Secular trends in body mass index and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Shandong, China, from 1985 to 2010.

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence of a positive secular trend in body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the last several decades. However, no studies on this trend have been reported in Shandong Province, China. The present study assessed the decennial change in BMI in Shandong Province during the past 25 years and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents. METHODS: The BMI of children and adolescents aged 7-18 was calculated using data from five national surveys on students' constitution and health carried out by the government in 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 in Shandong Province, China. The distribution of BMI was reported, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity was obtained according to the screening criteria of overweight and obesity for Chinese students using BMI [Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) standard]. Overweight and obesity prevalence were also computed using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) cutoffs. RESULTS: In the past 25 years, the P(50) (50th percentile) of BMI increased. The average increments of BMI were 2.18 kg/m(2) for boys and 1.21 kg/m(2) for girls, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased rapidly: using WGOC standard, the prevalence of overweight increased from 1.91% for boys and 2.02% for girls in 1985 to 17.34% for boys and 11.97% for girls in 2010, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 0.27% for boys and 0.23% for girls in 1985 to 15.83% for boys and 7.12% for girls in 2010; using IOTF standard, the prevalence of overweight increased from 1.54% for boys and 1.27% for girls in 1985 to 19.06% for boys and 13.42% for girls in 2010, and the prevalence of obesity increased from 0.04% for boys and 0.03% for girls in 1985 to 9.33% for boys and 2.42% for girls in 2010, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The average value of BMI has increased over time; overweight and obesity among children and adolescents have become a serious public health problem. Comprehensive evidence-based strategies of intervention should be introduced, including periodic monitoring.

Distribution of skinfold thickness and blood pressure among children and adolescents in Shandong, China.

This article reported the distribution of skinfold thickness (SFT) and blood pressure (BP) among children and adolescents in Shandong, China. A total of 8568 students (4333 boys and 4235 girls) aged 7-18 years participated in this study. Triceps and subscapular SFT and BP of all subjects were measured, the sum of Triceps and subscapular SFT (SSFT) was used as an indicator of the overall SFT. The overall prevalence of relative high BP was 24.07% for boys and 22.36% for girls. The prevalence of relative high BP was increasing with SSFT percentiles, this trend was obvious especially in upper percentiles of SSFT. The prevalence of relative high BP increased from 13.27% (boys) and 13.33% (girls) in <5th SSFT percentile group to 55.50% (boys) and 48.17% (girls) in ≥95th SSFT percentile group, which increased by 3.2 and 2.6 times. There is a higher level of SSFT and higher prevalence of relative high BP among children and adolescents in Shandong, China.

Research progress on correction schemes of hyperopia for patients of different ages / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Among typical hyperopia patients, the light is focused behind the retina, resulting in blurry vision either at a distance or near. Frequent and excessive accommodationis prone to visual fatigue and internal strabismus, and children may even develop amblyopia, which requires timely correction and a careful design of an individualized correction scheme to avoid problems above. Due to the age-related physiological changes in the refractive system, the accommodation of hyperopic patients varies greatly at different ages and doctors need to design reasonable correction schemes according to different refractive characteristics. This article will review the existing hyperopia correction methods, compare their advantages, disadvantages and indications, and summarize the clinical manifestations of hyperopia patients of different ages and the clinical progress of the corresponding correction plan, hoping to provide a reference for the clinical correction of hyperopia.

Rhein inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and its mechanism / 中国中药杂志

This study investigated the effect of rhein(RH) on the apoptosis and autophagy of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) induced by hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) and its underlying mechanism. The oxidative damage model in HUVECs was established and the cells were divided into different treatment groups. Cell survival rate was detected by MTT assay, apoptosis by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining, autophagy by Ad-mCherry-GFP-LC3 B adenovirus transfection, and protein expression by Western blot. The results showed that RH could protect cells by increasing the cell survival rate in a dose-dependent manner, decreasing the expression of apoptosis-related proteins(Bax and cleaved caspase-3) and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, elevating the expression of Bcl-2, up-regulating the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3(LC3)-Ⅱ, and down-regulating the expression of p62. Adenovirus transfection results showed that RH could increase the green and red spots, as well as the yellow spots. However, after the addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, autophagy was reduced and apoptosis was increased. RH could enhance the expression of silent information regulator 2 related enzyme 1(SIRT1). The addition of SIRT1 inhibitor EX-527 reduced the protective effect of RH and cell viability. The addition of 3-MA had no effect on the expression of SIRT1 protein, but the expression of SIRT1 and LC3-Ⅱ proteins decreased and the expression of p62 increased after the addition of EX-527. After RH treatment, the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK) increased, while that of the mechanistic target of rapamycin(mTOR) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, this effect could be weakened by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. RH may enhance autophagy through SIRT1/AMPK/mTOR pathway to reduce H_2O_2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs.

Changes in corneal morphology after small incision lenticule extraction surgery / 眼科新进展

Small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE) surgery,the latest developed surgery to treat ametropia at present,is applied widely because of its shorttake of time,fewer complications and great curative effects.It has arisen over 5 years in China and many follow-up studies have been performed on the changes in corneal morphology after SMILE to help test the safety and efficacy of the surgery.This review will clarify the changes in corneal morphology after SMLIE surgery.

Progress on the measurement of corneal biomechanical properties / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Cornea is the major refractive components of the eye. As a viscoelastic tissue, cornea exhibits complicated biomechanical properties: non - linear elasticity, anisotropy and viscoelasticity. The biomechanical properties play an important role in keeping the normal structureand function. Changes in biomechanical properties are always earlier than the clinical symptoms. So quantitative measurement of the biomechanical properties benefits the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Different methods to measure the biomechanical properties of cornea were reviewed in detail, including classic ex vivo destructive tests, commercially available in vivo measuring methods and other emerging methods with the potential for clinical application but not validated for in vivo measurement. The operating principles, advantages as well as limitations of these methods were also described.

An EEG-fMRI study of centrotemporal spikes patients with benign childhood epilepsy / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To study the blood oxygen dependent level (BOLD) changes associated with interictal spikes in benign childhood epilepsy patients with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS).Methods BCECTS patients with frequent interictal spikes,admitted to our hsopital from Junary 2010 to December 2011,were included in our study; all the patients were performed simultaneous EEG combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI).The off-line EEG was filtered to find the time of spikes discharges,and then,the spike-related BOLD changes were calculated with the classic oxygen dynamics reaction function (HRF) model in statistical parametric mapping (SPM) software.Results Six patients with BCECTS were included with frequent spikes in the centrotemporal area in conventional EEG.One patient did not show spike discharge in EEG-fMRI scanning.Five patients showed BOLD signal changes in 5 sessions of fMRI.Activation signals were revealed in bilateral central temporal region in 2 sessions and in unilateral central temporal region in 3 sessions.The maximum activations were located in the centrotemporal area in 4 sessions and one session in the occipital lobe.The activation signals were observed in the other brain regions besides the central temporal regions in all the 5 patients.Conclusion The central temporal region may be the epileptogenic zone of BCECTS; the epileptogenic zone and other brain structures may contribute to the neural network of BCECTS.

Percutaneous thermal ablation for nodular thyroid diseases: An assessment of short-term effects / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the short-term effects of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treatment of thyroid nodules. Methods Totally 104 patients with 289 thyroid nodules underwent ultrasound-guided internal-cooled MWA and bipolar RFA in our department from July 2009 to January 2011. The outcomes of patients were closely assessed for a short-term of 6 months; the thermal ablation-related side-effects and complications were also discussed. Results Focal ultrasound images of the 289 thyroid nodules and the core-biopsy pathology findings of some nodules revealed complete coagulative degeneration of the ablated lesions. Follow-up for 3-6 months showed that sizes of all the nodules decreased to different extents. Only one nodule needed an extra ablation. No severe complications were observed. Conclusion The ultrasound-guided percutaneous MWA and RFA are effective, minimally invasive, easy to perform and can achieve rapid recovery. The methods can be used for out-patients with nodular thyroid diseases.

Relationship between body composition index and blood pressure among children aged 7-12 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between body composition index and blood pressure of children, and to provide bases for early prevention against adult diseases. Methods A total of 4326 children aged 7-12 participated in this study, with height, weight, skinfold thickness (SFT)and blood pressure(BP)of all subjects measured. Body fat percentage(BF%)were calculated by regression equation, fat mass index(FMI)and fat-free mass index(FFMI)were calculated according to following expressions: FMI(kg/m2)=BF% × weight/height2 and FFMI(kg/m2)=(weight - BF% × weight)/height2. Results Systolic blood pressure(SBP)and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)were positively correlated with FMI and FFMI in both boys and girls. Correlation coefficients between SBP, DBP and FMI were 0.432-0.531, 0.316-0.450 for boys, and 0.413-0.485, 0.345-0.421 for girls respectively and the correlation coefficients between SBP, DBP and FFMI were 0.214-0.366, 0.090-0.250 for boys, and 0.108-0.383, 0.063-0.214 for girls respectively. The coefficient between BP and FMI were larger than those between BP and FFMI. The mean values of FMI and FFMI of children with high BP were significantly higher than those normal children, especially showed in FMI. Conclusion In order to prevent hypertension among children,priority should be comcentrated on controlling body fat and preventing obesity.

Effect of ultraviolet irradiation through glass on the level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and bone metabolism in rats / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Some research has shown that there is a dose-dependent relationship between ultraviolet B (UVB) and serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D[25-(OH)D]\. Vitamin D is correlated with bone metabolism. This study aimed to explore the effect of UVB irradiation through glass on serum levels of 25-(OH)D and bone metabolism in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Wistar rats were fed with vitamin D deficient diet and randomly divided into three groups: no UVB exposure, direct UVB exposure (160 min/d) and indirect UVB exposure (through glass) (160 min/d). By 21 days after exposure, bone mineral density (BMD) and serum levels of 25-(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BMD (0.036+/-0.002 g/cm2) in the indirect UVB exposure group was significantly higher than that in the no UVB exposure group (0.029+/-0.002 g/cm2) (<0.01). Serum ICTP level in the indirect UVB exposure group was significantly lower than that in the no UVB exposure group (0.181+/-0.067 microg/L vs 0.194+/-0.066 microg/L; <0.01). Serum levels of PTH, 25-(OH)D, BALP and OC in the indirect UVB exposure group were not significantly different from those in the no UVB exposure group. Compared with the direct UVB exposure group, serum levels of OC (0.559+/-0.067 ng/mL vs 0.278+/-0.067 ng/mL; <0.05) and PTH (0.181+/-0.067 microg/L vs 0.109+/-0.067 microg/L; <0.05) in the indirect UVB exposure group significantly increased, while serum levels of 25-(OH)D significantly decreased (28.67+/-1.35 nmol/L vs 34.69+/-4.30 nmol/L; <0.01). There were no significant differences in BMD and serum levels of BALP and ICTP between the indirect UVB exposure and the direct UVB exposure groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>UVB irradiation through glass cannot elevate serum levels of 25-(OH)D, but can decrease bone turnover rate and increase BMD. The effect of UVB irradiation through glass on bone metabolism is similar to that of direct UVB irradiation.</p>

The experimental research of Atractylodes macrocephala and Poria cocos on the meridian tropism theory in animals / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The research was designed to study the meridian tropism theory of traditional Chinese drug through experiments in animals.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>We used the mouse model of deficient spleen as the object. After administering Atractylodes macrocephala and Poria cocos respectively, we measured the indexes of MDA, SOD, NO to observe the effects of the drugs on various organs and compared the results with the traditional meridian tropism theory.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The two drugs had selective effects on the quantity or activity of MDA, SOD, NO in the organs for the normal group and the model group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The selective influence of the two drugs has close relativity with the traditional meridian tropism theory.</p>