Structural transitions in TCTP tumor protein upon binding to the anti-apoptotic protein family member Mcl-1.

Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) serves as a pro-survival factor in tumor cells, inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by enhancing the function of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL. TCTP specifically binds to Bcl-xL, preventing Bax-dependent Bcl-xL-induced cytochrome c release, and it reduces Mcl-1 turnover by inhibiting its ubiquitination, thereby decreasing Mcl-1-mediated apoptosis. TCTP harbors a BH3-like motif that forms a ß-strand buried in the globular domain of the protein. In contrast, the crystal structure of the TCTP BH3-like peptide in complex with the Bcl-2 family member Bcl-xL reveals an α-helical conformation for the BH3-like motif, suggesting significant structural changes upon complex formation. Employing biochemical and biophysical methods, including limited proteolysis, circular dichroism, NMR, and SAXS, we describe the TCTP complex with the Bcl-2 homolog Mcl-1. Our findings demonstrate that full-length TCTP binds to the BH3 binding groove of Mcl-1 via its BH3-like motif, experiencing conformational exchange at the interface on a micro- to milli-second timescale. Concurrently, the TCTP globular domain becomes destabilized, transitioning into a molten-globule state. Furthermore, we establish that the non-canonical residue D16 within the TCTP BH3-like motif reduces stability while enhancing the dynamics of the intermolecular interface. In conclusion, we detail the structural plasticity of TCTP and discuss its implications for partner interactions and future anticancer drug design strategies aimed at targeting TCTP complexes.

Hardening of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inclusion Bodies by Cyclopamine Proceeds through Perturbation of the Interactions of the M2-1 Protein with RNA and the P Protein.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA synthesis takes place in cytoplasmic viral factories also called inclusion bodies (IBs), which are membrane-less organelles concentrating the viral RNA polymerase complex. The assembly of IBs is driven by liquid-liquid phase separation promoted by interactions between the viral nucleoprotein N and the phosphoprotein P. We recently demonstrated that cyclopamine (CPM) inhibits RSV multiplication by disorganizing and hardening IBs. Although a single mutation in the viral transcription factor M2-1 induced resistance to CPM, the mechanism of action of CPM still remains to be characterized. Here, using FRAP experiments on reconstituted pseudo-IBs both in cellula and in vitro, we first demonstrated that CPM activity depends on the presence of M2-1 together with N and P. We showed that CPM impairs the competition between P and RNA binding to M2-1. As mutations on both P and M2-1 induced resistance against CPM activity, we suggest that CPM may affect the dynamics of the M2-1-P interaction, thereby affecting the relative mobility of the proteins contained in RSV IBs. Overall, our results reveal that stabilizing viral protein-protein interactions is an attractive new antiviral approach. They pave the way for the rational chemical optimization of new specific anti-RSV molecules.

Iron Insertion at the Assembly Site of the ISCU Scaffold Protein Is a Conserved Process Initiating Fe-S Cluster Biosynthesis.

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are prosthetic groups of proteins biosynthesized on scaffold proteins by highly conserved multi-protein machineries. Biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters into the ISCU scaffold protein is initiated by ferrous iron insertion, followed by sulfur acquisition, via a still elusive mechanism. Notably, whether iron initially binds to the ISCU cysteine-rich assembly site or to a cysteine-less auxiliary site via N/O ligands remains unclear. We show here by SEC, circular dichroism (CD), and Mössbauer spectroscopies that iron binds to the assembly site of the monomeric form of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ISCU proteins via either one or two cysteines, referred to the 1-Cys and 2-Cys forms, respectively. The latter predominated at pH 8.0 and correlated with the Fe-S cluster assembly activity, whereas the former increased at a more acidic pH, together with free iron, suggesting that it constitutes an intermediate of the iron insertion process. Iron not binding to the assembly site was non-specifically bound to the aggregated ISCU, ruling out the existence of a structurally defined auxiliary site in ISCU. Characterization of the 2-Cys form by site-directed mutagenesis, CD, NMR, X-ray absorption, Mössbauer, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies showed that the iron center is coordinated by four strictly conserved amino acids of the assembly site, Cys35, Asp37, Cys61, and His103, in a tetrahedral geometry. The sulfur receptor Cys104 was at a very close distance and apparently bound to the iron center when His103 was missing, which may enable iron-dependent sulfur acquisition. Altogether, these data provide the structural basis to elucidate the Fe-S cluster assembly process and establish that the initiation of Fe-S cluster biosynthesis by insertion of a ferrous iron in the assembly site of ISCU is a conserved mechanism.

Tetramerization of Phosphoprotein is Essential for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Budding while its N Terminal Region Mediates Direct Interactions with the Matrix Protein.

It was shown previously that the Matrix (M), Phosphoprotein (P), and the Fusion (F) proteins of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are sufficient to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) that resemble the RSV infection-induced virions. However, the exact mechanism and interactions among the three proteins are not known. This work examines the interaction between P and M during RSV assembly and budding. We show that M interacts with P in the absence of other viral proteins in cells using a Split Nano Luciferase assay. By using recombinant proteins, we demonstrate a direct interaction between M and P. By using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) we identify three novel M interaction sites on P, namely site I in the αN2 region, site II in the 115-125 region, and the oligomerization domain (OD). We show that the OD, and likely the tetrameric structural organization of P, is required for virus-like filament formation and VLP release. Although sites I and II are not required for VLP formation, they appear to modulate P levels in RSV VLPs.Importance Human RSV is the commonest cause of infantile bronchiolitis in the developed world and of childhood deaths in resource-poor settings. It is a major unmet target for vaccines and anti-viral drugs. The lack of knowledge of RSV budding mechanism presents a continuing challenge for VLP production for vaccine purpose. We show that direct interaction between P and M modulates RSV VLP budding. This further emphasizes P as a central regulator of RSV life cycle, as an essential actor for transcription and replication early during infection and as a mediator for assembly and budding in the later stages for virus production.

Investigation of the Fuzzy Complex between RSV Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein to Optimize an Inhibition Assay by Fluorescence Polarization.

The interaction between Respiratory Syncytial Virus phosphoprotein P and nucleoprotein N is essential for the formation of the holo RSV polymerase that carries out replication. In vitro screening of antivirals targeting the N-P protein interaction requires a molecular interaction model, ideally consisting of a complex between N protein and a short peptide corresponding to the C-terminal tail of the P protein. However, the flexibility of C-terminal P peptides as well as their phosphorylation status play a role in binding and may bias the outcome of an inhibition assay. We therefore investigated binding affinities and dynamics of this interaction by testing two N protein constructs and P peptides of different lengths and composition, using nuclear magnetic resonance and fluorescence polarization (FP). We show that, although the last C-terminal Phe241 residue is the main determinant for anchoring P to N, only longer peptides afford sub-micromolar affinity, despite increasing mobility towards the N-terminus. We investigated competitive binding by peptides and small compounds, including molecules used as fluorescent labels in FP. Based on these results, we draw optimized parameters for a robust RSV N-P inhibition assay and validated this assay with the M76 molecule, which displays antiviral properties, for further screening of chemical libraries.

Relationships between RNA topology and nucleocapsid structure in a model icosahedral virus.

The process of genome packaging in most of viruses is poorly understood, notably the role of the genome itself in the nucleocapsid structure. For simple icosahedral single-stranded RNA viruses, the branched topology due to the RNA secondary structure is thought to lower the free energy required to complete a virion. We investigate the structure of nucleocapsids packaging RNA segments with various degrees of compactness by small-angle x-ray scattering and cryotransmission electron microscopy. The structural differences are mild even though compact RNA segments lead on average to better-ordered and more uniform particles across the sample. Numerical calculations confirm that the free energy is lowered for the RNA segments displaying the larger number of branch points. The effect is, however, opposite with synthetic polyelectrolytes, in which a star topology gives rise to more disorder in the capsids than a linear topology. If RNA compactness and size account in part for the proper assembly of the nucleocapsid and the genome selectivity, other factors most likely related to the host cell environment during viral assembly must come into play as well.

A seven-residue deletion in PrP leads to generation of a spontaneous prion formed from C-terminal C1 fragment of PrP.

Prions result from a drastic conformational change of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP), leading to the formation of ß-sheet-rich, insoluble, and protease-resistant self-replicating assemblies (PrPSc). The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in spontaneous prion formation in sporadic and inherited human prion diseases or equivalent animal diseases are poorly understood, in part because cell models of spontaneously forming prions are currently lacking. Here, extending studies on the role of the H2 α-helix C terminus of PrP, we found that deletion of the highly conserved 190HTVTTTT196 segment of ovine PrP led to spontaneous prion formation in the RK13 rabbit kidney cell model. On long-term passage, the mutant cells stably produced proteinase K (PK)-resistant, insoluble, and aggregated assemblies that were infectious for naïve cells expressing either the mutant protein or other PrPs with slightly different deletions in the same area. The electrophoretic pattern of the PK-resistant core of the spontaneous prion (ΔSpont) contained mainly C-terminal polypeptides akin to C1, the cell-surface anchored C-terminal moiety of PrP generated by natural cellular processing. RK13 cells expressing solely the Δ190-196 C1 PrP construct, in the absence of the full-length protein, were susceptible to ΔSpont prions. ΔSpont infection induced the conversion of the mutated C1 into a PK-resistant and infectious form perpetuating the biochemical characteristics of ΔSpont prion. In conclusion, this work provides a unique cell-derived system generating spontaneous prions and provides evidence that the 113 C-terminal residues of PrP are sufficient for a self-propagating prion entity.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Multifaceted Toolbox to Probe Structure, Dynamics, Interactions, and Real-Time In Situ Release Kinetics in Peptide-Liposome Formulations.

Liposomal formulations represent attractive biocompatible and tunable drug delivery systems for peptide drugs. Among the tools to analyze their physicochemical properties, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, despite being an obligatory technique to characterize molecular structure and dynamics in chemistry as well as in structural biology, yet appears to be rather sparsely used to study drug-liposome formulations. In this work, we exploited several facets of liquid-state NMR spectroscopy to characterize liposomal delivery systems for the apelin-derived K14P peptide and K14P modified by Nα-fatty acylation. Various liposome compositions and preparation modes were analyzed. Using NMR, in combination with cryo-electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, we determined structural, dynamic, and self-association properties of these peptides in solution and probed their interactions with liposomes. Using 31P and 1H NMR, we characterized membrane fluidity and thermotropic phase transitions in empty and loaded liposomes. Based on diffusion and 1H NMR experiments, we localized and quantified peptides with respect to the interior/exterior of liposomes and changes over time and upon thermal treatments. Finally, we assessed the release kinetics of several solutes and compared various formulations. Taken together, this work shows that NMR has the potential to assist the design of peptide/liposome systems and more generally drug delivery systems.

Pneumoviral Phosphoprotein, a Multidomain Adaptor-Like Protein of Apparent Low Structural Complexity and High Conformational Versatility.

Mononegavirales phosphoproteins (P) are essential co-factors of the viral polymerase by serving as a linchpin between the catalytic subunit and the ribonucleoprotein template. They have highly diverged, but their overall architecture is conserved. They are multidomain proteins, which all possess an oligomerization domain that separates N- and C-terminal domains. Large intrinsically disordered regions constitute their hallmark. Here, we exemplify their structural features and interaction potential, based on the Pneumoviridae P proteins. These P proteins are rather small, and their oligomerization domain is the only part with a defined 3D structure, owing to a quaternary arrangement. All other parts are either flexible or form short-lived secondary structure elements that transiently associate with the rest of the protein. Pneumoviridae P proteins interact with several viral and cellular proteins that are essential for viral transcription and replication. The combination of intrinsic disorder and tetrameric organization enables them to structurally adapt to different partners and to act as adaptor-like platforms to bring the latter close in space. Transient structures are stabilized in complex with protein partners. This class of proteins gives an insight into the structural versatility of non-globular intrinsically disordered protein domains.

RSV hijacks cellular protein phosphatase 1 to regulate M2-1 phosphorylation and viral transcription.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RNA synthesis occurs in cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) in which all the components of the viral RNA polymerase are concentrated. In this work, we show that RSV P protein recruits the essential RSV transcription factor M2-1 to IBs independently of the phosphorylation state of M2-1. We also show that M2-1 dephosphorylation is achieved by a complex formed between P and the cellular phosphatase PP1. We identified the PP1 binding site of P, which is an RVxF-like motif located nearby and upstream of the M2-1 binding region. NMR confirmed both P-M2-1 and P-PP1 interaction regions in P. When the P-PP1 interaction was disrupted, M2-1 remained phosphorylated and viral transcription was impaired, showing that M2-1 dephosphorylation is required, in a cyclic manner, for efficient viral transcription. IBs contain substructures called inclusion bodies associated granules (IBAGs), where M2-1 and neo-synthesized viral mRNAs concentrate. Disruption of the P-PP1 interaction was correlated with M2-1 exclusion from IBAGs, indicating that only dephosphorylated M2-1 is competent for viral mRNA binding and hence for a previously proposed post-transcriptional function.

The stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase RpoS/σS is a solvent-exposed open molecule in solution.

In bacteria, one primary and multiple alternative sigma (σ) factors associate with the RNA polymerase core enzyme (E) to form holoenzymes (Eσ) with different promoter recognition specificities. The alternative σ factor RpoS/σS is produced in stationary phase and under stress conditions and reprograms global gene expression to promote bacterial survival. To date, the three-dimensional structure of a full-length free σ factor remains elusive. The current model suggests that extensive interdomain contacts in a free σ factor result in a compact conformation that masks the DNA-binding determinants of σ, explaining why a free σ factor does not bind double-stranded promoter DNA efficiently. Here, we explored the solution conformation of σS using amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry, NMR, analytical ultracentrifugation and molecular dynamics. Our data strongly argue against a compact conformation of free σS Instead, we show that σS adopts an open conformation in solution in which the folded σ2 and σ4 domains are interspersed by domains with a high degree of disorder. These findings suggest that E binding induces major changes in both the folding and domain arrangement of σS and provide insights into the possible mechanisms of regulation of σS activity by its chaperone Crl.

New Insights into Structural Disorder in Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Phosphoprotein and Implications for Binding of Protein Partners.

Phosphoprotein is the main cofactor of the viral RNA polymerase of Mononegavirales It is involved in multiple interactions that are essential for the polymerase function. Most prominently it positions the polymerase complex onto the nucleocapsid, but also acts as a chaperone for the nucleoprotein. Mononegavirales phosphoproteins lack sequence conservation, but contain all large disordered regions. We show here that N- and C-terminal intrinsically disordered regions account for 80% of the phosphoprotein of the respiratory syncytial virus. But these regions display marked dynamic heterogeneity. Whereas almost stable helices are formed C terminally to the oligomerization domain, extremely transient helices are present in the N-terminal region. They all mediate internal long-range contacts in this non-globular protein. Transient secondary elements together with fully disordered regions also provide protein binding sites recognized by the respiratory syncytial virus nucleoprotein and compatible with weak interactions required for the processivity of the polymerase.

Generating Bona Fide Mammalian Prions with Internal Deletions.

UNLABELLED: Mammalian prions are PrP proteins with altered structures causing transmissible fatal neurodegenerative diseases. They are self-perpetuating through formation of beta-sheet-rich assemblies that seed conformational change of cellular PrP. Pathological PrP usually forms an insoluble protease-resistant core exhibiting beta-sheet structures but no more alpha-helical content, loosing the three alpha-helices contained in the correctly folded PrP. The lack of a high-resolution prion structure makes it difficult to understand the dynamics of conversion and to identify elements of the protein involved in this process. To determine whether completeness of residues within the protease-resistant domain is required for prions, we performed serial deletions in the helix H2 C terminus of ovine PrP, since this region has previously shown some tolerance to sequence changes without preventing prion replication. Deletions of either four or five residues essentially preserved the overall PrP structure and mutant PrP expressed in RK13 cells were efficiently converted into bona fide prions upon challenge by three different prion strains. Remarkably, deletions in PrP facilitated the replication of two strains that otherwise do not replicate in this cellular context. Prions with internal deletion were self-propagating and de novo infectious for naive homologous and wild-type PrP-expressing cells. Moreover, they caused transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mice, with similar biochemical signatures and neuropathologies other than the original strains. Prion convertibility and transfer of strain-specific information are thus preserved despite shortening of an alpha-helix in PrP and removal of residues within prions. These findings provide new insights into sequence/structure/infectivity relationship for prions. IMPORTANCE: Prions are misfolded PrP proteins that convert the normal protein into a replicate of their own abnormal form. They are responsible for invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Other aggregation-prone proteins appear to have a prion-like mode of expansion in brains, such as in Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. To date, the resolution of prion structure remains elusive. Thus, to genetically define the landscape of regions critical for prion conversion, we tested the effect of short deletions. We found that, surprisingly, removal of a portion of PrP, the C terminus of alpha-helix H2, did not hamper prion formation but generated infectious agents with an internal deletion that showed characteristics essentially similar to those of original infecting strains. Thus, we demonstrate that completeness of the residues inside prions is not necessary for maintaining infectivity and the main strain-specific information, while reporting one of the few if not the only bona fide prions with an internal deletion.

A Druggable Pocket at the Nucleocapsid/Phosphoprotein Interaction Site of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

UNLABELLED: Presently, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), the main cause of severe respiratory infections in infants, cannot be treated efficiently with antivirals. However, its RNA-dependent polymerase complex offers potential targets for RSV-specific drugs. This includes the recognition of its template, the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), consisting of genomic RNA encapsidated by the RSV nucleoprotein, N. This recognition proceeds via interaction between the phosphoprotein P, which is the main polymerase cofactor, and N. The determinant role of the C terminus of P, and more particularly of the last residue, F241, in RNP binding and viral RNA synthesis has been assessed previously. Here, we provide detailed structural insight into this crucial interaction for RSV polymerase activity. We solved the crystallographic structures of complexes between the N-terminal domain of N (N-NTD) and C-terminal peptides of P and characterized binding by biophysical approaches. Our results provide a rationale for the pivotal role of F241, which inserts into a well-defined N-NTD pocket. This primary binding site is completed by transient contacts with upstream P residues outside the pocket. Based on the structural information of the N-NTD:P complex, we identified inhibitors of this interaction, selected by in silico screening of small compounds, that efficiently bind to N and compete with P in vitro. One of the compounds displayed inhibitory activity on RSV replication, thereby strengthening the relevance of N-NTD for structure-based design of RSV-specific antivirals. IMPORTANCE: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections in infants worldwide. RSV cannot be treated efficiently with antivirals, and no vaccine is presently available, with the development of pediatric vaccines being particularly challenging. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies that specifically target RSV. The interaction between the RSV phosphoprotein P and the ribonucleoprotein complex is critical for viral replication. In this study, we identified the main structural determinants of this interaction, and we used them to screen potential inhibitors in silico. We found a family of molecules that were efficient competitors of P in vitro and showed inhibitory activity on RSV replication in cellular assays. These compounds provide a basis for a pharmacophore model that must be improved but that holds promises for the design of new RSV-specific antivirals.

A well-balanced preexisting equilibrium governs electron flux efficiency of a multidomain diflavin reductase.

Diflavin reductases are bidomain electron transfer proteins in which structural reorientation is necessary to account for the various intramolecular and intermolecular electron transfer steps. Using small-angle x-ray scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance data, we describe the conformational free-energy landscape of the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), a typical bidomain redox enzyme composed of two covalently-bound flavin domains, under various experimental conditions. The CPR enzyme exists in a salt- and pH-dependent rapid equilibrium between a previously described rigid, locked state and a newly characterized, highly flexible, unlocked state. We further establish that maximal electron flux through CPR is conditioned by adjustable stability of the locked-state domain interface under resting conditions. This is rationalized by a kinetic scheme coupling rapid conformational sampling and slow chemical reaction rates. Regulated domain interface stability associated with fast stochastic domain contacts during the catalytic cycle thus provides, to our knowledge, a new paradigm for improving our understanding of multidomain enzyme function.

Robust and low cost uniform (15)N-labeling of proteins expressed in Drosophila S2 cells and Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells for NMR applications.

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study structural and functional properties of proteins, provided that they can be enriched in stable isotopes such as (15)N, (13)C and (2)H. This is usually easy and inexpensive when the proteins are expressed in Escherichiacoli, but many eukaryotic (human in particular) proteins cannot be produced this way. An alternative is to express them in insect cells. Labeled insect cell growth media are commercially available but at prohibitive prices, limiting the NMR studies to only a subset of biologically important proteins. Non-commercial solutions from academic institutions have been proposed, but none of them is really satisfying. We have developed a (15)N-labeling procedure based on the use of a commercial medium depleted of all amino acids and supplemented with a (15)N-labeled yeast autolysate for a total cost about five times lower than that of the currently available solutions. We have applied our procedure to the production of a non-polymerizable mutant of actin in Sf9 cells and of fragments of eukaryotic and viral membrane fusion proteins in S2 cells, which typically cannot be produced in E. coli, with production yields comparable to those obtained with standard commercial media. Our results support, in particular, the putative limits of a self-folding domain within a viral glycoprotein of unknown structure.

Structure and functional analysis of the RNA- and viral phosphoprotein-binding domain of respiratory syncytial virus M2-1 protein.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) protein M2-1 functions as an essential transcriptional cofactor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) complex by increasing polymerase processivity. M2-1 is a modular RNA binding protein that also interacts with the viral phosphoprotein P, another component of the RdRp complex. These binding properties are related to the core region of M2-1 encompassing residues S58 to K177. Here we report the NMR structure of the RSV M2-1(58-177) core domain, which is structurally homologous to the C-terminal domain of Ebola virus VP30, a transcription co-factor sharing functional similarity with M2-1. The partial overlap of RNA and P interaction surfaces on M2-1(58-177), as determined by NMR, rationalizes the previously observed competitive behavior of RNA versus P. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified eight residues located on these surfaces that are critical for an efficient transcription activity of the RdRp complex. Single mutations of these residues disrupted specifically either P or RNA binding to M2-1 in vitro. M2-1 recruitment to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies, which are regarded as sites of viral RNA synthesis, was impaired by mutations affecting only binding to P, but not to RNA, suggesting that M2-1 is associated to the holonucleocapsid by interacting with P. These results reveal that RNA and P binding to M2-1 can be uncoupled and that both are critical for the transcriptional antitermination function of M2-1.

Hydrophobic binary mixtures containing amphotericin B as lipophilic solutions for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania parasites, requires treatments with fewer side effects than those currently available. The development of a topical solution based on amphotericin B (AmB) was pursued. The considerable interest in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and their remarkable advantages inspired the search for a suitable hydrophobic excipient. Various mixtures based on commonly used hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and acceptors (HBAs) for DES preparations were explored. Initial physical and in-vitro screenings showed the potential of quaternary phosphonium salt-based mixtures. Through thermal analysis, it was determined that most of these mixtures did not exhibit eutectic behavior. X-ray scattering studies revealed a sponge-like nanoscale structure. The most promising formulation, based on a combination of trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride and 1-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, showed no deleterious effects through histological evaluation. AmB was fully solubilized at concentrations between 0.5 and 0.8 mg·mL-1, depending on the formulation. The monomeric state of AmB was observed by circular dichroism. In-vitro irritation tests demonstrated acceptable viability for AmB-based formulations up to 0.5 mg·mL-1. Additionally, an ex-vivo penetration study on pig ear skin revealed no transcutaneous passage, confirming AmB retention in healthy, unaffected skin.

Development of nanoparticles based on amphiphilic cyclodextrins for the delivery of active substances.

Although amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivatives (ACDs) serve as valuable building blocks for nanomedicine formulations, their widespread production still encounters various challenges, limiting large-scale manufacturing. This work focuses on a robust alternative pathway using mineral base catalysis to transesterify ß-cyclodextrin with long-chain vinyl esters, yielding ACD with modular and controlled hydrocarbon chain grafting. ACDs with a wide range of degrees of substitution (DS) were reliably synthesized, as indicated by extensive physicochemical characterization, including MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The influence of various factors, including the type of catalyst and the length of the hydrocarbon moiety of the vinyl ester, was studied in detail. ACDs were assessed for their ability to form colloidal suspensions by nanoprecipitation, with or without PEGylated phospholipid. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryo-electron microscopy revealed the formation of nanoparticles with distinct ultrastructures depending on the DS: an onion-like structure for low and very high DS, and reversed hexagonal organization for DS between 4.5 and 6.1. We confirmed the furtivity of the PEGylated versions of the nanoparticles through complement activation experiments and that they were well tolerated in-vivo on a zebrafish larvae model after intravenous injection. Furthermore, a biodistribution experiment showed that the nanoparticles left the bloodstream within 10 h after injection and were phagocytosed by macrophages.

Biophysical Reviews' "Meet the Editors Series": a profile of Christina Sizun.

This edition of the continuing "Biophysical Reviews Meet the Editors Series" introduces Dr. Christina Sizun, physical chemist, member of the Biophysical Reviews editorial board and current Treasurer of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB).