreted by ectodomain shedding and functions as a humoral factor that regulates multiple ion channels and transporters. Thus, Klotho has emerged as a key regulator of mineral metabolism in health and disease.

Identification of amino acid residues in the ligand-binding domain of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor causing the species-specific response to omeprazole: possible determinants for binding putative endogenous ligands.

Omeprazole (OME) induces the expression of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP1A1, via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) both in vivo and in vitro. However, the precise mechanism of OME-mediated AhR activation is still under investigation. While elucidating species-specific susceptibility to dioxin, we found that OME-mediated AhR activation was mammalian species specific. Moreover, we previously reported that OME has inhibitory activity toward CYP1A1 enzymes. From these observations, we speculated that OME-mediated AhR target gene transcription is due to AhR activation by increasing amounts of putative AhR ligands in serum by inhibition of CYP1A1 activity. We compared the amino acid sequences of OME-sensitive rabbit AhR and nonsensitive mouse AhR to identify the residues responsible for the species-specific response. Chimeric AhRs were constructed by exchanging domains between mouse and rabbit AhRs to define the region required for the response to OME. OME-mediated transactivation was observed only with the chimeric AhR that included the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the rabbit AhR. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed three amino acids (M328, T353, and F367) in the rabbit AhR that were responsible for OME-mediated transactivation. Replacing these residues with those of the mouse AhR abolished the response of the rabbit AhR. In contrast, substitutions of these amino acids with those of the rabbit AhR altered nonsensitive mouse AhR to become sensitive to OME. These results suggest that OME-mediated AhR activation requires a specific structure within LBD that is probably essential for binding with enigmatic endogenous ligands.

Microbial metabolites of omeprazole activate murine aryl hydrocarbon receptor in vitro and in vivo.

Omeprazole (OME), a proton pump inhibitor used to treat gastritis, is also an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activator. OME activates AhR in human hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, but not in mice in vivo or in vitro. We recently discovered that this species-specific difference results from a difference in a few amino acids in the ligand-binding domain of AhR. However, OME activates both mouse and human AhRs in the yeast reporter assay system. Nevertheless, the cause of this discrepancy in OME responses remains unknown. Here, we report that CYP1A1 mRNA expression in mouse cecum was elevated after OME administration, although the mouse is regarded as an OME-unresponsive animal. Using the yeast reporter assay system with human and murine AhRs, we found AhR agonist-like activity in the cecal extracts of OME-treated mice. We speculated that OME metabolites produced by cecal bacteria might activate murine AhRs in vivo. In high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, AhR agonist-like activity of cecal bacterial culture and cecal extracts were detected at the same retention time. AhR agonist-like activity was also detected in the HPLC fractions of yeast culture media containing OME. This unknown substance could induce reporter gene expression via mouse and human AhRs. The agonist-like activity of the OME metabolite was reduced by concomitant α-naphthoflavone exposure. These results indicate that a yeast-generated OME metabolite elicited the response of mouse AhR to OME in the yeast system, and that bacterial OME metabolites may act as AhR ligands in human and mouse intestines.

Abortion in AhR-knockout mice and fetomaternal immunity.

AhR knockout mice are not completely infertile; however, they do experience decreased litter sizes after repeated pregnancies. This study revealed that the decrease in the number of live births is partly due to fetal deaths leading to miscarriages. Interestingly, fetal mortality was found to be linked only to maternal AhR gene defects and not the fetal genotype. Furthermore, we observed no significant changes in litter sizes in allogenic pregnancy, where AhR-KO female mice were crossed with ICR male mice. The results indicated that the absence of AhR in the dams affected the expression of immune tolerance-related genes in both the placenta and fetus. Specifically, FoxP3 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) mRNA levels were lower in the placentas of AhR-KO dams than in those of wild-type dams. Moreover, there were elevated levels of IL-1ß and IFN-γ mRNA in the placentas of the AhR-KO dams, which indicated increased inflammation. However, the mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IDO1 were low despite the elevated mRNA levels of IL-1ß and IFN-γ, which may be because AhR is directly involved in IL-6 and IDO1 transcription. These findings imply that in AhR-KO mice, fetal death may be attributed to the disturbance of fetal-maternal immune tolerance as a result of increased inflammation and reduced IDO1 and FoxP3 mRNA levels.

Attenuation of Bone Mineral Density Decline During Anemia Treatment With Methenolone Acetate in Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

In an aging society, addressing the risks and management of osteoporotic fractures is critical to reduce mortality. Similarly, the morbidity of chronic kidney disease and myelodysplastic syndrome increases with aging. The association between chronic kidney disease and fractures is well understood; however, recent reports have indicated an increased risk of incident osteoporosis in patients with prevalent myelodysplastic syndrome. In this case report, we present an older man with stage 4 chronic kidney disease complicated by myelodysplastic syndrome and progressive decline in bone mineral density. He was treated with methenolone acetate and darbepoetin for anemia caused by myelodysplastic syndrome. During anemia treatment, the decline in bone mineral density was attenuated overtime. The case findings suggest the potential association between the use of methenolone acetate as a synthetic anabolic steroid and attenuated decline in bone mineral density.

ASC-associated inflammation promotes cecal tumorigenesis in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mice.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a suppressive role in cecal carcinogenesis by CUL4B/AhR-mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of ß-catenin, which is activated by xenobiotics and natural ligands. AhR-deficient (AhR(-)(/-)) mice develop cecal tumors with severe inflammation. To elucidate whether the tumors develop autonomously in AhR(-/-) mice due to impaired ß-catenin degradation or in association with accelerated inflammation, we performed two kinds of experiments using germ-free (GF) AhR(-/-) mice and compound mutant mice lacking genes for AhR and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), which plays an essential role in caspase-1 activation in inflammasomes. Both GF AhR(-/-) and AhR(-/-)•ASC(-/-) mice showed considerably reduced tumor development compared with that in AhR(-/-) mice albeit in a 'cancer-prone' state with aberrant ß-catenin accumulation. Blocking of the interleukin (IL)-1ß signaling pathway by treatment with a caspase-1 inhibitor, YVAD, reduced cecal tumorigenesis in AhR(-/-) mice. Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation was detected in the cecal epithelium of the AhR(-/-) mice due to enhanced IL-6 production. An inhibitor of the STAT3 signaling pathway, AG490 suppressed the tumor formation. ASC-mediated inflammation was also found to play a critical role in tumor development in Apc(Min/+) mice, a mouse model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Collectively, these results revealed an important role of the bacteria-triggered or ASC-mediated inflammation signaling pathway in the intestinal tumorigenesis of mice and suggest a possible chemical therapeutic intervention, including AhR ligands and inhibitors of the inflammation pathway.

Promoter methylation confers kidney-specific expression of the Klotho gene.

The aging suppressor geneKlotho is predominantly expressed in the kidney irrespective of species. Because Klotho protein is an essential component of an endocrine axis that regulates renal phosphate handling, the kidney-specific expression is biologically relevant; however, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Here we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that promoter methylation restricts the expression of the Klotho gene in the kidney. Based on evolutionary conservation and histone methylation patterns, the region up to -1200 bp was defined as a major promoter element of the human Klotho gene. This region displayed promoter activity equally in Klotho-expressing and -nonexpressing cells in transient reporter assays, but the activity was reduced to ∼20% when the constructs were integrated into the chromatin in the latter. Both endogenous and transfected Klotho promoters were 30-40% methylated in Klotho-nonexpressing cells, but unmethylated in Klotho-expressing renal tubular cells. DNA demethylating agents increased Klotho expression 1.5- to 3.0-fold in nonexpressing cells and restored the activity of silenced reporter constructs. Finally, we demonstrated that a severe hypomorphic allele of Klotho had aberrant CpG methylation in kl/kl mice. These findings might be useful in therapeutic intervention for accelerated aging and several complications caused by Klotho down-regulation.

Dioxin suppresses benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutations and DNA adduct formation through cytochrome P450 1A1 induction and (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide inactivation in human hepatoma cells.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and forms DNA adduct leading to mutations. Cytochrome P450 1A1 plays a central role in this activation step, and this enzyme is strongly induced by chemical agents that bind to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is also known as a dioxin receptor. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent AhR ligand has not been shown to form any DNA adduct, but has a possibility to aggravate the toxicity of precarcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons through the induction of metabolic enzymes. We treated human hepatoma cells (HepG2) with TCDD, and subsequently exposed them to BaP to elucidate the synergistic effects on mutations. Surprisingly, mutant frequency induced by BaP at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus was decreased by pretreatment with TCDD. In correlation with decrease in the mutant frequencies, BaP-DNA adduct formation was also decreased by TCDD pretreatment. This suppressive effect of TCDD was more potent when the cells were exposed to (±)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE), a reactive metabolic intermediate of BaP. Among the enzymes catalyzing BaP oxidation and conjugation, cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, 3A4 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 mRNAs were induced by the exposure to TCDD. In cytochrome P450 1A1-deficient murine cells and cytochrome P450 1A1-uninducible human cells, TCDD could not suppress BPDE-DNA adduct formation. Further experiments using "Tet-On" cytochrome P450 1A1-overexpressing cells and a recombinant cytochrome P450 1A1 enzyme demonstrated that this is the key enzyme involved in the biotransformation of BaP, that is, both production and inactivation of BPDE. We conclude that TCDD-induced cytochrome P450 catalyzes the metabolism of BPDE to as yet-unidentified products that are not apparently DNA-reactive, thereby reducing mutations in hepatoma cells.

Correlative light and electron microscopic observation of calcium phosphate particles in a mouse kidney formed under a high-phosphate diet.

Calcium phosphate forms particles under excessive urinary excretion of phosphate in the kidney. While the formation of calcium phosphate particles (CaPs) has been implicated in the damage to renal tubular cells and renal dysfunction, clarifying the ultrastructural information and the elemental composition of the small CaPs in the wide areas of kidney tissue has been technically difficult. This study introduces correlative and sequential light as well as electron microscopic CaP observation in the kidney tissue by combining fluorescent staining for CaPs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on resin sections prepared using high-pressure freezing and freeze substitution. CaPs formed in mouse kidneys under long-term feeding of a high-phosphate diet were clearly visualized on resin sections by fluorescence-conjugated alendronate derivatives and toluidine blue metachromasia. These CaPs were verified by correlative observation with EDS. Furthermore, small CaPs formed in the kidney under short-term feeding were detected using fluorescent probes. The elemental composition of the particles, including calcium and magnesium, was identified following EDS analyses. These results suggest that the correlative microscopy approach is helpful for observing in situ distribution and elemental composition of CaPs in the kidney and contributing to studies regarding CaP formation-associated pathophysiology.

Removal of calciprotein particles from the blood using an adsorption column improves prognosis of hemodialysis miniature pigs.

Hyperphosphatemia is a major risk for poor prognosis in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, the molecular mechanism behind this link remains elusive. We and others have demonstrated that serum phosphorus levels correlate positively with circulating levels of calciprotein particles (CPPs). CPPs are colloidal mineral-protein complexes containing insoluble calcium-phosphate precipitates and have been reported to induce calcification in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory responses in cultured macrophages. Hence, we hypothesize that CPPs may be responsible for disorders associated with hyperphosphatemia. Using hyperphosphatemic miniature pigs receiving hemodialysis, here we show that removal of CPPs from the blood with a newly developed CPP adsorption column improves survival and alleviates complications including coronary artery calcification, vascular endothelial dysfunction, metastatic pulmonary calcification, left ventricular hypertrophy, and chronic inflammation. The present study identifies CPPs as an effective therapeutic target and justifies clinical trials to determine whether the CPP adsorption column may be useful as a medical device for improving clinical outcomes of hemodialysis patients.

Klotho inhibits transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice.

Fibrosis is a pathological process characterized by infiltration and proliferation of mesenchymal cells in interstitial space. A substantial portion of these cells is derived from residing non-epithelial and/or epithelial cells that have acquired the ability to migrate and proliferate. The mesenchymal transition is also observed in cancer cells to confer the ability to metastasize. Here, we show that renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction and metastasis of human cancer xenografts are suppressed by administration of secreted Klotho protein to mice. Klotho is a single-pass transmembrane protein expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells. The extracellular domain of Klotho is secreted by ectodomain shedding. Secreted Klotho protein directly binds to the type-II TGF-ß receptor and inhibits TGF-ß1 binding to cell surface receptors, thereby inhibiting TGF-ß1 signaling. Klotho suppresses TGF-ß1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) responses in cultured cells, including decreased epithelial marker expression, increased mesenchymal marker expression, and/or increased cell migration. In addition to TGF-ß1 signaling, secreted Klotho has been shown to inhibit Wnt and IGF-1 signaling that can promote EMT. These results have raised the possibility that secreted Klotho may function as an endogenous anti-EMT factor by inhibiting multiple growth factor signaling pathways simultaneously.

The relationship between the soluble Klotho protein and the residual renal function among peritoneal dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Klotho has been investigated as an anti-aging protein that is predominantly expressed in the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys and in the choroid plexus of the brain. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between the soluble form of Klotho and renal function in chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, a relationship which remains poorly understood. METHODS: The soluble Klotho levels in the serum, urine, and peritoneal dialysate obtained from thirty-six PD patients were determined by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. RESULTS: The amount of urinary excreted soluble Klotho over 24 h ranged from 1.54 to 1774.4 ng/day (median 303.2 ng/day; interquartile range [IR] 84.1-498.5), while the serum soluble Klotho concentration ranged from 194.4 to 990.4 pg/ml (mean 553.7 ± 210.4 pg/ml). The amount of urinary Klotho excretion was significantly correlated with residual renal function. However, there was no apparent correlation between the serum soluble Klotho levels and the residual renal function. Klotho was also detected in the 24-h dialysate collections. There was a significant correlation between the peritoneal Klotho excretion and the amount of albumin contained in the dialysate collections (r = 0.798, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The total amount of urinary excreted Klotho, but not the serum level of soluble Klotho, may be a potential biomarker for assessing the residual renal function among PD patients. Whether our findings are also valid for chronic kidney disease patients overall should therefore be evaluated in greater detail.