The experience of 100 cases of 8K/two-dimensional laparoscopic colorectal surgery - The evaluation of 8K/two-dimensional laparoscopy and how to use it.

Background: The resolution of 8K ultra-high-definition imaging technology (7680 × 4320 pixels) is 16-fold higher than the current high-definition technology (1920 × 1080 pixels). 8K/two-dimensional (2D) laparoscopy was clinically available in 2014, but few reports concerning its application have been published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriate methods of usage and problems learned from clinical use of 8K/2D laparoscopy. Subjects and Methods: The patients were 100 colorectal surgery patients who underwent 8K/2D laparoscopy at Asahikawa Medical University Hospital between November 2018 and March 2021. We evaluated the effectiveness, operating conditions, methods and issues of 8K/2D laparoscopy. Results: The median age was 68.5 years. The primary disease was malignancy of the left side of the colon and rectum in 92 patients. The right-sided colectomy was performed in five cases, total proctocolectomy of ulcerative colitis was performed in 3 cases. The proper application of 8K/2D laparoscopy can be achieved by adhering to certain tips, such as darkening the operation room and keeping an appropriate distance from the monitor. Regarding intraoperative complications caused by the 8K/2D laparoscope, skin burns due to heat from the tip of the laparoscope were observed in one patient. There were no cases of complications due to the 8K/2D laparoscopy. Conclusion: 8K/2D laparoscopy can be used safely in colorectal surgery. There are still some tips for proper use, such as keeping an appropriate distance to the monitor and darkening the room. However, 8K/2D laparoscopy can provide delicate images and can be used without any operational problems.

A comparison of laparoscopic procedures performed by novice medical students using 8K ultra-high-definition/two-dimensional and 2K high-definition/three-dimensional monitors.

PURPOSE: 8K Ultra-high-definition (UHD) imaging has been developed in accordance with the progression of imaging technologies. We evaluated laparoscopic procedures performed by novice medical students using 2K/two-dimensional (2D), 2K/three-dimensional (3D) and 8K/2D monitors, with a particular focus on depth perception. METHODS: Nine medical students were enrolled. They performed two tasks using 2K/2D, 2K/3D and 8K/2D monitors. In Task 1, they were asked to grasp three metal rods with forceps using each hand. In Task 2, they were asked to grasp a metal rod with forceps held in the right hand, pass the metal rod through a metal ring and transfer it to their left hand. RESULTS: In Task 1, when performed with the dominant hand, the procedures performed using 2K/3D took a significantly shorter time than those performed using 8K/2D (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference among the three groups in the time required for procedures performed by the non-dominant hand. In Task 2, the procedure time with 2K/2D was significantly longer than that with 2K/3D or 8K/2D (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: 2K/3D showed superior utility to 8K/2D for performing forceps procedures using the dominant hand. However, when the movement of both hands was coordinated ("bi-hand coordination"), the laparoscopic procedures were performed almost as deftly with 8K/2D and 2K/3D.

Initial perfusate purification during subnormothermic machine perfusion for porcine liver donated after cardiac death.

Improvement of machine perfusion (MP) technologies is required to enhance organ quality for donor after cardiac death (DCD) grafts. Installing a dialyzer or a filter into the perfusion circuit to maintain the perfusate condition has some advantages. However, the consequences of purification perfusate during subnormothermic machine perfusion (SNMP) remain unexplained. In this study, the effects of initial purification perfusate with simple method of replacing the first 0.5-L perfusate during SNMP were investigated to consider installation effect of the filter or the dialyzer. Porcine liver grafts, which have 60-min warm ischemia time, were procured to imitate the DCD graft condition. Purified SNMP (PSNMP) results were compared with simple cold storage and conventional SNMP. In PSNMP, initial perfusate of 0.5 L was removed to substitute for purification. After preservation process, the preserved grafts were reperfused with diluted autologous blood for 2 h under normothermic machine perfusion condition to evaluate the liver function using an isolated reperfusion model. The vascular pressures, enzyme release rates and the metabolic indexes during reperfusion were analyzed. The pressures in the hepatic artery after reperfusion 60 min were significantly lower in PSNMP group compared with cold storage (CS) and SNMP groups. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly lower after PSNMP than after the CS or SNMP. Also, the metabolic indexes of hyaluronic acid and lactate were significantly decreased by purifying the perfusate in MP preservation than in CS or SNMP. The effectiveness of initial purification perfusate during SNMP was investigated.

Postoperative small intestinal obstruction caused by barbed suture after robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.

Introduction: We present a case of small intestinal obstruction due to a barbed suture used for peritoneal closure during robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy. Case presentation: A female patient with pelvic organ prolapse underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy uneventfully. Intestinal obstruction developed on postoperative Day 4. Conservative treatment with the ileus tube failed to improve abdominal symptoms. The laparoscopic examination on postoperative Day 14 revealed the barbed suture entangled with the small intestinal mesentery. The tail of the barbed suture was laparoscopically detached from the mesentery without damaging the small intestine. The tail of the barbed suture was trimmed; an antiadhesive material was applied to the peritoneal closure line and the trimmed tail of the barbed suture. Conclusion: We recommend the use of conventional absorbable sutures in the peritoneal cavity because of the potential risk of intestinal obstruction caused by the barbed suture.

[Prognostic factors affecting the surgical treatment of metastatic lung tumor from colorectal cancer].

For aging, people having malignant disease are increasing. And surgical resection is an important part in the treatment of pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer. We analyzed the treatment outcome and prognostic factors affecting survival in our subset of patients. We have experienced 64 operations of metastatic lung tumors from colorectal cancer for 23 years since January 1988. Various factors affecting prognosis are studied based on 5-year survival in this report. Overall 5-year survival rate was 38.7%. The disease-free intervals more than 2 years, a solitary metastatic pulmonary lesion and the serum level of prethoracotomy carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were significantly affecting factors on the prognosis. Furthermore, sequential study for 23 years couldn't demonstrate the prognostic improvement by the advance of the thoracoscopic technology or the development of the new anti-cancer drugs, though the treatment of patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer continues to evolve. The role of pulmonary metastasectomy is very important to reduce the volume of metastatic lesions for the better prognosis.

A case of percutaneous transhepatic stomal varices embolization and partial splenic artery embolization for rectal cancer after CAPOX/BEV chemotherapy: the summary of the stomal varices related to oxaliplatin administration.

Capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) plus bevacizumab (BEV) therapy (CAPOX/BEV) is a standard treatment recommended as the first-line treatment for colorectal cancer recurrence. Recently, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) and resulting portal hypertension have been reported as important side effects of oxaliplatin. We herein report a rectal cancer patient who underwent percutaneous transhepatic stoma variceal embolization (PTO) and partial splenic artery embolization (PSE) for stomal variceal bleeding and splenomegaly due to portal hypertension caused by SOS after CAPOX therapy. A 43-year-old man who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for advanced lower rectal cancer was started on CAPOX/BEV therapy for early recurrence 1 month after surgery. In the sixth course, splenomegaly rapidly worsened, stomal varices appeared, and the stoma began bleeding. At 5 months after the appearance of stomal varices, the splenomegaly worsened, the frequency of stomal bleeding increased, and PTO was performed. Five months later, PSE was performed for splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia. At 5 months since the PSE, the stoma bleeding has not recurred, and the thrombocytopenia has been corrected. The patient has been able to continue chemotherapy. We suggest that staged treatment by PTO and PSE be considered an important treatment option for stomal varices and splenomegaly associated with SOS.

Machine perfusion preservation with hemoglobin based oxygen vesicles alleviate ultrastructural damages in porcine liver donated after cardiac death.

Midthermic machine perfusion (MMP) of post-circulatory arrest donor liver grafts has the advantage of preserving the functional ultrastructure of hepatocytes in donor grafts. It was reported that oxygenation during MMP reduces portal venous resistance and increases bile production. The MMP with hemoglobin-based oxygen vesicles (HbV) keeps the lower aspartate aminotransferase level (an indicator of liver injury) and maintains the functional ultrastructure of mitochondria in the hepatocytes. To evaluated differences of ultrastructural damages in donor livers between the MMP with and without HbV, porcine liver grafts after 60 min of warm ischemia were perfused at 22°C for 4 h with or without HbV, and a part of liver grafts were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and osmium-maceration scanning electron microscopy (OM-SEM). The remaining grafts were perfused with autologous blood at 38°C for 2 h in an isolated liver reperfusion model (IRM) that mimics the inside of the body after transplantation, and then analyzed by TEM and OM-SEM. Hepatocytes after MMP had small round mitochondria with rod-shaped cristae and reticulovesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) in both HbV(+) and HbV(-) livers. After IRM of HbV(+) livers, the well-developed lamellar rER was often found in hepatocytes. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) after MMP contained some large vacuolar structures containing amorphous garbage in the cytoplasm, and their size along with appearance frequency were smaller and lower, respectively, in HbV(+) livers than HbV(-). Oxygenation during the MMP by using HbV suppressed the ultrastructural damages in donor livers, in particular for the LSECs. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells after midthermic machine perfusion had large vacuolar organelles with amorphous garbage. Oxygenation during the perfusion made them less and smaller, ultrastructurally supporting its utility.

Gracilis muscle flap combined with a laparoscopic transabdominal approach is effective in the treatment of post-prostatectomy rectourethral fistula: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Rectourethral fistula (RUF) after prostatectomy is a rare complication; however, when it occurs it is likely to be intractable and treatment requires surgical closure of the fistula. Several approaches to fistula closure have been reported, but there is no established treatment. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient was a 66-year-old man who had undergone robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. On the 16th postoperative day, RUF was diagnosed. Cystostomy, laparoscopic ileostomy and transanal fistula closure were performed, and conservative treatment was continued for 5 months; however, the RUF remained, so the patient underwent fistula closure with a gracilis muscle flap using both transperineal and laparoscopic manipulation. Because it was a high fistula, the RUF was difficult to fill with a transperineal approach alone; however, in combination with laparoscopic manipulation, the appropriate filling of the fistula was possible. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Although few reports have described the use of the laparoscopic transabdominal approach in combination with a transperineal gracilis muscle flap, the advantages of this technique are that the superior part of the fistula can be dissected, the flap can be filled more securely than with a transperineal approach alone, and transabdominal manipulation can be performed in a less invasive manner. In addition, by coordinating perineal and laparoscopic manipulation, we were able to close the fistula without organ damage by safe dissection. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic approach is useful for RUF closure because it allows the interposition of the flap to reliably fill the space between the bladder and the rectum.

The evaluation of the correlation between origami crane training and Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS).

Objective: How does making origami cranes under a dry box affect Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) scores in medical students? Design: Four medical students from Asahikawa Medical University (tertiary hospital) participated. They made origami cranes under a dry box (origami crane training) five days per week for four weeks. The time required to make each origami crane (origami crane time) and degree of completion were evaluated. FLS scores were measured before training and on days 5, 10, 15, and 20. We examined the relationship between "origami crane training" and FLS scores. Results: At the beginning of the experiment, none of the participants could complete the origami crane, but they were able to complete it in 31 ± 7 min on day 20. The Total FLS score was 164 ± 48 before the start of training, and 1107 ± 112 on day 20. The average scores of the students closely approached the Proficiency Level for the FLS tasks of peg transfer, loop ligation and extracorporeal ligation (103→228, 61→137, 0→259). The change over time in the average of the increase in Total FLS Score (difference from the first time and each week's score) improved significantly in four weeks (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Origami crane training improved the medical students' FLS scores. We thought that origami crane training mainly enhanced hand-eye coordination and bi-hand coordination.

Peritoneal Recurrence of Cecal Cancer with Specific Imaging Findings and Shrinkage after Treatment with Pembrolizumab.

Pembrolizumab is one of the treatment options for treatment-refractory unresectable advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or deficiencies in DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). Herein, we report a case in which a recurrent cecal cancer lesion showed specific imaging findings and local inflammatory findings during treatment with pembrolizumab, followed by marked shrinkage. The patient was an 80-year-old woman. Postoperative peritoneal recurrence of cecal cancer of approximately 7 cm in size was observed. The patient had MSI-H and was treated with pembrolizumab. After five courses of treatment, the patient presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. A blood test showed a strong inflammatory reaction, and computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse low-density area in the tumor. Under the suspicion of an abscess, conservative treatment was initiated and the patient quickly recovered. A CT at 1 month showed a marked reduction in size at the same site, and a CT at 3 months showed that the recurrent foci had almost disappeared. The inflammatory reaction before shrinkage in this case may have been caused by tumor immune response to pembrolizumab.

[Two cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum].

We report two cases of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the rectum. CASE 1: A 50s woman was diagnosed as rectal cancer and underwent anterior resection of the rectum and lymphnode dissection. The histological diagnosis was neuroendocrine carcinoma with peritoneal dissemination. She was treated with chemotherapy as an outpatient. One year later from the operation, multiple liver metastases were revealed and she died eight months later. CASE 2: A 50s man underwent endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of the rectum as rectal tumor and histological diagnosis was an early well-moderate deferenciated carcinoma and its cut-tend was unclear. He received a careful follow-up. One year later, a follow-up colonoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor in the lower rectum. He was diagnosised with local reccurence of rectal cancer, and then underwent an abdominoperineal resection of the rectum and lymphnode dissection. The histological diagnosis was poorly differenciated neuroendocrine carcinoma with lymphnode metastasis. Two months later from the operation, a local reccurence was revealed and he was treated with octreotide and irradiation.

[A case of AFP-producing gastric cancer patient with liver relapse occurred three months after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and gastrectomy].

A 60s male was admitted to our hospital for a diagnosis of gastric tumor sized 20 mm in diameter at the fornix of the stomach. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) was performed, and the resected tumor was pap, m, ly0, v0, HMX, VM0, pathologically. One month after the EMR, the local recurrence was confirmed and a partial gastrectomy was performed. Pathological findings were tub1, sm2, ly1, v1, HM0, VM0. Total gastrectomy was added because of the possibility of the lymph node metastasis. Pathological findings revealed no residual cancers. The final pathological diagnosis was T1b(sm2) N0H0P0M0, Stage IA, based on the Japanese classification of gastric cancer. Three months thereafter, CT showed multiple liver metastases. Immunohistochemical study of the operated tumor revealed AFP-producing gastric cancer. Chemotherapy was performed, but he died of the gastric cancer. Endoscopic treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy, but it requires a considerable care in application.

Advantage of Using 8K Ultra-High-Definition Television System for Kasai Portoenterostomy for Biliary Atresia.

Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE) is currently the first-line treatment for biliary atresia. Many pediatric surgeons have reported that the dissection of the fibrous remnant at the porta hepatis is one of the most important components of this procedure. Furthermore, laparoscopic portoenterostomy is being increasingly used to treat biliary atresia. An advantage of laparoscopic surgery is that surgeons can more easily identify microbiliary ducts, owing to the magnification. We report the case of a 61-day-old girl on whom we performed an exploratory laparotomy and diagnosed type III biliary atresia using intraoperative cholangiography. For the first time, we performed an open KPE using an 8K ultra-high-definition television system. This allowed us to clearly view the porta hepatis and to successfully perform the portoenterostomy.

Beneficial effects of end-ischemic oxygenated machine perfusion preservation for split-liver transplantation in recovering graft function and reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury.

This study examined the efficacy of end-ischemic hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion preservation (HOPE) using an originally developed machine perfusion system for split-liver transplantation. Porcine split-liver grafts were created via 75% liver resection after 10 min of warm ischemia. In Group 1, grafts were preserved by simple cold storage (CS) for 8 h (CS group; n = 4). In Group 2, grafts were preserved by simple CS for 6 h and end-ischemic HOPE for 2 h (HOPE group; n = 5). All grafts were evaluated using an isolated ex vivo reperfusion model with autologous blood for 2 h. Biochemical markers (aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels) were significantly better immediately after reperfusion in the HOPE group than in the CS group. Furthermore, the HOPE group had a better histological score. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-10) were significantly lower after reperfusion in the HOPE group. Therefore, we concluded that end-ischemic HOPE for split-liver transplantation can aid in recovering the graft function and reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury. HOPE, using our originally developed machine perfusion system, is safe and can improve graft function while attenuating liver injury due to preservation.

Applicability of Hypothermic Oxygenate Machine Perfusion Preservation for Split-Liver Transplantation in a Porcine Model: An Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND Split-liver transplantation can be useful in situations of limited donor resources. However, novel preservation methods are required to help the recipient recover from severe ischemic reperfusion injury incurred due to receiving a relatively small liver graft. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our experiment was performed using porcine livers without warm ischemia time, assuming a brain-dead organ. We made porcine split-liver grafts by 75% liver resection at the back table and divided the specimens into 4 groups. Group 1 was preserved with simple cold storage after splitting (CS; n=3), Group 2 was preserved with hypothermic perfusion preservation (HMP) after splitting (SBP; n=3), Group 3 was preserved with HMP after splitting under perfusion preservation (SDP; n=4), and Group 4 had the whole liver perfused as control grafts (Whole Liver; n=3). To assess potential methods of preservation and their effects, all grafts were evaluated by an ex vivo isolated liver reperfusion model using diluted autologous blood. RESULTS Portal vein pressure resistances during reperfusion were low in Group3 (SDP). Hepatic artery pressure resistances during reperfusion were markedly higher in Group 1(CS) than in the other groups. The levels of AST and LDH were high and increased at 2 h after reperfusion in Group 1 (CS). The histological findings show that the liver cell structure was irregular in Group 1 (CS) but remained regular in Groups 2 (SBP) and 3 (SDP). Histological Suzuki scores were also significantly better in Groups 2 (SBP) and 3 (SDP) compared with Group 1 (CS). CONCLUSIONS Splitting the liver under machine perfusion preservation may help restore the function and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Successful Treatment of Nivolumab-related Cholangitis with Prednisolone: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

The patient was a 76-year-old man who was treated with nivolumab due to recurrent gastric cancer. A blood examination revealed grade 3 alkaline phosphatase (ALP) elevation. A histopathological examination revealed marked portal infiltration, including eosinophils and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, suggesting nivolumab-related cholangitis accompanied by the features of both an immune-related adverse event (irAE) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) with allergic reaction. The patient's ALP level immediately decreased after the administration of prednisolone. Although nivolumab-related cholangitis, a rare irAE, has been reported to be refractory to steroid therapy, patients with features of irAE and allergic DILI might immediately respond to prednisolone.

Impact of human-derived hemoglobin based oxygen vesicles as a machine perfusion solution for liver donation after cardiac death in a pig model.

The recent clinical application of perfusion technology for the machine preservation of donation after cardiac death (DCD) grafts has some advantages. Oxygenation has been proposed for the preservation of DCD liver grafts. The aim of this study is to clarify whether the use of HbV-containing preservation solution during the subnormothermic machine perfusion (SNMP) of the liver graft improves the graft function of DCD porcine livers in an ex vivo reperfusion model. Pig livers were excised after 60 minutes of warm ischemic time and were preserved under one of three preservation conditions for 4 hours. The preservation conditions were as follows: 4°C cold storage (CS group; N = 5), Hypothermic machine preservation (HMP) with UW gluconate solution (HMP group; N = 5), SNMP (21°C) with UW gluconate solution (SNMP group; N = 5), SNMP (21°C) with HbVs (Hb; 1.8 mg/dl) perfusate (SNMP+HbV group; N = 5). Autologous blood perfusion was performed for 2 hours in an isolated liver reperfusion model (IRM). The oxygen consumption of the SNMP and SNMP+HbV group was higher than the HMP groups (p < 0.05). During the reperfusion, the AST level in the SNMP+HbV group was lower than that in the CS, HMP and SNMP groups. The changes in pH after reperfusion was significantly lower in SNMP+HbV group than CS and HMP groups. The ultrastructural findings indicated that the mitochondria of the SNMP+HbV group was well maintained in comparison to the CS, HMP and SNMP groups. The SNMP+HbVs preservation solution protected against metabolic acidosis and preserved the liver function after reperfusion injury in the DCD liver.

Evaluation Using an Isolated Reperfusion Model for Porcine Liver Donated After Cardiac Death Preserved with Oxygenated Hypothermic Machine Perfusion.

BACKGROUND Machine perfusion techniques offer a solution to the serious organ shortage. However, to assess the effects of machine perfusion, many detailed studies are required. In this study, an ex vivo reperfusion model using diluted autologous blood was confirmed to evaluate the utility of machine preservation for livers donated after cardiac death (DCD). In particular, beneficial effects of the oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) for DCD porcine livers are evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Porcine livers were procured under warm ischemia time (WIT) of 60 min. The livers were preserved by hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) or static cold storage (CS) for 4 h. After the preservation, the livers were perfused for 2 h using the ex vivo reperfusion model with diluted blood oxygenated by a membrane oxygenator at 35-38°C. RESULTS At 2 h of ex vivo reperfusion with 60 min of warm ischemic time (WIT), the portal vein pressure for CS was higher than HMP (18.8±15.9 vs. 7.5±3.9 [mmHg] in 60 min). Furthermore, LDH in CS was higher than HMP (528.5±149.8 vs. 194.1±32.2 [IU/L/100 g liver] in 60 min. P<0.05). Lactate after CS (60) was significantly higher than HMP (60) (8.67±0.39 vs. 5.68±0.60 [mmol/L] at 60 min. p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ex vivo reperfusion model can be used to evaluate the utility of machine perfusion. Advantages of HMP for DCD livers are evaluated with this model.

[Case of solitary necrotic nodule of the liver difficult to distinguish from malignant hepatoma].

In a 72 years old woman, abdominal computed tomography (CT) disclosed multicentric hypervascular tumor in S4 of the liver, and it was T1.T2 by the MRI, and a high signal was presented together. Stenosis was shown by ERCP at the same site. Cholangiocellular carcinoma was suspected before operation, but malignant change was not recognized by frozen section, so the operation was finished. Later, a diagnosis of solitary necrotic nodule of the liver was established by pathological diagnosis. Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a benign tumor.

The ultrastructural characteristics of porcine hepatocytes donated after cardiac death and preserved with warm machine perfusion preservation.

The effects of warm machine perfusion preservation of liver grafts donated after cardiac death on the intracellular three-dimensional ultrastructure of the organelles in hepatocytes remain unclear. Here we analyzed comparatively the ultrastructure of the endomembrane systems in porcine hepatocytes under warm ischemia and successive hypothermic and midthermic machine perfusion preservation, a type of the warm machine perfusion. Porcine liver grafts which had a warm ischemia time of 60 minutes were perfused for 4 hours with modified University of Wisconsin gluconate solution. Group A grafts were preserved with hypothermic machine perfusion preservation at 8°C constantly for 4 hours. Group B grafts were preserved with rewarming up to 22°C by warm machine perfusion preservation for 4 hours. An analysis of hepatocytes after 60 minutes of warm ischemia by scanning electron microscope revealed the appearance of abnormal vacuoles and invagination of mitochondria. In the hepatocytes preserved by subsequent hypothermic machine perfusion preservation, strongly swollen mitochondria were observed. In contrast, the warm machine perfusion preservation could preserve the functional appearance of mitochondria in hepatocytes. Furthermore, abundant vacuoles and membranous structures sequestrating cellular organelles like autophagic vacuoles were frequently observed in hepatocytes after warm machine perfusion preservation. In conclusion, the ultrastructure of the endomembrane systems in the hepatocytes of liver grafts changed in accordance with the temperature conditions of machine perfusion preservation. In addition, temperature condition of the machine perfusion preservation may also affect the condition of the hepatic graft attributed to autophagy systems, and consequently alleviate the damage of the hepatocytes.