An updated meta-analysis of the anti-methanogenic effects of monensin in beef cattle.

Meta-analyses were performed to quantitatively summarize the effects of monensin on in vivo methane (CH4) production in beef cattle, and differentiate these outcomes according to dietary management, dose of monensin, and length of monensin supplementation. Data from 11 manuscripts describing 20 individual studies were used, and CH4 was converted to g/d when required. Studies were classified according to dose of monensin (mg/kg of diet dry matter), length of monensin supplementation prior to the last CH4 measurement, feeding management (ad libitum vs. limited-fed), and diet profile (high-forage or high-concentrate diets). Variance among studies were assessed using a χ² test of heterogeneity and calculated using I² statistics. The inclusion of monensin decreased (P < 0.01) CH4 production by 17.5 g/d when all studies were analyzed together. A moderate (P < 0.01) heterogeneity (I²â€…= 55%) was detected for CH4 production estimates between studies; thus, meta-analyses were performed within classes. The reduction in CH4 differed (P < 0.01) according to dose of monensin, as it decreased (P < 0.01) by 25.6 g/d when the high recommended dose range was used (32 to 44 mg/kg), and tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.07) by 9.7 and 13.5 g/d when the moderate (≤31 mg/kg) and above recommended (≥45 mg/kg) doses were used, respectively. The reduction in CH4 also differed (P < 0.01) according to the length of monensin supplementation. Monensin decreased (P ≤ 0.05) CH4 production by 24.3 g/d when supplemented for <15 d, by 15.4 g/d when supplemented from 23 to 33 d, by 24.3 g/d when supplemented from 52 to 79 d, and tended to decrease (P = 0.06) CH4 production by 3.21 g/d when supplemented from 94 to 161 d. The reduction in CH4 did not differ (P = 0.37) according to diet profile, despite a 30% difference in reduction when monensin was added to high-forage (20.89 g/d) compared with high-concentrate diets (14.6 g/d). The reduction in CH4 tended to differ according to feeding management (P = 0.08), decreasing by 22.9 g/d (P < 0.01) when monensin was added to diets offered ad libitum, and by 11.5 g/d (P = 0.05) in limit-fed diets. Collectively, this study provides novel insights and further corroborates monensin as CH4 mitigation strategy in beef cattle operations. The most effective responses were observed during the first 79 d of monensin supplementation, and when monensin was included between 32 to 44 mg/kg of diet, was added to high-forage diets, and added to diets fed ad libitum.

Supplementing narasin or monensin to control coccidiosis in naturally infected calves.

This experiment compared narasin and monensin as anticoccidials for calves naturally infected with Eimeria spp. Twenty-four weaned, non-castrated male calves (Bos indicus × B. taurus cross) were assigned to this experiment (days -8 to 42). All calves were infected by Eimeria spp. according to oocyst count per gram (OPG) from fecal samples collected on days -8 and -7 (average 1,059 ±â€…101 oocysts/g). Calves were housed in individual pens, received corn silage, mineral mix, and water for ad libitum consumption, in addition to a grain-based supplement at 200 g/head daily. Fecal samples were collected on days -2 and -1 for OPG, and results averaged as initial OPG value. Calves were blocked according to initial OPG into eight blocks of three calves each, ranked within each block according to body weight (BW) recorded on day -1, and assigned to receive narasin (NAR; 0.8 mg/kg of BW), monensin (MON; 1 mg/kg of BW), or no ionophore (CON; negative control). Ionophores were added to the grain-based supplement, and offered from days 0 to 42 of the experiment. Calf BW was recorded on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Fecal samples were collected on days 6 and 7, 13 and 14, 20 and 21, 26 and 27, 34 and 35, and 41 and 42 for OPG analysis, and results from samples collected on consecutive days were averaged. Aliquoted fecal samples were also pooled across calves from the same treatment and collection days, and used to determine the prevalence of individual species of Eimeria. No treatment effects were detected (P ≥ 0.51) for calf BW or growth rate. A treatment × day interaction was detected (P < 0.01) for OPG, as NAR and MON calves had less (P < 0.01) OPG compared with CON calves beginning on day 7. The OPG was also less (P ≤ 0.03) in MON compared with NAR calves on days 7, 14, and 28, but did not differ (P ≥ 0.48) on days 21, 35, and 42. The anticoccidial efficacy of NAR and MON did not differ (P ≥ 0.16) when calculated across all Eimeria spp., or according to prevalence of E. bovis and E. alabamensins. A treatment × day interaction was detected (P = 0.04) for anticoccidial efficacy to E. alabamensis, which was greater (P < 0.01) in MON calves on days 7 and 14 and did not differ (P ≥ 0.40) afterward. Collectively, both ionophores were similarly effective in controlling coccidiosis upon completion of the 42-d study, although the anticoccidial effects of monensin were noted earlier in the experiment. Nonetheless, these results corroborate narasin as an efficient anticoccidial ionophore for naturally infected calves.

Risk factors associated among respiratory health and banana farming.

Pesticides cause risks to the respiratory health of banana farming workers. To investigate the prevalence of ventilatory dysfunction in workers and characteristics of work in banana production in a region of the Ribeira Valley, Brazil. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic, work and health data was applied, as well as spirometry. The data were statistically analyzed with participants divided into two groups (presence or absence of ventilatory dysfunction). The majority were males, low schooling, mean age 39.6 years and 13.8 years of working time in banana farming. The prevalence of moderate obstructive disorder (10.0%), mild obstructive disorder (13.3%) and mild mixed disorder (3.3%) were observed. Obstructive disorders predominated, with decreased FEV1 and FEV1/FVC, in addition to being correlated with working time in banana farming. It was concluded that one-third of the workers had some type of ventilatory dysfunction and there was a relationship with work in banana farming.

Effects of monensin source on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and performance of Bos indicus beef bulls offered a high-concentrate diet.

In Exp. 1, Brachiaria ruziziensis (11.1 % CP) was inoculated or not with two sources of monensin, resulting in three treatments: 1) no monensin inoculation (CONT), 2) 20 mg of monensin sodium-A/kg of DM (Elanco Animal Health; MON-A), and 3) 20 mg of monensin sodium-B/kg of DM (Shandong Qilu King-Phar Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; MON-B). Three rumen-fistulated Jersey steers were offered a cool-season forage-based diet and were used as the rumen inoculum donors. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were evaluated at 0, 6, 12, 24, 30, and 48 h after treatment inoculation. Overall, acetate and butyrate concentrations were reduced in MON-A vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.02), whereas both monensin products reduced Ac:Pr ratio vs. CONT (P ≤ 0.01); however, MON-A also (P = 0.05) reduced the Ac:Pr ratio vs. MON-B. A treatment × hour interaction was detected for rumen propionate concentration (P = 0.01), primarily because MON-A resulted in greater propionate than CONT and MON-B at 24 and 48 h (P ≤ 0.03), but no differences were observed between CONT vs. MON-B (P ≥ 0.27). In Exp. 2, 240 Nellore bulls (initial BW = 363.2 ± 40.9 kg) were ranked and blocked according to initial BW, and within blocks animals were allotted into pens (n = 10 pens/treatment). Pens were randomly assigned into one of three treatments: 1) corn-based diet with no monensin (CONT), 2) CONT plus 28 mg of MON-A/kg of DM, and 3) CONT plus 28 mg of MON-B/kg of DM. The CONT diet was composed of sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, DDGS, urea, and a mineral-vitamin mix. The experimental period lasted 106 d and was divided into a 21-d adaptation period and an 85-d finishing phase. During the adaptation phase, both monensin sources increased (P ≤ 0.01) BW change, ADG, and F:G, as well as reduced DMI variation (P = 0.02). When the entire experimental period was evaluated, no treatment effects were detected for final BW, DMI, and ADG (P ≥ 0.26). Nonetheless, DMI variation was reduced as monensin was included (P = 0.01) and only MON-A improved the efficiency by reducing F:G vs. CONT (P = 0.05) and biological efficiency vs. MON-B (P = 0.05). Additionally, carcass ADG tended (P = 0.10) to be greater for MON-A vs. MON-B, whereas no other differences in the carcass characteristics were observed (P ≥ 0.53). In summary, the source of monensin inoculated in vitro and offered to Nellore bulls during the feedlot phase significantly affected the energetic efficiency and the performance of the animals.

Genomic Instability and Cytotoxicity in Buccal Mucosal Cells of Workers in Banana Farming Evaluated by Micronucleus Test.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Studies have demonstrated the biological consequences of environmental contamination caused by human pesticide exposure following banana production. The aim of this study was to evaluate genomic instability and cytotoxicity in buccal mucosal cells of workers in banana farming. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For this purpose, a total of 21 male workers in banana farming in the Ribeira Valley were included in the experimental group. A total of 20 individuals, not occupationally exposed to pesticides, were included in the control group. RESULTS: The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased (p<0.05) in buccal mucosa cells from workers of banana farming when compared to the control group. Furthermore, a high frequency of karyolysis was detected in buccal mucosaI cells in these individuals. No significant differences were found in pyknosis or karryorhexis when compared to controls. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our results indicate that workers in banana farming represent a group in high risk for carcinogenesis since chromosomal damage and cellular death are increased in these individuals.

Effects of supplement type and narasin inclusion on supplement intake by Bos indicus beef bulls grazing a warm-season forage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplement type and narasin inclusion on the frequency and supplement intake of grazing Bos indicus beef bulls. Four hundred animals were ranked by initial BW (383 ± 35 kg) and allocated into one of four paddocks of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú (100 animals/paddock). Paddocks were randomly assigned to receive either a mineral salt (MIN) or a protein-energetic supplement (PREN) containing or not narasin (N) for a 90-d period. An individual electronic data capture system with 11 feed bunks was used to individually measure supplement intake and meal frequency in each paddock. The evaluations and analysis of individual intake, frequency of visits to the feeder, and intake per visit (I/V) were performed every 15 d and classified as periods (PR1 through PR6). All data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial design with the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS. A supplement type × N × PR interaction was observed (P < 0.0001) for daily supplement intake. No differences were observed between MIN, whereas PREN had a greater (P ≤ 0.03) supplement intake on PR1 and PR3, but a reduced supplement intake on PR6 compared with PREN + N (P = 0.02). Moreover, no supplement type × N interaction (P = 0.47) or N (P = 0.44) effects were observed for daily supplement intake in the present study. A supplement type × N × PR interaction was detected (P < 0.0001) for the frequency of visits in the feeders. Throughout the experimental period, animals from the MIN + N had a greater (P ≤ 0.02) frequency of visits compared with MIN cohorts. A supplement effect was detected for I/V (P = 0.02), whereas neither a narasin effect (P = 0.74) nor interactions (P ≥ 0.16) were observed. Animals offered PREN had a greater I/V when compared with MIN cohorts (145 vs. 846 g/d for MIN and PREN, respectively; SEM = 16.1). When these data are reported as percentage of days visiting the feeder within each PR, MIN and MIN + N animals visited the feeder for 25.8% and 35.9% of the days, respectively. Conversely, no differences were observed (P = 0.65) in the overall mean visits per PR between PREN and PREN + N (12.8 vs. 12.3 d for PREN and PREN + N, respectively; SEM = 0.195). As percentage of days visiting the feeder, PREN and PREN + N visited the feeder for 85.1% and 81.9% of the days, respectively. In summary, narasin inclusion did not reduce supplement intake, regardless of supplement type, but increased the frequency of visits to the feeder for the MIN treatment.

Musculoskeletal disorders in banana culture workers / Distúrbios osteomusculares em trabalhadores da bananicultura

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Work-related repetitive strain injury/musculoskeletal disorders affect numerous rural workers causing functional physical impairment. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in banana culture workers. METHODS: From a list of banana culture workers linked to the Family Strategy, a questionnaire was applied to obtain socio-demographic data, rural property, health and labor, and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Data were statistically analyzed using the statistical software R Development Core Team®. RESULTS: Thirty-six workers from ten rural properties participated in the study. The majority were male (94.4%), age group from 20 to 49 years (75.0%), most of them with incomplete primary education (50.0%). Regarding musculoskeletal disorders, the main regions affected were lumbar (63.9%), shoulders (47.2%) and knees (44.4%), with more than one region affected per worker. Regarding the work, tasks were described as painful and tiring including cutting, loading, fertilization, costal pulverization of pesticide, plowing and thinning. CONCLUSION: There are risks of musculoskeletal disorders among banana workers with risks of leave of absence due to illness, which may lead to losses in daily activities. There is a need to deepen the theme to promote health at work.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As lesões por esforços repetitivos/distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho têm afetado inúmeros trabalhadores rurais, ocasionando comprometimentos funcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho na bananicultura. MÉTODOS: Foi obtida a listagem de trabalhadores vinculados à Estratégia da Família e foram aplicados um questionário para obter dados sociodemográficos, da propriedade rural, de saúde e trabalho; e o Questionário Nórdico de Sintomas Osteomusculares. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do programa estatístico R Development Core Team®. RESULTADOS: Participaram da pesquisa 36 trabalhadores de 10 propriedades rurais, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (94,4%), com faixa etária entre 20 e 49 anos (75,0%), e ensino fundamental incompleto (50,0%). Em relação aos distúrbios osteomusculares, as principais regiões acometidas foram: lombar (63,9%); ombros (47,2%) e joelhos (44,4%), havendo mais uma região acometida por trabalhador. No trabalho, foram relacionadas tarefas penosas/cansativas junto ao corte, carregamento, adubação, pulverização costal de agrotóxico, roçado e desbaste. CONCLUSÃO: Há riscos de distúrbios osteomusculares entre os trabalhadores da bananicultura, com riscos de afastamento do trabalho e prejuízos em atividades cotidianas. Há necessidade de aprofundar o tema visando a promoção da saúde do trabalhador.

Effects of physical exercise on the cartilage of ovariectomized rats submitted to immobilization.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of physical exercise on cartilage histomorphometry in osteoporosis-induced rats subjected to immobilization. METHODS: We used 36 Wistar rats that were separated into six groups: G1, G2 and G3 submitted to pseudo-oophorectomy, and G4, G5 and G6 submitted to oophorectomy. After 60 days at rest, G2, G3, G5 and G6 had the right hind limbs immobilized for 15 days, followed by the same period in remobilization, being free in the box to G2 and G5, and climb ladder to G3 and G6. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, their tibias bilaterally removed and submitted to histological routine. RESULTS: There was significant increase in thickness of the articular cartilage (F(5;29)=13.88; p<0.0001) and epiphyseal plate (F(5;29)=14.72; p<0.0001) as the number of chondrocytes (F(5;29)=5.11; p=0.0021) in ovariectomized rats, immobilized and submitted to exercise. In the morphological analysis, degeneration of articular cartilage with subchondral bone exposure, loss of cellular organization, discontinuity of tidemark, presence of cracks and flocculation in ovariectomized, immobilized and free remobilization rats were found. In ovariectomized and immobilized remobilization ladder rats, signs of repair of the cartilaginous structures in the presence of clones, pannus, subcortical blood vessel invasion in the calcified zone, increasing the amount of isogenous groups and thickness of the calcified zone were observed. CONCLUSION: Exercise climb ladder was effective in cartilaginous tissue recovery process damaged by immobilization, in model of osteoporosis by ovariectomy in rats.

Perfil de trabalhadores com lombalgia atendidos em um serviço de saúde / Profile of workers with lumbar affections attended at a health service

As transformações no mundo do trabalho têm propiciado o acúmulo de tarefas, exigências de polivalência e aumento do ritmo de trabalho, ocasionando um aumento de lombalgias. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil de trabalhadores com lombalgia, atendidos em uma unidade especializada em Saúde do Trabalhador da Baixada Santista. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal e exploratório. Ocorreu análise documental de prontuários abertos de trabalhadores atendidos no Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (CEREST) de Santos-SP, no período de julho de 2014 a julho de 2015, com queixa de lombalgia e diagnósticos nosológicos estabelecidos para "outras dorsopatias" (M51 a M54) segundo a CID-10. Foram obtidos os dados: demográficos, variáveis clínicas, categorias profissionais, entre outras. RESULTADOS: De 502 prontuários, 21,9% (n=110) apresentaram queixa de lombalgia e diagnóstico clínico pela CID-10. Houve predomínio do sexo feminino (58,2%), na faixa etária de 35 a 45 anos (50,9%) e baixa escolaridade, com ensino fundamental incompleto (35,4%). Ainda, 23,7% dos sujeitos estavam em situação de afastamento do trabalho e 85,0% com registro em carteira de trabalho (CLT). As categorias profissionais mais prevalentes foram de serviços domésticos, 28,3% (n=31) e atividades de limpeza, 19,1% (n=21). Dos sujeitos, 68,2% tiveram assistência de Fisioterapeutas. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência foi maior no sexo feminino, de trabalhadores formais e afastados do trabalho, do setor de serviços domésticos e atividades de limpeza, de baixa escolaridade, e com a faixa etária considerada produtiva para o trabalho.

The changes in the world of work haved a significant impact on tasks, capturing versatility and increasing the pace of work, causing an increase in low back pain. OBJECTIVE: To describe the profile of workers with low back pain treated at a unit specialized in Occupational Health in Baixada Santista. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional and exploratory study. A documentary analysis of the open records of workers attended at the Reference Center for Occupational Health (CEREST), in Santos-SP, from July 2014 to July 2015 was carried out, with a list of low back pain and diagnosis in the following clinical methods for "Other dorsopathies" (M51 to M54) according to ICD-10. The data were selected: demographic, clinical variables, professional categories, among others. RESULTS: Of the 502 medical records, 21.9% (n = 110) reported complaints of low back pain and clinical diagnosis by ICD-10. There was a predominance of females (58.2%), aged between 35 and 45 years (50.9%) and low education, with incomplete primary education (35.4%). Still, 23.7% of individuals were absent from work and 85.0% were registered on the work card (CLT). The most prevalent professional categories were domestic services, 28.3% (n = 31) and cleaning activities, 19.1% (n = 21). Of the subjects, 68.2% had assistance from physiotherapists. CONCLUSION: The prevalence was higher in women, in workers trained and away from work, in the sector of domestic services and cleaning activities, in low education and in the age group considered productive for work.

Contexto rural e a reabilitação profissional em uma região do Vale do Ribeira / Rural context and professional rehabilitation in a region of the Ribeira Valley

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar o perfil sociodemográfico, de trabalho e saúde, de trabalhadores de uma região de Registro (SP), localizada no Vale do Ribeira, e identificar as barreiras e os facilitadores no processo de reabilitação profissional do Instituto Nacional de Seguridade Social (INSS), de segurados dessa região. Métodos: Duas etapas: (1) Foi obtida uma listagem de trabalhadores junto à Estratégia Saúde da Família de bairros rurais do município de Registro (SP), e aplicou-se, sob forma de entrevista, um questionário com dados sociodemográficos, de trabalho e saúde. (2) Posteriormente, foram identificados dois profissionais de referência do INSS, que atuavam na sede dessa região e, ainda, foram realizadas entrevistas individuais para análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: Com relação ao perfil dos sujeitos, a maioria dos trabalhadores atuava em plantações de banana, morava nas fazendas, tinha baixa escolaridade; todos refeririam sintomas osteomusculares, entre outros. Nas entrevistas com os profissionais de referência do INSS, foi possível observar, entre as principais barreiras para a reabilitação profissional encontradas: o perfil dos segurados da região rural com baixa escolaridade, com dificuldades em transporte, poucos cursos ofertados, e a avaliação do médico perito com base no modelo biomédico, com sofrimento e injustiças. Entre os facilitadores: o acolhimento dos profissionais de referência assistentes sociais, o vínculo estabelecido e a empatia. Conclusão: Há necessidade de políticas públicas que possam garantir os direitos dos trabalhadores e promovam melhorias no modelo atual de reabilitação profissional.

ABSTRACT Aim: To investigate the sociodemographic profile, of work and health, of workers from a region of Registro (SP), locate in Ribeira Valley, and to identify the barriers and facilitators in the professional rehabilitation process of the National Institute of Social Security (INSS), of insured persons workers of this region. Methods: Two steps: (1) A list of workers was obtained from the Family Health Strategy of rural neighborhoods in the city of Registro (SP), and a questionnaire with sociodemographic data, of work and health, was applied, under the form of an interview. (2) Subsequently, two reference professionals of the INSS, who worked at the headquarters of this region were identified and, in addition, individual interviews were conducted to analyze thematic content. Results: Regarding the profile of the subjects, most workers worked on banana plantations, lived on farms, had low schooling; all reported musculoskeletal symptoms, among others. In interviews with reference professionals of the INSS, it was possible to observe, among the main barriers found to professional rehabilitation: the profile of insured rural people with low schooling, with difficulties in transportation, few courses offered, and the evaluation of the medical expert based on the biomedical model, with suffering and injustice. Among the facilitators: the welcome of the social workers reference professionals, the bond established and the empathy. Conclusion: There is a need for public policies that can guarantee the rights of workers and promote improvements in the current model of professional rehabilitation.

Effects of physical exercise on the cartilage of ovariectomized rats submitted to immobilization / Efeitos do exercício físico sobre a cartilagem de ratas ooforectomizadas submetidas à imobilização

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the effects of physical exercise on cartilage histomorphometry in osteoporosis-induced rats subjected to immobilization. Methods We used 36 Wistar rats that were separated into six groups: G1, G2 and G3 submitted to pseudo-oophorectomy, and G4, G5 and G6 submitted to oophorectomy. After 60 days at rest, G2, G3, G5 and G6 had the right hind limbs immobilized for 15 days, followed by the same period in remobilization, being free in the box to G2 and G5, and climb ladder to G3 and G6. At the end of the experiment, the rats were euthanized, their tibias bilaterally removed and submitted to histological routine. Results There was significant increase in thickness of the articular cartilage (F(5;29)=13.88; p<0.0001) and epiphyseal plate (F(5;29)=14.72; p<0.0001) as the number of chondrocytes (F(5;29)=5.11; p=0.0021) in ovariectomized rats, immobilized and submitted to exercise. In the morphological analysis, degeneration of articular cartilage with subchondral bone exposure, loss of cellular organization, discontinuity of tidemark, presence of cracks and flocculation in ovariectomized, immobilized and free remobilization rats were found. In ovariectomized and immobilized remobilization ladder rats, signs of repair of the cartilaginous structures in the presence of clones, pannus, subcortical blood vessel invasion in the calcified zone, increasing the amount of isogenous groups and thickness of the calcified zone were observed. Conclusion Exercise climb ladder was effective in cartilaginous tissue recovery process damaged by immobilization, in model of osteoporosis by ovariectomy in rats.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a histomorfometria da cartilagem de ratas induzidas à osteoporose e submetidas à imobilização. Métodos Foram utilizadas 36 ratas Wistar separadas em seis grupos: G1, G2 e G3 submetidas à pseudo-ooforectomia e G4, G5 e G6, à ooforectomia. Após 60 dias em repouso, G2, G3, G5 e G6 tiveram o membro posterior direito imobilizado por 15 dias, seguido pelo mesmo período em remobilização, sendo livres na caixa para G2 e G5, e de subida em escada para G3 e G6. Ao final do experimento, as ratas foram eutanasiadas, e suas tíbias foram retiradas bilateralmente e submetidas à rotina histológica. Resultados Houve aumento significativo de espessura da cartilagem articular (F(5;29)=13,88; p<0,0001) e da placa epifisária (F(5;29)=14,72; p<0,0001), bem como do número de condrócitos (F(5;29)=5,11; p<0,0021) em ratas ooforectomizadas, imobilizadas e submetidas ao exercício em escada. Nas análises morfológicas, verificaram-se degeneração da cartilagem articular com exposição de osso subcondral, perda da organização celular, descontinuidade da tidemark, presença de fissuras e floculações em ratas ooforectomizadas, imobilizadas e com remobilização livre. Nas ratas ooforectomizadas, imobilizadas e com remobilização em escada, observaram-se sinais de reparação das estruturas cartilaginosas com presença de clones, pannus, invasão de vasos sanguíneos subcorticais na zona calcificada, aumento da quantidade de grupos isógenos e espessura da zona calcificada. Conclusão O exercício físico de subida em escada mostrou-se efetivo no processo de recuperação do tecido cartilaginoso danificado pela imobilização, em modelo de osteoporose por ooforectomia em ratas.

Substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar e caroço de algodão sobre o desempenho de vacas holandesas em lactação / Replacement of corn silage by chopped sugar cane and whole cotton seed on the performance of lactating holstein cows

Cinco vacas holandesas multíparas (média de 526 kg de peso vivo e 85 dias de lactação) foram distribuídas em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5 para avaliar a substituição de silagem demilho por cana-de-açúcar mais caroço de algodão em rações contendo 50% de concentrado e 50% de volumoso (base matéria seca - MS). Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar picada, nas seguintes proporções: 100:0 (controle), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100, com base na MS do volumoso. A cada tratamento, adicionaram-se 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de caroço de algodão na MS da dieta, respectivamente. Os consumos de MS das vacas recebendo as rações com 100%, 75% e 50% de silagem de milho foram maiores (P < 0,05) do que os das vacas recebendo 25% e 0% de silagem de milho. A produção de leite foi maior (P < 0,05) para as vacas recebendo 100%, 75% ou 50% de silagem de milho do que para as vacas recebendo 25% ou 0% de silagem de milho. O teor de gordura mostrou-se maior (P < 0,05) para vacas recebendo 50%, 25% ou 0% de silagem de milho do que para as vacas que receberam os demais tratamentos. O teor de proteína não foi afetado (P > 0,05) pela inclusão de cana-de-açúcar à dieta. A silagem de milho pode ser substituída por cana-de-açúcar até 50% do volumoso sem efeitos negativos no desempenho de vacas em lactação produzindo até 18 L/dia de leite.(AU)

Five multiparous Holstein cows averaging 526 kg of body weight and 85 days of lactation were assigned in a 5 x 5 latin square design for the evaluation of the replacement of corn silage by sugar cane and whole cottonseed. Cows were fed a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet (dry matter basis-DM). Treatments were defined by the replacement of corn silage by chopped sugar cane (whole plant) according to the following proportions: 100:0 control), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100, based on dry matter roughage. In each treatment, 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of whole cottonseed were added to the dietary DM, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) of cows fed 100, 75, and 50% corn silage diets was higher (P < 0.05) than the DMI of cows fed 25 and 0% corn silage. Milk production was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed 100, 75 and 50% corn silage than for cows fed 25 or 0% corn silage. Milk fat concentration was higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed 50, 25 or 0% corn silage than for cows fed 100 or 75% corn silage. Milk protein concentration was not affected (P > 0.05) by inclusion of sugar cane and whole cottonseed. Corn silage can be replaced by sugar cane up to 50% of roughage level without negative effect on performance of dairy cows producing up to 18 kg milk/day.(AU)

Substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar e caroço de algodão sobre o desempenho de vacas holandesas em lactação / Replacement of corn silage by chopped sugar cane and whole cotton seed on the performance of lactating holstein cows

Cinco vacas holandesas multíparas (média de 526 kg de peso vivo e 85 dias de lactação) foram distribuídas em delineamento quadrado latino 5 × 5 para avaliar a substituição de silagem demilho por cana-de-açúcar mais caroço de algodão em rações contendo 50% de concentrado e 50% de volumoso (base matéria seca - MS). Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar picada, nas seguintes proporções: 100:0 (controle), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100, com base na MS do volumoso. A cada tratamento, adicionaram-se 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% de caroço de algodão na MS da dieta, respectivamente. Os consumos de MS das vacas recebendo as rações com 100%, 75% e 50% de silagem de milho foram maiores (P 0,05) pela inclusão de cana-de-açúcar à dieta. A silagem de milho pode ser substituída por cana-de-açúcar até 50% do volumoso sem efeitos negativos no desempenho de vacas em lactação produzindo até 18 L/dia de leite.

Five multiparous Holstein cows averaging 526 kg of body weight and 85 days of lactation were assigned in a 5 x 5 latin square design for the evaluation of the replacement of corn silage by sugar cane and whole cottonseed. Cows were fed a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet (dry matter basis-DM). Treatments were defined by the replacement of corn silage by chopped sugar cane (whole plant) according to the following proportions: 100:0 control), 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100, based on dry matter roughage. In each treatment, 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of whole cottonseed were added to the dietary DM, respectively. Dry matter intake (DMI) of cows fed 100, 75, and 50% corn silage diets was higher (P 0.05) by inclusion of sugar cane and whole cottonseed. Corn silage can be replaced by sugar cane up to 50% of roughage level without negative effect on performance of dairy cows producing up to 18 kg milk/day.

Replacement of corn silage by chopped sugarcane plus whole cottonseed on ruminal parameters, microbial protein production, and nutrient digestibility in lactating cows / Substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar e caroço de algodão nos parâmetros ruminais, síntese de proteína microbiana e utilização dos nutrientes em vacas lactantes

Five multiparous Holstein cows averaging 525.91 kg BW and 85 days in milk were assigned in a 5 x 5 Latin square to evaluate the effects of corn silage replacement by sugarcane plus whole cottonseed. Cows were cannulated in the rumen and proximal duodenum and were fed a 50:50 concentrate:forage diet (DM basis). Treatments were defined by the replacement of corn silage by chopped sugarcane (whole plant) plus whole cottonseed in the following proportions: 100:0 (control); 75:25; 50:50; 25:75; 0:100 in the DM basis. Dry matter intake (DMI) of cows fed 100, 75, and 50% corn silage diets was higher (P 0.05) than DMI of cows fed 25 and 0% corn silage. Ruminal degradability and total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were not affected (P>0.05) by treatment diets. Total digestibilities of crude protein in diets containing up to 50% of sugarcane were lower than in diets containing 75 or 100% of sugarcane. Ruminal ammonia concentration decreased (P 0.05) with sugarcane and whole cottonseed inclusion. Concentrations of acetic, propionic and butyric acids as well as total volatile fatty acids concentration were higher (P 0.05) with sugarcane inclusion up to 50% level. Corn silage can be replaced by sugar cane plus whole cottonseed up to 50% level of forage in the diet without negative effect on nutrient utilization by dairy cows producing up

Utilizaram-se cinco vacas holandesas pluríparas (525,91 kg PV e média de 85 dias de lactação) distribuídas em delineamento quadrado latino 5 x 5 para avaliação da substituição da silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar. Os animais foram canulados no rúmen e duodeno proximal, sendo alimentados com rações contendo 50% de concentrado e 50% de volumoso na base seca. Os tratamentos consistiram na substituição gradativa da silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar picada (planta inteira) mais caroço de algodão, nas seguintes proporções: 100:0 (controle); 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 e 0:100, com base na MS da ração. O consumo de matéria seca das vacas alimentadas com as rações 100%, 75% e 50% de silagem de milho foi maior (P 0,05) do que o das vacas alimentadas com 25% e 0% de silagem de milho. A degradabilidade ruminal e a digestibilidade total da fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade total da proteína bruta das rações em que houve substituição de silagem de milho por cana-de-açúcar mais caroço de algodão até o teor de 50% foi menor do que a das rações com 75% e 100% de cana-de-açúcar. A concentração de amônia ruminal decresceu (P 0,05) com a inclusão de cana-de-açúcar mais caroço de algodão. A concentração de ácido acético, propiônico, butírico e de ácidos graxos voláteis totais aumentou (P 0,05) com a substit

Sugar cane supplemented with urea levels: rumen fermentation and plasma urea-n concentrations in dairy cows / Teores de uréia em dietas com cana-de-açúcar: fermentação ruminal e concentrações de uréia plamática em vacas leiteiras

Four cow fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 4 x 4 Latin Square design to investigate the rumen fermentation and the plasma urea-N concentration. The animals were fed with sugarcane as the exclusive roughage and supplemented with soybean meal in the treatment 0%UR or urea at levels of 1.0%; 1.5% and 2.0% of fresh sugarcane. Daily dry matter intake was higher (P 0.05) for treatment 0%UR (7.76 Kg DMI/day) than treatment 1.0%UR (4.94kg DMI/ day), 1.5%UR (5.53kg DMI/day) and 2.0%UR (4.02 Kg DMI/day). The pH, total volatile fatty acids concentrations, the percents of acetic and propionic acids, acetic:propionic ratio and ammonia concentrations showed quadratic effect (P 0.05) between 0-10 hours and 12-22 hours. Differences were observed (P 0.05) among the treatments in both periods for the ammonia and plasma urea- N concentrations. There were treatment effects (P 0.05) on pH and acetic:propionic ratio between 12-22 hours.

Foram utilizadas quatro vacas holandesas providas de cânula ruminal, em um delineamento Quadrado Latino 4 x 4 com o objetivo de avaliar a fermentação ruminal e as concentra- ções de uréia plasmática. As dietas experimentais eram constituídas por cana-de-açúcar suplementada com farelo de soja ou teores de uréia (0 %, 1,0%; 1,5% e 2,0% na matéria original). O consumo médio diário de MS foi maior (P 0,05) para o tratamento 0%UR (7,76 kg MS/dia) em relação aos demais (4,94; 4,53 e 4,02 kg MS/dia), respectivamente, para 1,0%UR, 1,5%UR e 2,0%UR. Para o pH, concentrações de AGV totais, porcentagem dos ácidos acético, propiônico, relação ácido acético:propiônico e concentrações de N-NH3 verificou-se efeito quadrático (P 0,05) nos períodos 0-10 horas e 12-22 horas. Foram observadas diferenças (P 0,05) entre os tratamentos para as concentrações de N-NH3 e uréia plasmáticas nos períodos 0-10 horas e 12-22 horas. Entre 12-22 horas verificou-se diferença (P 0,05) entre os tratamentos para o pH e relação ácido acético:propiônico.

Effects of milk replacer and processed corn on performance of holstein calves during the pre-weaning period / Efeitos do uso de sucedâneo do leite e milho processado no desempenho de bezerros da raça holandesa até o desmame

Seventy-two Holstein calves, 15 days old, were used to evaluate the substitution of whole milk by a milk replacer, and the effects of processed corn in starters. Animals were distributed in blocks by date of birth and sex, in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors consisted of whole milk or milk replacer and steam flaked corn at densities 283, 360 and 437 g/L. During the pre-weaning period, the processed corn at different densities did not affect the performance of calves. Replacement of whole milk by milk replacer reduced daily body gain (milk = 0.56 vs. milk replacer = 0.30 kg/day), body weight at weaning (63.3 vs. 51.9 kg/day) and total dry matter intake (0.83 vs. 0.68 kg/day). Food conversion (1.61 vs. 2.60) became worse. Animals from milk replacer group were weaned earlier than the whole milk group (56.4 vs. 48.9 days).

Setenta e dois bezerros da raça Holandesa foram utilizados para avaliar a substituição do leite integral pelo sucedâneo e os efeitos da densidade do milho floculado em dietas iniciais. Os animais foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos, ao acaso, de acordo com a data de nascimento e sexo, em um arranjo fatorial 2x3, correspondendo ao tipo de dieta líquida (leite integral ou sucedâneo) e à densidade do milho floculado (283, 360 e 437 g/L). No período dos 15 dias de vida até o desmame, não foi observado efeito de densidade de floculação no desempenho dos animais. A substituição do leite pelo sucedâneo não alterou o consumo de concentrado, mas reduziu o ganho de peso (leite = 0,56 vs. Sucedâneo = 0,30 kg/dia), peso à desmama (63,3 vs. 51,9 kg/dia) e consumo de matéria seca (0,83 vs. 0,68 kg/dia) e piorou a conversão alimentar (1,6 vs. 2,6), mas antecipou a data do desmame (56,4 vs. 48,9 dias).

Starch sources with different degradabilities and their partial replacement by citrus pulp for lactating dairy cows / Fontes de amido de diferentes degradabilidades e sua substituição parcial por polpa de citrus em dietas para vacas leiteiras

Four late lactating Holstein cows, canulated in rumen, were used in a 5x4 Latin Square Design to compare coarsely ground, finely ground and flaked corn and the partial replacement of these starch sources by citrus pulp. All diets contained corn silage as forage source. The treatments were finely ground corn (MF), steam-flaked corn (F), coarsely ground corn (MG), finely ground corn+ citrus pulp (MFP), steam-flaked corn + citrus pulp (FP). The MG treatment resulted in the lowest dry matter intake and lowest milk, fat and protein yields, while the FP treatment resulted in the highest dry matter intake, 3.5% fat corrected milk, fat and protein yields. The DM, CP, NDF and ADF total tract digestibility were high for FP, however F had a negative effect on fiber digestibility. The ruminal pH was low for FP. Ruminal ammonia and VFA were not affected by treatments. The F treatment reduced molar concentration of acetate and butyrate, while citrus pulp stimulated their ruminal production. Plasma glucose was not affected by treatments, however PUN was higher for MFP as compared to MG.

Foram utilizadas quatro vacas Holandesas, no terço final de lactação, canuladas no rúmen, com o objetivo de comparar milho moído fino, moído grosso ou floculado, assim como a substituição parcial dessas fontes de amido por polpa de citrus peletizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um Quadrado Latino 5 x 4. As dietas continham silagem de milho como volumoso exclusivo e os tratamentos testados foram: milho moído fino (MF), floculado (F), moído grosso (MG), moído fino + polpa de citrus (MFP) e floculado + polpa de citrus (FP). O tratamento MG resultou em menores produções de leite, gordura e proteína, enquanto que o tratamento MFP resultou em maiores produções de leite corrigido, gordura e proteína. As digestibilidades no trato total da MS, PB, FDN, FDA foram maiores para o tratamento FP, enquanto que o tratamento F teve efeito negativo na digestão de fibra. O pH ruminal foi menor para o tratamento FP. Os teores médios de N-amoniacal e AGV totais ruminais não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O tratamento F reduziu as concentrações molares de acetato e butirato, enquanto que a inclusão de polpa favoreceu a produção ruminal destes. A glicose plasmática não foi afetada, mas os teores de N-uréico foram superiores no tratamento MFP comparados com MG.

Starch sources with different degradabilities and their partial replacement by citrus pulp for lactating dairy cows / Fontes de amido de diferentes degradabilidades e sua substituição parcial por polpa de citrus em dietas para vacas leiteiras

Four late lactating Holstein cows, canulated in rumen, were used in a 5x4 Latin Square Design to compare coarsely ground, finely ground and flaked corn and the partial replacement of these starch sources by citrus pulp. All diets contained corn silage as forage source. The treatments were finely ground corn (MF), steam-flaked corn (F), coarsely ground corn (MG), finely ground corn+ citrus pulp (MFP), steam-flaked corn + citrus pulp (FP). The MG treatment resulted in the lowest dry matter intake and lowest milk, fat and protein yields, while the FP treatment resulted in the highest dry matter intake, 3.5% fat corrected milk, fat and protein yields. The DM, CP, NDF and ADF total tract digestibility were high for FP, however F had a negative effect on fiber digestibility. The ruminal pH was low for FP. Ruminal ammonia and VFA were not affected by treatments. The F treatment reduced molar concentration of acetate and butyrate, while citrus pulp stimulated their ruminal production. Plasma glucose was not affected by treatments, however PUN was higher for MFP as compared to MG.

Foram utilizadas quatro vacas Holandesas, no terço final de lactação, canuladas no rúmen, com o objetivo de comparar milho moído fino, moído grosso ou floculado, assim como a substituição parcial dessas fontes de amido por polpa de citrus peletizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um Quadrado Latino 5 x 4. As dietas continham silagem de milho como volumoso exclusivo e os tratamentos testados foram: milho moído fino (MF), floculado (F), moído grosso (MG), moído fino + polpa de citrus (MFP) e floculado + polpa de citrus (FP). O tratamento MG resultou em menores produções de leite, gordura e proteína, enquanto que o tratamento MFP resultou em maiores produções de leite corrigido, gordura e proteína. As digestibilidades no trato total da MS, PB, FDN, FDA foram maiores para o tratamento FP, enquanto que o tratamento F teve efeito negativo na digestão de fibra. O pH ruminal foi menor para o tratamento FP. Os teores médios de N-amoniacal e AGV totais ruminais não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O tratamento F reduziu as concentrações molares de acetato e butirato, enquanto que a inclusão de polpa favoreceu a produção ruminal destes. A glicose plasmática não foi afetada, mas os teores de N-uréico foram superiores no tratamento MFP comparados com MG.

Effects of milk replacer and processed corn on performance of holstein calves during the pre-weaning period / Efeitos do uso de sucedâneo do leite e milho processado no desempenho de bezerros da raça holandesa até o desmame

Seventy-two Holstein calves, 15 days old, were used to evaluate the substitution of whole milk by a milk replacer, and the effects of processed corn in starters. Animals were distributed in blocks by date of birth and sex, in a 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors consisted of whole milk or milk replacer and steam flaked corn at densities 283, 360 and 437 g/L. During the pre-weaning period, the processed corn at different densities did not affect the performance of calves. Replacement of whole milk by milk replacer reduced daily body gain (milk = 0.56 vs. milk replacer = 0.30 kg/day), body weight at weaning (63.3 vs. 51.9 kg/day) and total dry matter intake (0.83 vs. 0.68 kg/day). Food conversion (1.61 vs. 2.60) became worse. Animals from milk replacer group were weaned earlier than the whole milk group (56.4 vs. 48.9 days).

Setenta e dois bezerros da raça Holandesa foram utilizados para avaliar a substituição do leite integral pelo sucedâneo e os efeitos da densidade do milho floculado em dietas iniciais. Os animais foram distribuídos num delineamento experimental de blocos, ao acaso, de acordo com a data de nascimento e sexo, em um arranjo fatorial 2x3, correspondendo ao tipo de dieta líquida (leite integral ou sucedâneo) e à densidade do milho floculado (283, 360 e 437 g/L). No período dos 15 dias de vida até o desmame, não foi observado efeito de densidade de floculação no desempenho dos animais. A substituição do leite pelo sucedâneo não alterou o consumo de concentrado, mas reduziu o ganho de peso (leite = 0,56 vs. Sucedâneo = 0,30 kg/dia), peso à desmama (63,3 vs. 51,9 kg/dia) e consumo de matéria seca (0,83 vs. 0,68 kg/dia) e piorou a conversão alimentar (1,6 vs. 2,6), mas antecipou a data do desmame (56,4 vs. 48,9 dias).

Adição de probiótico ao leite integral ou sucedâneo e desempenho de bezerros da raça holandesa

The possibility of limiting antibiotics as growth stimulants for farm animals has produced a climate in which both consumers and manufacturers are looking for alternatives. Probiotics are being considered to exercise this role, and for this reason, 79 newborn Holstein calves were used to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae additions to whole milk or milk replacer. Calves were assigned at birth to a completely randomized design with a 3x2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were: 1- whole milk: milk replacer at 3 days of age: milk replacer at 15 days of age; 2- probiotic supplementation or not. Animals remained on the trial until 15 days after weaning. Probiotic supplementation to calves fed milk replacer at 3 days of age improved preweaning daily body gain (with probiotic=0.22 vs. without probiotic=0.16 kg day-1) and feed conversion (2.62 vs. 3.85), as well as, postweaning feed conversion (1.66 vs. 2.03). Milk replacer fed calves had higher starter intake (milk replacer=0.22 vs. whole milk=0.19 kg day-1), but lower dry matter intake (0.61 vs. 0.67 kg day-1) and the lowest weight at weaning (49 vs. 59 kg). When milk replacer was started at 3 days, calves had higher starter intake (milk replacer at 3 days=0.25 vs. milk replacer at 15 days=0.20 kg day-1) and lower weight at weaning (47.3 vs. 51 kg) in relation to milk replacer starting at 15 days. Age at weaning and mortality rate were not affected by the probiotic supplementation or liquid diet.

A possibilidade de proibição do uso de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento para animais de produção tem feito com que consumidores e produtores procurem por alternativas. Os probióticos têm se mostrado promissores em cumprir este papel e por esta razão, setenta e nove bezerros da raça Holandesa foram utilizados para avaliar a adição de probiótico constituído por Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium e Saccharomyces cerevisiae ao aleitamento. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 3x2, correspondendo ao tipo de dieta líquida (leite integral, sucedâneo ao 3° dia ou sucedâneo ao 15° dia de idade, com adição ou não de probiótico). O período experimental foi do nascimento até 15 dias após a desmama. O fornecimento de probiótico a bezerros(as) aleitados(as) com sucedâneo a partir dos 3 dias de idade melhorou o ganho de peso (com probiótico=0,22 vs. sem probiótico=0,16 kg dia-1) e conversão alimentar (2,62 vs. 3,85) até a desmama, e conversão alimentar (1,66 vs. 2,03) pós-desmama. Os bezerros aleitados com sucedâneo consumiram mais concentrado em relação aos que receberam leite integral (sucedâneo=0,22 vs. leite=0,19 kg dia-1), mas consumiram menos matéria seca total (0,61 vs. 0,67 kg dia-1) e apresentaram menor peso à desmama (49 vs. 59 kg). Quando o uso de sucedâneo foi iniciado aos 3 dias, os bezerros apresentaram maior consumo de concentrado (sucedâneo aos 3 dias=0,25 vs. sucedâneo aos 15 dias=0,20 kg dia-1) e menor peso à desmama (47,3 vs. 51 kg) em relação aos bezerros aleitados com sucedâneo aos 15 dias.