Inhibitory effects of Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) against local paw edema and mechanical hypernociception induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom in mice.

BACKGROUND: Bothropic venoms cause intense local damage, pain, edema, and myonecrosis. Morus nigra L. (Moraceae) has several uses in folk medicine and can be a promising candidate for the treatment of several inflammatory disorders. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The present study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of the ethanolic extract of Morus nigra L. (Mn-EtOH) on paw lesions induced by Bothrops jararacussu snake venom (BjcuV) in mice. METHODS: UV-vis absorption of BjcuV was evaluated. A phytochemical study was performed, which led to the isolation and characterization of three compounds. These compounds were identified using spectrometric methods, namely LC-MS and NMR (1D and 2D), followed by the validation of their spectra with the data available in the literature. Further, the flavonoids i.e. rutin and quercetin (chemical markers of M. nigra), Mn-EtOH or Mn-EtOH-encapsulated electrospun fibers of Eudragit L100 (FB/Mn-EtOH), and Mn-EtOH-encapsulated microparticles of Eudragit L100 (MP/Mn-EtOH) were evaluated, in paw edema test induced by BjcuV. RESULTS: UV-vis spectra showed the presence of phospholipases A2 as component of BjcuV. The chemical examination resulted in the isolation of ß-sitosterol, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranoside. Mn-EtOH, FB/Mn-EtOH, MP/Mn-EtOH, rutin, and quercetin reduced the local edema induced by BjcuV. The Mn-EtOH also prevented edema provoked by serotonin and bradykinin. Moreover, it reduced paw edema and peritoneal leukocyte infiltration induced by carrageenan, and decreased the mechanical hypernociception of BjcuV. Mn-EtOH exerted anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects, possibly by the inhibition of leukocyte migration and the modulation of serotonin and bradykinin actions. This anti-inflammatory activity was maintained even upon incorporation of the M. nigra extract into the drug delivery systems (i.e., Mn-EtOH-encapsulated FBs and MPs of Eudragit L100). CONCLUSION: These results reinforce the therapeutic potential of M. nigra in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, in addition to, its role as a complementary treatment of snakebites.

Atividade estral e ovulatória de cabras submetidas à sincronização do estro com esponjas intravaginais impregnadas com óleos essenciais de Vitex agnus castus L / Estrous and ovulatory activity of goats submitted to estrus synchronization with intravaginal esponges impregnated with essential oils of Vitex agnus castus L

In order to evaluate the estrous and ovulatory activities of goats submitted to estrus synchronizationwith essential oils of Vitex agnus castus L. (OEVAC), 48 Anglo Nubian goats were divided into four groups(n=12) for estrus synchronization: MAP-COM group, 75 µg of D-cloprostenol was intramuscularly (im)administered and one intravaginal sponge impregnated with 60 mg of MAP was deposited and removed fivedays later when it was injected im 300 IU eCG; MAP-ART group with similar treatment of MAP-COM, butintravaginal sponges were manually prepared and impregnated with 60 mg of MAP; in the OEVAC60 andOEVAC120 groups it was performed the same as in MAP-COM, but intravaginal sponges were impregnatedwith 60 mg and 120 mg of OEVAC, respectively. The use of intravaginal sponges impregnated with 60 mg of theOEVAC it is able to synchronize estrus but not the ovulation in goats.

Efeito do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius sobre a penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

To evaluate the use of the Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) essential oil in cervical penetrability inewe, forty Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronization anddistributed into four groups (n = 10). A control group and another three groups treated with 200 μg /misoprostol sheep (Misoprostol), 50 μg / mL (OECn50) and 100 μg / mL (OECn100) of OECn oil respectively,before the introduction of an artificial insemination applicator (AI). The depth of cervical penetration and thepassage time of the mandrel of AI were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey and Chi-squaretests. There was no significant difference in cervical penetrability, but the Misoprostol and OECn100 groupspresented a lower penetrability time when compared to the Control group. Therefore, the use of Crotonnepetifolius Baill essential oil facilitates cervical sheep penetration.

Estro e morfologia cervical de ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês submetidas à sincronização do estro / Estrus and cervical morphology of crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes submitted to estrus synchronization

In order to correlate the beginning of estrus to vaginal and cervical morphologies after synchronizationof estrus in ewes. Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronizationusing CIDR and eCG. After hormonal treatment, we recorded oestrus, morphology of vagina and cervix. Thedata were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and the Tukey and Chi-square tests. All sheep presentedestrus, beginning at 32.30 ± 0.99 h after removal of the CIDR. There was a predominance of ewes with vaginaland cervical epithelium with pink coloration. At 0 h and 24 h after CIDR removal, 90% and 75% of the ewespresented incomplete crystallization respectively. The maximum crystallization of the cervical mucus occurred at48 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR. Therefore, the histomorphology of the mucosa and cervical mucus variesaccording to the time of estrus of sheep.

Resposta folicular após estimulação ovariana com gonadotrofinas e polivinilpirrolidona em cabras Anglo Nubiana / Follicular response after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and polyvinylpyrrolidone in Anglo Nubian goats

To evaluate the effect of different hormonal stimulation treatments with PVP on ovarian folliculardevelopment, 27 goats received intravaginal devices (CIDR) for 10 days and 125 µg cloprostenol on day 8 oftreatment. The goats were distributed in the following groups: G1 (FSH-eCG), 300 IU of eCG and 70 mg pFSH,36 h prior to the withdrawal of CIDR; G2 (FSH), receiving 180 mg (40/40; 35/35, 30 mg) at 12 h intervals; G3(FSH-PVP10), receiving 70 mg FSH dissolved in PVP 10,000 MW, 24 hours before CIDR; and G4 (FSHPVP40),70 mg of FSH dissolved in PVP MW 40,000, 48 hours before CIDR. The follicles with diameter ≥ 2 mmwere counted, measured and classified. FSH-PVP 40 had a greater number of small follicles than FSH (P<0.05)and FSH showed greater number of large follicles (P < 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with FSH-PVP40 is analternative to stimulate ovaries in goats.

Uso do óleo essencial de Croton nepetaefolius Baill (Marmeleiro vermelho) na colheita transcervical de embriões de ovelhas Rabo Largo / Use of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius Baill (red quince) in transcervical embryo recovery of Rabo Largo ewes

With the objective of evaluating the Croton nepetaefolius Baill in the transcervical harvest of ovineembryos, we used twelve sheeps and two rams of Rabo Largo breed. After estrus synchronization andsuperovulation, the females were submitted to the embryonic transcervical harvest, being randomly distributedinto three groups (n = 4). The PGF2α group received 75 μg of cloprostenol (IM), twenty four hours beforeharvest; and groups OECn100 and OECn300 received in the background of the vaginal sac, five minutes beforeharvest, 100 μg / mL and 300 μg / mL of the oil, respectively. We used ANOVA and the Tukey test for the resultsanalysis, at a probability of 5%. There was no significant difference for all parameters, between the treatmentgroups (P > 0.05). Croton nepetaefolius Baill essential oil did not facilitate cervical transposition of allharvested animals and did not result in embryo recovery.

Uso do óleo essencial de Croton nepetaefolius Baill (Marmeleiro vermelho) na colheita transcervical de embriões de ovelhas Rabo Largo / Use of the essential oil of Croton nepetaefolius Baill (red quince) in transcervical embryo recovery of Rabo Largo ewes

With the objective of evaluating the Croton nepetaefolius Baill in the transcervical harvest of ovineembryos, we used twelve sheeps and two rams of Rabo Largo breed. After estrus synchronization andsuperovulation, the females were submitted to the embryonic transcervical harvest, being randomly distributedinto three groups (n = 4). The PGF2α group received 75 μg of cloprostenol (IM), twenty four hours beforeharvest; and groups OECn100 and OECn300 received in the background of the vaginal sac, five minutes beforeharvest, 100 μg / mL and 300 μg / mL of the oil, respectively. We used ANOVA and the Tukey test for the resultsanalysis, at a probability of 5%. There was no significant difference for all parameters, between the treatmentgroups (P > 0.05). Croton nepetaefolius Baill essential oil did not facilitate cervical transposition of allharvested animals and did not result in embryo recovery.(AU)

Resposta folicular após estimulação ovariana com gonadotrofinas e polivinilpirrolidona em cabras Anglo Nubiana / Follicular response after ovarian stimulation with gonadotropins and polyvinylpyrrolidone in Anglo Nubian goats

To evaluate the effect of different hormonal stimulation treatments with PVP on ovarian folliculardevelopment, 27 goats received intravaginal devices (CIDR) for 10 days and 125 µg cloprostenol on day 8 oftreatment. The goats were distributed in the following groups: G1 (FSH-eCG), 300 IU of eCG and 70 mg pFSH,36 h prior to the withdrawal of CIDR; G2 (FSH), receiving 180 mg (40/40; 35/35, 30 mg) at 12 h intervals; G3(FSH-PVP10), receiving 70 mg FSH dissolved in PVP 10,000 MW, 24 hours before CIDR; and G4 (FSHPVP40),70 mg of FSH dissolved in PVP MW 40,000, 48 hours before CIDR. The follicles with diameter ≥ 2 mmwere counted, measured and classified. FSH-PVP 40 had a greater number of small follicles than FSH (P<0.05)and FSH showed greater number of large follicles (P < 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with FSH-PVP40 is analternative to stimulate ovaries in goats.(AU)

Estro e morfologia cervical de ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês submetidas à sincronização do estro / Estrus and cervical morphology of crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes submitted to estrus synchronization

In order to correlate the beginning of estrus to vaginal and cervical morphologies after synchronizationof estrus in ewes. Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronizationusing CIDR and eCG. After hormonal treatment, we recorded oestrus, morphology of vagina and cervix. Thedata were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance and the Tukey and Chi-square tests. All sheep presentedestrus, beginning at 32.30 ± 0.99 h after removal of the CIDR. There was a predominance of ewes with vaginaland cervical epithelium with pink coloration. At 0 h and 24 h after CIDR removal, 90% and 75% of the ewespresented incomplete crystallization respectively. The maximum crystallization of the cervical mucus occurred at48 hours after withdrawal of the CIDR. Therefore, the histomorphology of the mucosa and cervical mucus variesaccording to the time of estrus of sheep.(AU)

Efeito do óleo essencial de Croton nepetifolius sobre a penetração cervical em ovelhas mestiças de Dorper e Santa Inês / Effect of the essential oil of Croton nepetifolius Baill on cervical penetration in crossbred Dorper and Santa Inês ewes

To evaluate the use of the Croton nepetifolius Baill (OECn) essential oil in cervical penetrability inewe, forty Forty crossbred females of Dorper and Santa Inês were submitted to estrous synchronization anddistributed into four groups (n = 10). A control group and another three groups treated with 200 μg /misoprostol sheep (Misoprostol), 50 μg / mL (OECn50) and 100 μg / mL (OECn100) of OECn oil respectively,before the introduction of an artificial insemination applicator (AI). The depth of cervical penetration and thepassage time of the mandrel of AI were recorded and analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey and Chi-squaretests. There was no significant difference in cervical penetrability, but the Misoprostol and OECn100 groupspresented a lower penetrability time when compared to the Control group. Therefore, the use of Crotonnepetifolius Baill essential oil facilitates cervical sheep penetration.(AU)

Atividade estral e ovulatória de cabras submetidas à sincronização do estro com esponjas intravaginais impregnadas com óleos essenciais de Vitex agnus castus L / Estrous and ovulatory activity of goats submitted to estrus synchronization with intravaginal esponges impregnated with essential oils of Vitex agnus castus L

In order to evaluate the estrous and ovulatory activities of goats submitted to estrus synchronizationwith essential oils of Vitex agnus castus L. (OEVAC), 48 Anglo Nubian goats were divided into four groups(n=12) for estrus synchronization: MAP-COM group, 75 µg of D-cloprostenol was intramuscularly (im)administered and one intravaginal sponge impregnated with 60 mg of MAP was deposited and removed fivedays later when it was injected im 300 IU eCG; MAP-ART group with similar treatment of MAP-COM, butintravaginal sponges were manually prepared and impregnated with 60 mg of MAP; in the OEVAC60 andOEVAC120 groups it was performed the same as in MAP-COM, but intravaginal sponges were impregnatedwith 60 mg and 120 mg of OEVAC, respectively. The use of intravaginal sponges impregnated with 60 mg of theOEVAC it is able to synchronize estrus but not the ovulation in goats.(AU)