Evaluation of the protective effects of Ganoderma applanatum against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) bearing mice.

The toxic side effects of doxorubicin in cancer treatment are well established. Here we show that methanolic extract of the fungus Ganoderma applanatum offers protection against cardio- and hepatotoxicity induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) bearing mice. Treatment of DLA mice with 20 mg/kg of doxorubicin significantly increased the activities of serum toxicity markers including aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, co-administration of doxorubicin (20 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection and G. applanatum (150 mg/kg) by oral gavage in DLA mice lowered the AST, ALT, and LDH activities when compared to DOX alone treatment. Treatment of DLA mice with DOX alone resulted in reduced GSH contents, and decreased the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Treatment of DOX-administered DLA mice with G. applanatum however increased the GSH content and elevated the activities of GST, CAT, and SOD. Among the various solvent extracts of G. applanatum, methanolic extract showed the highest phenolic (376.5 ± 15.24 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (4717.79 ± 170.22 mg quercetin/g) contents compared to the aqueous (216.3 ± 7.33 mg GAE/g) and chloroform extracts (137.27 ± 1.03 mg GAE/g). Consistently, the methanolic extract was found to possess the highest free radical scavenging activities when compared to the aqueous and chloroform extracts as measured by ABTS and DPPH assays. Our results thus suggest that the protective roles of G. applanatum in DOX-induced toxicity could be an attribute of the antioxidant properties conferred by the high phenolic and flavonoid contents.

Understanding the Role of the Transcription Factor Sp1 in Ovarian Cancer: from Theory to Practice.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers among women contributing to high risk of mortality, mainly owing to delayed detection. There is no specific biomarker for its detection in early stages. However, recent findings show that over-expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is involved in many OC cases. The ubiquitous transcription of Sp1 apparently mediates the maintenance of normal and cancerous biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Sp1 exerts its effects on cellular genes containing putative GC-rich Sp1-binding site in their promoters. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying Sp1 transcription factor (TF) regulation and functions in OC tumorigenesis could help identify novel prognostic markers, to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) by following cellular reprogramming and enable the development of novel therapies for future generations. In this review, we address the structure, function, and biology of Sp1 in normal and cancer cells, underpinning the involvement of Sp1 in OC tumorigenesis. In addition, we have highlighted the influence of Sp1 TF in cellular reprogramming of iPSCs and how it plays a role in controlling CSCs. This review highlights the drugs targeting Sp1 and their action on cancer cells. In conclusion, we predict that research in this direction will be highly beneficial for OC treatment, and chemotherapeutic drugs targeting Sp1 will emerge as a promising therapy for OC.

Mikania micrantha silver nanoparticles exhibit anticancer activities against human lung adenocarcinoma via caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death.

Green-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has earned a promising role in the area of nanotechnology due to their biomedical applications. This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Mikania micrantha leaf extract and its functional activities against cancer. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed using Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum that exhibited an absorption band at 459 nm. The bioactive compounds of M. micrantha leaf extract that functioned as reducing and capping agents were confirmed by a shift in the absorption bands in Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) studies validated the spherical shape and size of AgNPs, respectively. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the presence of elemental silver. The crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed by the X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD). AgNPs effectively induced cytotoxicity and prevented A549 cell colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of A549 cells with AgNPs also increased DNA damage, which was coupled with elevated lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Following AgNPs treatment, the mRNA expression levels of the pro-apoptotic genes as well as the activities of caspases were significantly elevated in A549 cells while the expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes were downregulated. Our study demonstrates the potential of the synthesised AgNPs for cancer therapy possibly targeting the apoptotic pathway.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Spilanthes acmella Leaf Extract and its Antioxidant-Mediated Ameliorative Activity against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity in Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA)-Bearing Mice.

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a rapidly growing research area in the field of nanotechnology because of their biomedical applications. This study describes the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Spilanthes acmella leaf extract and its ameliorative effects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by a ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrum that revealed an absorption band at 430 nm. A shift in the absorption bands in Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the bioactive molecules of S. acmella leaf extract that acted as a reducing and capping agent. The spherical shape of AgNPs was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and the presence of elemental silver was indicated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystalline size of the synthesized AgNPs was 6.702 nm. Treatment of Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) mice with 20 mg/kg of doxorubicin (DOX) significantly increased the activities of serum toxicity markers including aspartate amino-transferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, compared to DOX alone treatment, the coadministration of DOX and AgNPs reduced AST, ALT, and LDH activities. DOX alone treatment reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and decreased the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in DLA mice. However, the administration of AgNPs to DOX-treated DLA mice increased GSH content and the activities of GST and SOD. Consistently, biosynthesized AgNPs were found to possess significantly higher free-radical scavenging activities when compared to the S. acmella leaf extract, as measured by ABTS, DPPH, and O2 •- assays. The biosynthesized AgNPs also showed significant inhibitory activities against erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate.

Novel wastewater surveillance strategy for early detection of coronavirus disease 2019 hotspots.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019, a pandemic of global concern, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has severely revealed the need for public monitoring and efficient screening techniques. Despite the various advancements made in the medical and research field, containment of this virus has proven to be difficult on several levels. As such, it is a necessary requirement to identify possible hotspots in the early stages of any disease. Based on previous studies carried out on coronaviruses, there is a high likelihood that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may also survive in wastewater. Hence, we propose the use of nanofiber filters as a wastewater pretreatment routine and upgradation of existing wastewater evaluation and treatment systems to serve as a beneficial surveillance tool.

Chronic low dose exposure of hospital workers to ionizing radiation leads to increased micronuclei frequency and reduced antioxidants in their peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Purpose: The regular low dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation may induce deleterious health effects, which may be of particular interest to medical radiation workers who daily handle X-ray machines. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are able to retain the signature of radiation-induced DNA damage, therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the DNA damage and antioxidants status in hospital workers occupationally exposed to low doses of X-rays. Materials and methods: The peripheral blood lymphocytes of the occupationally exposed and control groups matched for age, gender, tobacco usage, and alcohol consumption were cultured and micronuclei frequency was determined. Activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were also estimated in their plasma. Results: The micronuclei frequency in the occupationally exposed group (n = 33), increased significantly (p < .0001) followed by reduced glutathione-s-transferase (p < .01) and catalase (p < .001) activities, and increased lipid peroxidation (p < .05) when compared to the control group (n = 33). Occupational exposure resulted in an effective dose ranging between 3.14 to 144.5 mSv (40.88 ± 39.86mSv) depending on the employment duration of 3-29 years (10.33 ± 7.05 years). A correlation between the micronuclei frequency (p < .05) and catalase activity (p < .05) existed in the occupationally exposed individuals depending on the smoking habit, age, duration of employment, cumulative exposure dose and number of patients handled per day. Conclusions: We have observed that protracted low dose exposure to ionizing radiation is an inevitable occupational hazard leading to persistence of oxidative stress and increased genomic instability in the radiological technicians depending on the time spent with X-rays, cumulative dose received and the number of patients handled daily raising the risk of cancer development.

Free radical scavenging activity and antioxidative potential of various solvent extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla Wall: An in vitro and ex vivo study

This study investigates the phytochemical composition, free radical scavenging activities, and antioxidative potential of various extracts of Mussaenda macrophylla. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids were found to be present in various extracts of M. macrophylla. Aqueous extract of M. macrophylla has the highest total phenolic (387.61 ± 14.10 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (5,761.65 ± 38.5 mg quercetin equivalent/g) contents. The antioxidative potential of M. macrophylla extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anions (O2 •− ), and 2, 2′-azino-bis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) in a cell free system. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla possessed the highest scavenging activities for DPPH, O2 •− , and ABTS with IC50 of 25.92 ± 0.33 μg/ml, 4.12 ± 0.94 μg/ml, and 17.20 ± 0.50 μg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, the scavenging activities of the aqueous extract of M. macrophylla against ABTS and O2 •− were found to be more effective than ascorbic acid which was used as standard. The total reducing power of M. macrophylla extracts was also determined by measuring the transformation of Fe3+ into Fe2+ and the methanolic extract was found to exhibit the highest reducing power. The aqueous extract of M. macrophylla showed the highest inhibitory activities against mice erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in the liver homogenate with an inhibition rate of 80.53% and 65.33%, respectively