RESUMO
CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade is clinically effective in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma. We identify a subcluster of MAGE-A cancer-germline antigens, located within a narrow 75 kb region of chromosome Xq28, that predicts resistance uniquely to blockade of CTLA-4, but not PD-1. We validate this gene expression signature in an independent anti-CTLA-4-treated cohort and show its specificity to the CTLA-4 pathway with two independent anti-PD-1-treated cohorts. Autophagy, a process critical for optimal anti-cancer immunity, has previously been shown to be suppressed by the MAGE-TRIM28 ubiquitin ligase in vitro. We now show that the expression of the key autophagosome component LC3B and other activators of autophagy are negatively associated with MAGE-A protein levels in human melanomas, including samples from patients with resistance to CTLA-4 blockade. Our findings implicate autophagy suppression in resistance to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma, suggesting exploitation of autophagy induction for potential therapeutic synergy with CTLA-4 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Epigênese Genética , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Autofagia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metilação de DNA , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Ipilimumab/farmacologia , Masculino , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/imunologia , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma/genética , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologiaRESUMO
We present an exceptional case of a patient with high-grade serous ovarian cancer, treated with multiple chemotherapy regimens, who exhibited regression of some metastatic lesions with concomitant progression of other lesions during a treatment-free period. Using immunogenomic approaches, we found that progressing metastases were characterized by immune cell exclusion, whereas regressing and stable metastases were infiltrated by CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and exhibited oligoclonal expansion of specific T cell subsets. We also detected CD8+ T cell reactivity against predicted neoepitopes after isolation of cells from a blood sample taken almost 3 years after the tumors were resected. These findings suggest that multiple distinct tumor immune microenvironments co-exist within a single individual and may explain in part the heterogeneous fates of metastatic lesions often observed in the clinic post-therapy. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Assuntos
Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patologia , Metástase Neoplásica/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/genética , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/imunologia , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/terapia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Mutação , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Metástase Neoplásica/terapia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/terapia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
We evaluated the impact of class I and class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, heterozygosity, and diversity on the efficacy of pembrolizumab. Seventeen pembrolizumab clinical trials across eight tumor types and one basket trial in patients with advanced solid tumors were included (n > 3,500 analyzed). Germline DNA was genotyped using a custom genotyping array. HLA diversity (measured by heterozygosity and evolutionary divergence) across class I loci was not associated with improved response to pembrolizumab, either within each tumor type evaluated or across all patients. Similarly, HLA heterozygosity at each class I and class II gene was not associated with response to pembrolizumab after accounting for the number of tests conducted. No conclusive association between HLA genotype and response to pembrolizumab was identified in this dataset. Germline HLA genotype or diversity alone is not an important independent determinant of response to pembrolizumab and should not be used for clinical decision-making in patients treated with pembrolizumab.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Genótipo , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Polimorfismo Genético , Prognóstico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Fatores Sexuais , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
We show that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTis) upregulate immune signaling in cancer through the viral defense pathway. In ovarian cancer (OC), DNMTis trigger cytosolic sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) causing a type I interferon response and apoptosis. Knocking down dsRNA sensors TLR3 and MAVS reduces this response 2-fold and blocking interferon beta or its receptor abrogates it. Upregulation of hypermethylated endogenous retrovirus (ERV) genes accompanies the response and ERV overexpression activates the response. Basal levels of ERV and viral defense gene expression significantly correlate in primary OC and the latter signature separates primary samples for multiple tumor types from The Cancer Genome Atlas into low versus high expression groups. In melanoma patients treated with an immune checkpoint therapy, high viral defense signature expression in tumors significantly associates with durable clinical response and DNMTi treatment sensitizes to anti-CTLA4 therapy in a pre-clinical melanoma model.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/terapia , Animais , Azacitidina/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Retrovirus Endógenos/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/terapia , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/metabolismoRESUMO
Somatic mutations in cancer can be translated into peptides, termed neoantigens, which can be recognized by the immune system as "foreign" epitopes. Two recent studies in Nature (Sahin et al., 2017; Ott et al., 2017) examine the effects of neoantigen vaccines on patients with stage III or IV melanoma and demonstrate immunogenicity and intriguing clinical safety and efficacy data in phase I studies.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Vacinas Anticâncer/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Melanoma/terapia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Autoantígenos/genética , Ensaios Clínicos Fase I como Assunto , Humanos , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/patologia , Mutação/genética , Metástase Neoplásica , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Vacinas de Subunidades AntigênicasRESUMO
Tumour-specific CD8 T cell dysfunction is a differentiation state that is distinct from the functional effector or memory T cell states1-6. Here we identify the nuclear factor TOX as a crucial regulator of the differentiation of tumour-specific T (TST) cells. We show that TOX is highly expressed in dysfunctional TST cells from tumours and in exhausted T cells during chronic viral infection. Expression of TOX is driven by chronic T cell receptor stimulation and NFAT activation. Ectopic expression of TOX in effector T cells in vitro induced a transcriptional program associated with T cell exhaustion. Conversely, deletion of Tox in TST cells in tumours abrogated the exhaustion program: Tox-deleted TST cells did not upregulate genes for inhibitory receptors (such as Pdcd1, Entpd1, Havcr2, Cd244 and Tigit), the chromatin of which remained largely inaccessible, and retained high expression of transcription factors such as TCF-1. Despite their normal, 'non-exhausted' immunophenotype, Tox-deleted TST cells remained dysfunctional, which suggests that the regulation of expression of inhibitory receptors is uncoupled from the loss of effector function. Notably, although Tox-deleted CD8 T cells differentiated normally to effector and memory states in response to acute infection, Tox-deleted TST cells failed to persist in tumours. We hypothesize that the TOX-induced exhaustion program serves to prevent the overstimulation of T cells and activation-induced cell death in settings of chronic antigen stimulation such as cancer.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Proteínas de Grupo de Alta Mobilidade/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Grupo de Alta Mobilidade/deficiência , Proteínas de Grupo de Alta Mobilidade/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Humanos , Memória Imunológica , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/citologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/metabolismo , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Camundongos , Neoplasias/patologia , Fenótipo , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Transcrição GênicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe women's processes for finding pregnancy-related nutrition information, their experiences seeking this information online and their ideas for improving internet sources of this information. METHODS: In total, 97 pregnant women completed an online quantitative questionnaire and 10 primiparous pregnant women completed semi-structured telephone interviews. Questionnaires and interviews asked participants to describe sources of pregnancy-related nutrition information; time of seeking; processes of searching online; experiences searching online; ideas for improving information found online. Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi square tests; interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Nearly all (96%) survey participants sought nutrition information online. Information was most commonly sought during the first trimester of pregnancy. Motivators for using the internet included convenience and lack of support from health care providers. Barriers to using online information included lack of trust, difficulty finding information and worry. Women adapted the information they found online to meet their needs and reported making positive changes to their diets. CONCLUSIONS: The internet is a key source of prenatal nutrition information that women report using to make positive dietary changes. Women would benefit from improved access to trustworthy internet sources, increased availability of information on different diets and health conditions, and increased support from health care providers.
Assuntos
Comportamento de Busca de Informação , Internet , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Pré-Natal , Adulto , Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor , Feminino , Humanos , Motivação , Ontário , Gravidez , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Delayed responses observed with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) present a challenge for patients with peritoneal malignancies, who risk early symptomatic disease progression requiring treatment discontinuation. While efforts are ongoing to define the biomarkers of response, it is equally important to identify patients at risk for early discontinuation. We sought to investigate the timing of disease progression in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients treated with ICB and to identify pre-treatment clinical parameters associated with early discontinuation. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed on EOC patients treated with ICB at MSKCC from January 2013 to May 2017. Cutoffs for early and very early discontinuation due to disease progression were defined at 12 and 8â¯weeks, respectively. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were built based on pre-treatment clinical variables. RESULTS: Of 108 identified patients, 89 were included in the analysis. Forty-six (51.7%) patients discontinued therapy early, 30 of which (33.7%) discontinued therapy very early. Eight patients (9.0%) died within 12â¯weeks of ICB initiation from disease progression. In multivariate analyses, bulky peritoneal disease (pâ¯=â¯0.009, OR: 4.94) and liver parenchymal metastases (pâ¯=â¯0.001, OR: 8.08) were associated with early discontinuation. Liver parenchymal metastases (pâ¯=â¯0.001, OR 6.64), and high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (pâ¯=â¯0.021, OR: 3.54), were associated with very early discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Over 50% of EOC patients suffer disease progression requiring early discontinuation of ICB. Pre-treatment prognostic clinical characteristics may identify patients at highest risk for early discontinuation due to disease progression and warrant caution in using these agents in late line patients with advanced disease.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Neoplasias das Tubas Uterinas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias das Tubas Uterinas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Patients with highly mutated tumors, such as melanoma or smoking-related lung cancer, have higher rates of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, perhaps due to increased neoantigen expression. Many chemotherapies including platinum compounds are known to be mutagenic, but the impact of standard treatment protocols on mutational burden and resulting neoantigen expression in most human cancers is unknown. METHODS: We sought to quantify the effect of chemotherapy treatment on computationally predicted neoantigen expression for high grade serous ovarian carcinoma patients enrolled in the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study. In this series, 35 of 114 samples were collected after exposure to chemotherapy; 14 are matched with an untreated sample from the same patient. Our approach integrates whole genome and RNA sequencing of bulk tumor samples with class I MHC binding prediction and mutational signatures extracted from studies of chemotherapy-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans and Gallus gallus cells. We additionally investigated the relationship between neoantigens, tumor infiltrating immune cells estimated from RNA-seq with CIBERSORT, and patient survival. RESULTS: Greater neoantigen burden and CD8+ T cell infiltration in primary, pre-treatment samples were independently associated with improved survival. Relapse samples collected after chemotherapy harbored a median of 78% more expressed neoantigens than untreated primary samples, a figure that combines the effects of chemotherapy and other processes operative during relapse. The contribution from chemotherapy-associated signatures was small, accounting for a mean of 5% (range 0-16) of the expressed neoantigen burden in relapse samples. In both treated and untreated samples, most neoantigens were attributed to COSMIC Signature (3), associated with BRCA disruption, Signature (1), associated with a slow mutagenic process active in healthy tissue, and Signature (8), of unknown etiology. CONCLUSION: Relapsed ovarian cancers harbor more predicted neoantigens than primary tumors, but the increase is due to pre-existing mutational processes, not mutagenesis from chemotherapy.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Idoso , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Galinhas/genética , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Genoma , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Platina/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inhibition of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) with atezolizumab can induce durable clinical benefit (DCB) in patients with metastatic urothelial cancers, including complete remissions in patients with chemotherapy refractory disease. Although mutation load and PD-L1 immune cell (IC) staining have been associated with response, they lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity for clinical use. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the peripheral blood immune environment and to conduct detailed analyses of mutation load, predicted neoantigens, and immune cellular infiltration in tumors to enhance our understanding of the biologic underpinnings of response and resistance. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The goals of this study were to (1) evaluate the association of mutation load and predicted neoantigen load with therapeutic benefit and (2) determine whether intratumoral and peripheral blood T cell receptor (TCR) clonality inform clinical outcomes in urothelial carcinoma treated with atezolizumab. We hypothesized that an elevated mutation load in combination with T cell clonal dominance among intratumoral lymphocytes prior to treatment or among peripheral T cells after treatment would be associated with effective tumor control upon treatment with anti-PD-L1 therapy. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and T cell receptor sequencing (TCR-seq) of pretreatment tumor samples as well as TCR-seq of matched, serially collected peripheral blood, collected before and after treatment with atezolizumab. These parameters were assessed for correlation with DCB (defined as progression-free survival [PFS] >6 months), PFS, and overall survival (OS), both alone and in the context of clinical and intratumoral parameters known to be predictive of survival in this disease state. Patients with DCB displayed a higher proportion of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) (n = 24, Mann-Whitney p = 0.047). Pretreatment peripheral blood TCR clonality below the median was associated with improved PFS (n = 29, log-rank p = 0.048) and OS (n = 29, log-rank p = 0.011). Patients with DCB also demonstrated more substantial expansion of tumor-associated TCR clones in the peripheral blood 3 weeks after starting treatment (n = 22, Mann-Whitney p = 0.022). The combination of high pretreatment peripheral blood TCR clonality with elevated PD-L1 IC staining in tumor tissue was strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes (n = 10, hazard ratio (HR) (mean) = 89.88, HR (median) = 23.41, 95% CI [2.43, 506.94], p(HR > 1) = 0.0014). Marked variations in mutation loads were seen with different somatic variant calling methodologies, which, in turn, impacted associations with clinical outcomes. Missense mutation load, predicted neoantigen load, and expressed neoantigen load did not demonstrate significant association with DCB (n = 25, Mann-Whitney p = 0.22, n = 25, Mann-Whitney p = 0.55, and n = 25, Mann-Whitney p = 0.29, respectively). Instead, we found evidence of time-varying effects of somatic mutation load on PFS in this cohort (n = 25, p = 0.044). A limitation of our study is its small sample size (n = 29), a subset of the patients treated on IMvigor 210 (NCT02108652). Given the number of exploratory analyses performed, we intend for these results to be hypothesis-generating. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the complex nature of immune response to checkpoint blockade and the compelling need for greater interrogation and data integration of both host and tumor factors. Incorporating these variables in prospective studies will facilitate identification and treatment of resistant patients.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias Urológicas/prevenção & controle , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Carcinoma/etiologia , Carcinoma/imunologia , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Neoplasias Urológicas/etiologia , Neoplasias Urológicas/imunologia , Urotélio/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments, but molecular determinants of clinical benefit are unknown. Ipilimumab and tremelimumab are antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Anti-CTLA-4 treatment prolongs overall survival in patients with melanoma. CTLA-4 blockade activates T cells and enables them to destroy tumor cells. METHODS: We obtained tumor tissue from patients with melanoma who were treated with ipilimumab or tremelimumab. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on tumors and matched blood samples. Somatic mutations and candidate neoantigens generated from these mutations were characterized. Neoantigen peptides were tested for the ability to activate lymphocytes from ipilimumab-treated patients. RESULTS: Malignant melanoma exomes from 64 patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade were characterized with the use of massively parallel sequencing. A discovery set consisted of 11 patients who derived a long-term clinical benefit and 14 patients who derived a minimal benefit or no benefit. Mutational load was associated with the degree of clinical benefit (P=0.01) but alone was not sufficient to predict benefit. Using genomewide somatic neoepitope analysis and patient-specific HLA typing, we identified candidate tumor neoantigens for each patient. We elucidated a neoantigen landscape that is specifically present in tumors with a strong response to CTLA-4 blockade. We validated this signature in a second set of 39 patients with melanoma who were treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. Predicted neoantigens activated T cells from the patients treated with ipilimumab. CONCLUSIONS: These findings define a genetic basis for benefit from CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma and provide a rationale for examining exomes of patients for whom anti-CTLA-4 agents are being considered. (Funded by the Frederick Adler Fund and others.).
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inibidores , Melanoma/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Exoma , Feminino , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Teste de Histocompatibilidade , Humanos , Ipilimumab , Masculino , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/secundário , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To evaluate the associations between clinical outcomes and radiomics-derived inter-site spatial heterogeneity metrics across multiple metastatic lesions on CT in patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). METHODS: IRB-approved retrospective study of 38 HGSOC patients. All sites of suspected HGSOC involvement on preoperative CT were manually segmented. Gray-level correlation matrix-based textures were computed from each tumour site, and grouped into five clusters using a Gaussian Mixture Model. Pairwise inter-site similarities were computed, generating an inter-site similarity matrix (ISM). Inter-site texture heterogeneity metrics were computed from the ISM and compared to clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 12 inter-site texture heterogeneity metrics evaluated, those capturing the differences in texture similarities across sites were associated with shorter overall survival (inter-site similarity entropy, similarity level cluster shade, and inter-site similarity level cluster prominence; p ≤ 0.05) and incomplete surgical resection (similarity level cluster shade, inter-site similarity level cluster prominence and inter-site cluster variance; p ≤ 0.05). Neither the total number of disease sites per patient nor the overall tumour volume per patient was associated with overall survival. Amplification of 19q12 involving cyclin E1 gene (CCNE1) predominantly occurred in patients with more heterogeneous inter-site textures. CONCLUSION: Quantitative metrics non-invasively capturing spatial inter-site heterogeneity may predict outcomes in patients with HGSOC. KEY POINTS: ⢠Calculating inter-site texture-based heterogeneity metrics was feasible ⢠Metrics capturing texture similarities across HGSOC sites were associated with overall survival ⢠Heterogeneity metrics were also associated with incomplete surgical resection of HGSOC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Ciclina E/genética , Feminino , Amplificação de Genes/genética , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Técnicas de Amplificação de Ácido Nucleico , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/mortalidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Therapies targeting the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) (abbreviated as PD-(L)1) axis are a significant advancement in the treatment of many tumor types. However, many patients receiving these agents fail to respond or have an initial response followed by cancer progression. For these patients, while subsequent immunotherapies that either target a different axis of immune biology or non-immune combination therapies are reasonable treatment options, the lack of predictive biomarkers to follow-on agents is impeding progress in the field. This review summarizes the current knowledge of mechanisms driving resistance to PD-(L)1 therapies, the state of biomarker development along this axis, and inherent challenges in future biomarker development for these immunotherapies. Innovation in the development and application of novel biomarkers and patient selection strategies for PD-(L)1 agents is required to accelerate the delivery of effective treatments to the patients most likely to respond.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais , Humanos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , ConsensoRESUMO
The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST)-based outcomes, such as objective response rate (ORR) or progression free survival (PFS), are standard outcomes for early oncology trials. These indices provide a black-and-white interpretation of response to therapy. We propose that lesion-level analysis and mechanism-based pharmacodynamic endpoints may provide a more informative index of response to therapy. Accounting for "shades of gray" in lesion-level response assessments may reduce bias in go/no-go decisions and biomarker analyses for novel oncology compounds and discontinuation decisions for individual patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Humanos , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Critérios de Avaliação de Resposta em Tumores Sólidos , Intervalo Livre de Progressão , OncologiaRESUMO
While many patients are treated beyond progression (TBP), the magnitude and duration of clinical benefit in these patients have not been fully quantified. Data from 799 patients with melanoma (n = 176), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; n = 146), gastric cancer (GC; n = 87), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC; n = 112), clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC; n = 51), and urothelial carcinoma (UC; n = 227) TBP were included. Patients had received pembrolizumab beyond confirmed progressive disease (PD) per RECIST v1.1. A subset of patients displays a 30% reduction in the sum of lesion diameters in the post-progression period (melanoma 24.4%, NSCLC 11.6%, 12.6% GC, 8.9% HNSCC, 15.7% ccRCC, and 13.2% UC). Most patients show stable target lesion dynamics in the post-progression period (melanoma, 64.8%; NSCLC, 72.6%; GC, 69.0%, 75.9% HNSCC, 72.5% ccRCC, 75.3% UC). Pembrolizumab generates meaningful efficacy in a subset of patients treated beyond RECIST v1.1 progression.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Carcinoma de Células Renais , Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Renais , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Melanoma , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Renais/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Progressão da DoençaRESUMO
Although pembrolizumab confers clinical benefit in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), only a subset of patients will respond due to a heterogenous tumor microenvironment. KEYNOTE-495/KeyImPaCT is an ongoing biomarker-directed, adaptively randomized phase 2 study investigating first-line pembrolizumab (200 mg every 3 weeks) + lenvatinib (20 mg daily), anti-CTLA-4 quavonlimab (25 mg every 6 weeks) or anti-LAG-3 favezelimab (200 mg or 800 mg every 3 weeks) in advanced NSCLC. Patients were categorized by T-cell-inflamed gene expression profile (TcellinfGEP) and tumor mutational burden (TMB) status and randomly assigned 1:1:1 to receive pembrolizumab + lenvatinib, pembrolizumab + quavonlimab or pembrolizumab + favezelimab. The primary outcome was investigator-assessed objective response rate (ORR) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 using pre-specified efficacy thresholds for each biomarker-defined subgroup (>5% (TcellinfGEPlowTMBnon-high (group I)), >20% (TcellinfGEPlowTMBhigh (group II) and TcellinfGEPnon-lowTMBnon-high (group III)) and >45% (TcellinfGEPnon-lowTMBhigh (group IV))). Secondary outcomes were progression-free survival, overall survival and safety. At data cutoff, ORR ranges were 0-12.0% in group I, 27.3-33.3% in group II, 13.6-40.9% in group III and 50.0-60.0% in group IV. ORR with pembrolizumab + lenvatinib in group III met the pre-specified efficacy threshold. The safety profile of each treatment arm was consistent with the known safety profile of each combination. These data demonstrate the feasibility of prospective TcellinfGEP and TMB assessment to study the clinical activity of first-line pembrolizumab-based combination therapies in advanced NSCLC. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03516981 .