Summative Objective Structured Clinical Examination Assessment at the End of Anesthesia Residency for Perioperative Ultrasound.

While standardized examinations and data from simulators and phantom models can assess knowledge and manual skills for ultrasound, an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) could assess workflow understanding. We recruited 8 experts to develop an OSCE to assess workflow understanding in perioperative ultrasound. The experts used a binary grading system to score 19 graduating anesthesia residents at 6 stations. Overall average performance was 86.2%, and 3 stations had an acceptable internal reliability (Kuder-Richardson formula 20 coefficient >0.5). After refinement, this OSCE can be combined with standardized examinations and data from simulators and phantom models to assess proficiency in ultrasound.

Assessment of Perioperative Ultrasound Workflow Understanding: A Consensus.

OBJECTIVES: Understanding of the workflow of perioperative ultrasound (US) examination is an integral component of proficiency. Workflow consists of the practical steps prior to executing an US examination (eg, equipment operation). Whereas other proficiency components (ie, cognitive knowledge and manual dexterity) can be tested, workflow understanding is difficult to define and assess due to its contextual and institution-specific nature. The objective was to define the workflow components of specific perioperative US applications using an iterative process to reach a consensus opinion. DESIGN: Expert consensus, survey study. SETTING: Tertiary university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: This study sought expert consensus among a focus group of 9 members of an anesthesia department with experience in perioperative US. Afterward, 257 anesthesia faculty members from 133 academic centers across the United States were surveyed. INTERVENTIONS: A preliminary list of tasks was designed to establish the expectations of workflow understanding by an anesthesiology resident prior to clinical exposure to perioperative US. This list was modified by a focus group through an iterative process. Afterwards, a survey was sent to faculty members nationwide, and Likert scale ratings for each task were obtained and reviewed during a second round. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Consensus among members of the focus group was reached after 2 iterations. 72 participants responded to the nationwide survey (28%), and consensus was reached after the second round (Cronbach's α = 0.99, ICC = 0.99) on a final list of 46 workflow-related tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Specific components of perioperative US workflow were identified. Evaluation of workflow understanding may be combined with cognitive knowledge and manual dexterity testing for assessing proficiency in perioperative US.

Confirmation of Erector Spinae Plane Block Analgesia for 3 Distinct Scenarios: A Case Report.

Analgesia for many open thoracic and abdominal procedures has traditionally been accomplished through neuraxial techniques or paravertebral blocks. Erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks purport effective analgesia over a similar anatomical distribution with a more favorable side effect profile and complication rate than epidurals. However, the extent of clinical applicability for ESP blocks has yet to be elucidated. In this case series, we demonstrate the efficacy of ESP blocks for 3 distinct etiologies of acute pain: planned perioperative analgesia, rescue postoperative analgesia, and traumatic pain.

Improving Clinical Proficiency Using a 3-Dimensionally Printed and Patient-Specific Thoracic Spine Model as a Haptic Task Trainer.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Advanced haptic simulators for neuraxial training are expensive, have a finite life, and are not patient specific. We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a custom-made, low-cost, 3-dimensionally printed thoracic spine simulator model from patient computed tomographic scan data. This study assessed the model's practicality, efficiency as a teaching tool, and the transfer of skill set into patient care. METHODS: A high-fidelity, patient-specific thoracic spine model was used for the study. Thirteen residents underwent a 1-hour 30-minute training session prior to performing thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) on patients. We observed another group of 14 residents who were exposed to the traditional method of training during their regional anesthesia rotation for thoracic epidural placement. The TEA was placed for patients under the supervision of attending anesthesiologists, who were blinded to the composition of the study and control groups. As a primary outcome, data were collected on successful TEAs, which was defined as a TEA that provided full relief of sensation across the entire surgical area as assessed by both a pinprick and temperature test. Secondary outcomes included whether any assistance from the attending physician was required and failed epidurals. RESULTS: A total of 27 residents completed the study (14 in the traditional training, 13 in the study group). We found that the residents who underwent training with the simulator had a significantly higher success rate (11 vs 4 successful epidural attempts, P = 0.002) as compared with the traditional training group. The control group also required significantly more assistance from the supervising anesthesiologist compared with the study group (5 vs 1 attempt requiring guidance). The number needed to treat (NNT) for the traditional training group was 1.58 patients over the study period with a 95% confidence interval of 1.55 to 1.61. CONCLUSIONS: By using patient-specific, 3-dimensionally printed, thoracic spine models, we demonstrated a significant improvement in clinical proficiency as compared with traditional teaching models.

Recognition of a Thoracic Epidural Hematoma in the Setting of Transient Paralysis: A Case Report.

A 71-year-old woman on aspirin presented for a distal pancreatectomy, splenectomy, and partial colectomy with a T8/9 epidural catheter placed preoperatively in 3 attempts. Prophylactic 5000 units of subcutaneous heparin were given before the procedure. After catheter removal on postoperative day 2, the patient developed transient bilateral lower extremity paralysis, with near complete recovery within 30 minutes. An urgent MRI revealed a T4-T8 epidural hematoma prompting an emergent T3-T8 laminectomy. This case presentation highlights the need for heightened awareness regarding complications related to neuraxial analgesia in patients receiving unfractionated heparin for thromboembolism prophylaxis with concurrent aspirin use.

Use of 3-Dimensional Printing to Create Patient-Specific Thoracic Spine Models as Task Trainers.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Thoracic epidural anesthesia is a technically challenging procedure with a high failure rate of 24% to 32% nationwide. Residents in anesthesiology have limited opportunities to practice this technique adequately, and there are no training tools available for this purpose. Our objective was to build a low-cost patient-specific thoracic epidural training model. METHODS: We obtained thoracic computed tomography scan data from patients with normal and kyphotic spine. The thoracic spine was segmented from the scan, and a 3-dimensional model of the spine was generated and printed. It was then placed in a customized wooden box and filled with different types of silicone to mimic human tissues. Attending physicians in our institution then tested the final model. They were asked to fill out a brief questionnaire after the identification of the landmarks and epidural space using ultrasound and real-time performance for a thoracic epidural on the model (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/AAP/A197). Likert scoring system was used for scoring. RESULTS: The time to develop this simulator model took less than 4 days, and the materials cost approximately $400. Fourteen physicians tested the model for determining the realistic sensation while palpating the spinous process, needle entry through the silicone, the "pop" sensation and ultrasound fidelity of the model. Whereas the tactile fidelity scores were "neutral" (3.08, 3.06, and 3.0, respectively), the ultrasound guidance and overall suitability for residents were highly rated as being the most realistic (4.85 and 4.0, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to develop homemade, low-cost, patient-specific, and high-fidelity ultrasound guidance simulators for resident training in thoracic epidurals using 3-dimensional printing technology.

Combined Epidural-General Anesthesia vs General Anesthesia Alone for Elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair.

Importance: Epidural analgesia (EA) is used as an adjunct procedure for postoperative pain control during elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. In addition to analgesia, modulatory effects of EA on spinal sympathetic outflow result in improved organ perfusion with reduced complications. Reductions in postoperative complications lead to shorter convalescence and possibly improved 30-day survival. However, the effect of EA on long-term survival when used as an adjunct to general anesthesia (GA) during elective AAA surgery is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the association between combined EA-GA vs GA alone and long-term survival and postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective, open AAA repair. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed. Patients undergoing elective AAA repair between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2011, were identified within the Vascular Society Group of New England (VSGNE) database. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival. Cox proportional hazards regression models and multivariable logistic regression models assessed the independent association of EA-GA use with postoperative mortality and morbidity, respectively. Data analysis was conducted from March 15, 2015, to September 2, 2015. Interventions: Combined EA-GA. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality. Secondary end points included postoperative bowel ischemia, respiratory complications, myocardial infarction, dialysis requirement, wound complications, and need for surgical reintervention within 30 days of surgery. Results: A total of 1540 patients underwent elective AAA repair during the study period. Of these, 410 patients (26.6%) were women and the median (interquartile range) age was 71 (64-76) years; 980 individuals (63.6%) received EA-GA. Patients in the 2 groups were comparable in terms of age, comorbidities, and suprarenal clamp location. At 5 years, the Kaplan-Meier-estimated overall survival rates were 74% (95% CI, 72%-76%) and 65% (95% CI, 62%-68%) in the EA-GA and GA-alone groups, respectively (P < .01). In adjusted analyses, EA-GA use was associated with significantly lower hazards of mortality compared with GA alone (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57-0.92; P = .01). Patients receiving EA-GA also had lower odds of 30-day surgical reintervention (odds ratio [OR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.94; P = .02) as well as postoperative bowel ischemia (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.94; P = .03), pulmonary complications (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.95; P = .03), and dialysis requirements (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.88; P = .02). No significant differences were noted for the odds of wound (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.38-1.44; P = .51) and cardiac (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.59-1.78; P = .82) complications. Conclusions and Relevance: Combined EA-GA was associated with improved survival and significantly lower HRs and ORs for mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing elective AAA repair. The survival benefit may be attributable to reduced immediate postoperative adverse events. Based on these findings, EA-GA should be strongly considered in suitable patients.

Preemptive ultrasound-guided paravertebral block and immediate postoperative lung function.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of preemptive ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block versus intercostal block on postoperative respiratory function and pain control in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. SUBJECTS: 50 consecutive patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. METHOD: A prospective cohort of patients who received either ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block immediately before the procedure or intercostal block placed by the surgeon at the end of the procedure were studied. Pulmonary function was assessed before surgery and 4 h postoperatively. Pain was assessed with the visual analog scale at 2 and 4 h after surgery both at rest and on coughing. RESULTS: 30 patients on the paravertebral block group and 20 on the intercostal block group were studied. Forced vital capacity (p < 0.001), forced expiratory volume at 1 s (p < 0.001) and forced expiratory flow 25-75% (p = 0.001) were significantly higher at 4 h with paravertebral block compared to the intercostal block group. The visual analog score for pain was significantly improved with paravertebral block at rest (p < 0.05) and with cough (p = 0.00). Perioperative narcotic use was significantly reduced with paravertebral block in comparison to intercostal block (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: When compared to intercostal blocks, ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block appears to preserve lung function and provide better pain control in the immediate postoperative period after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.