Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Otitis Media From 1990 to 2019: A Population Based Study.

OBJECTIVES: Otitis media is one of the most important causes of hearing loss at an early age. Effective vaccination with the routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) was introduced in 2000. It has been gradually replaced by the pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine or the higher-valent 13-valent PCV (PCV-13) since 2010. Data on the change in otitis media burden in recent years are sparse at the global, regional, and national levels. DESIGN: The Global Burden of Disease 2019 study was used to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates, and the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in otitis media in geographic populations worldwide from 1990 to 2019. These global trends were further analyzed by subgroup (age, sex, and sociodemographic index [SDI]). RESULTS: Globally, the all-age rate of prevalence (AAPC = -0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.7 to -0.8), DALYs (AAPC = -1.0, 95% CI = -1.1 to -1.0), and mortality (AAPC = -6.8, 95% CI = -7.3 to -6.4) from otitis media decreased constantly between 1990 and 2019. The all-age rate of incidence decreased sharply between 2000 and 2009 with an AAPC of -1.2 (95% CI = -1.4 to -0.9) and continued the downward trend between 2010 and 2019 (AAPC = -0.2, 95% CI = -0.3 to -0.1). In 2019, children aged 1 to 4 years old had the highest incidence at 29,127.3 per 100,000 population, while young adults under 30 years old accounted for 91.3% of the incident cases. Individuals living in middle-SDI countries had the largest increase in the incidence of otitis media, with an AAPC of 0.3 (95% CI = 0.3 to 0.3) between 1990 and 2019. The incidence and DALYs from otitis media decreased with increasing SDI. Regionally, the largest increase in incidence was observed in high-income Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Western Sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2019. Nationally, the largest increase in the incidence of otitis media was observed in the Republic of Korea, with an AAPC of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.6 to 1.1) in the same time period. CONCLUSIONS: There have been successful previous endeavors to reduce DALYs and mortality attributed to otitis media on a global scale. The worldwide incidence of otitis media experienced a sharp decline following the introduction of PCV-7 in 2000, and this downward trend persisted in subsequent years with the adoption of PCV-13/pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine. Continual epidemiological surveillance of otitis media's global trends, pathogen distribution, and resistance patterns remains imperative.

What makes residents more willing to participate in source separation of waste masks under the COVID-19 pandemic?

With the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the generation of a large amount of medical waste brought a rude shock to the existing solid waste management system. Since masks constitute the most common household medical waste under the COVID-19 pandemic, their effective collection and treatment can significantly reduce the potential risks for secondary transmission, and this concern has attracted worldwide attention. Taking Macau City as a case study, this research tried to identify factors that can influence residents' behavioral intentions toward the source separation of COVID-19 waste masks. The extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model is used to examine the influence factors of the source separation behaviors of 510 respondents. The results show that the main factors that positively affected respondents' behavioral intentions toward waste-mask source separation are: cognitive attitude, convenience, and perceived behavioral control, and among these, cognitive attitude has the highest influence. Subjective norm is also proved to be the weak factor to improving behavioral intention. Policy advocacy, and demographic variables have no significant effect on behavioral intention. The results of this study can help decision makers and managers formulate effective strategies to increase residents' participation in the source separation of waste masks. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10163-022-01513-7.

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China.

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, due to the unavailability of basic data, there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies. Therefore, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China, using first-hand data, to determine possible emission reduction measures. The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical (DSP) has the highest GHG emission intensity (1.17 tons CO2e/ton), followed by Urumqi Petrochemical (UP) (1.08 tons CO2e/ton), Dalian Petrochemical (DLP) (average 0.58 tons CO2e/ton) and Karamay Petrochemical (KP) (average 0.50 tons CO2e/ton) over the whole life cycle. At the same time, GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle, accounting for about 77.31%-94.27% of the total emissions. In the fossil-fuel combustion phase, DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions (1.20 tons CO2e), followed by UP (0.89 tons CO2e). In the industrial production phase, DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions (average 0.13 tons CO2e/ton), followed by UP (0.10 tons CO2e/ton). During the torch burning phase, torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions. It is worth noting that the CO2 recovery stage has "negative value," indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits. Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.

Lead recovery from scrap cathode ray tube funnel glass by hydrothermal sulphidisation.

This research focused on the application of the hydrothermal sulphidisation method to separate lead from scrap cathode ray tube funnel glass. Prior to hydrothermal treatment, the cathode ray tube funnel glass was pretreated by mechanical activation. Under hydrothermal conditions, hydroxyl ions (OH(-)) were generated through an ion exchange reaction between metal ions in mechanically activated funnel glass and water, to accelerate sulphur disproportionation; no additional alkaline compound was needed. Lead contained in funnel glass was converted to lead sulphide with high efficiency. Temperature had a significant effect on the sulphidisation rate of lead in funnel glass, which increased from 25% to 90% as the temperature increased from 100 °C to 300 °C. A sulphidisation rate of 100% was achieved at a duration of 8 h at 300 °C. This process of mechanical activation and hydrothermal sulphidisation is efficient and promising for the treatment of leaded glass.

Uneven agricultural contraction within fast-urbanizing urban agglomeration decreases the nitrogen use efficiency of crop production.

Diverse development paths among cities within an urban agglomeration can lead to uneven changes in their agricultural production scale, which reshape the inter-city food supply patterns and the spatiotemporal characteristics of nitrogen (N) pollution from the food system. Here, using Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area of China as a case, we found a substantial decrease in N use efficiency of crop production from 45.2% to 29.3% during 1989-2007, along with a growing level of concentration of food N production in less-urbanized cities. From 1989 to 2018, 12.3% to 42.2% of total N pollution in food production became embedded in inter-city trade, leading to aggregation of N pollution in peripheral cities with relatively low levels of economic development. We suggest that protection and intensification of cropland from urban encroachment, as well as enhancing the economic and technical synergies among cities, can serve the sustainable transition of the food system with coordinated N pollution mitigation.

Differences and determinants for polluted area, urban and rural residents' willingness to hand over and pay for waste mobile phone recycling: Evidence from China.

Currently, China has the largest generation volume of waste mobile phones (WMPs), but the recycling rate is still negligible. How to improve the willingness to hand (WTH) over to formal recycling channels and willingness to pay (WTP) have become the most core problems in the e-waste recycling industry. As the important link between WMPs generation and collection, the residents' role and function are attracting more and more attention. Thus, this study is designed to identify the determinants of the residents' WTH and WTP for WMPs through the contingent valuation method (CVM). At the same time, it will explore the current existing gaps from the urban and rural residents. Especially, this study also considers Guiyu Town as one special rural region for understanding the differences with other regions. The results show that the respondents generally have the relatively lower knowledge and cognition on WMPs recycling. Only 9.4% respondents are satisfied with the current government's management of WMPs. Personal information leakage is an important reason for low WTH. The WTH of Guiyu, urban and rural respondents were 51.3%, 45.9% and 41.2%, respectively; while their WTP were 46.80%, 31.70% and 37.80%, respectively. Finally, it is estimated that their WTP values were 18.75 ($2.81), 16.14 ($2.42) and 15.85 ($2.38) RMB per unit, respectively. The demographic variables, cognition and attitude are important factors on all residents' WTH and WTP. Meanwhile, it is indicated that if owning higher WTH, the residents will trend to higher WTP. Especially, the WTH and WTP of Guiyu residents are higher than other residents.

Lead recovery from waste CRT funnel glass by mechanochemical reaction with reductive Al powder.

The safe disposal of waste cathode ray tubes (CRTs) has always been a serious problem due to the stable microstructure of toxic lead (Pb) located in glass. Thousands of researches have been trying to explore environmental and efficient ways to dispose of waste CRTs. To recycle lead from waste CRT funnel glass effectively, a mechanochemical reduction method has been developed in this research. Aluminum was used as a reductant, and the hydrochloric acid solution was used in the leaching process to separate lead from the solution. After mechanochemical ball milling with aluminum, lead ion in CRT funnel glass was transferred into nano-sized element lead. Lead recovery from CRT funnel glass increased significantly as compared to non-activated leaded glass. Approximately 40 % of lead was leached after mechanical activation without aluminum, while over 96 % of lead in the CRT funnel glass could be recovered after mechanochemical reduction with aluminum. Lead chloride (PbCl2) can be recycled from the leaching solution after cooling crystallization. Nano-sized Pb formation and the structural changes of leaded CRT funnel glass by mechanochemical reduction process contributed to obvious improvement in lead recovery. This research provided a high-efficiency and feasible approach for recovering lead in form of PbCl2 crystal from leaded glass.

Impacts of shipyard oil leakage on the PAHs and PCBs occurrence in Xiangshan Bay, China.

Here, we studied the shipyard impacts on the distribution of PAHs and PCBs in the semi-enclosed Xiangshan Bay, an important mariculture zone in China. The results showed that the shipyard caused a pollution plume for PAHs but not for PCBs. As characteristic pollutants of oil leakage, the PAHs had concentrations of up to 55.82 ng L-1 in the water, 2235.04 ng g-1 in suspended particulate matter (SPM), and 1489.60 ng g-1 in sediment. The PAHs in water and SPM were dominated by phenanthrene and pyrene that were mostly derived from lubricant and diesel, while those in sediments were dominated by the high-molecular-weight PAHs, such as indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene. In contrast, the PCBs concentrations reached up to 10.17 ng L-1, 79.72 ng g-1, and 124.33 ng g-1 in the seawater, SPM, and sediment samples, respectively, and they did not show spatial patterns affected by the shipyard. Moreover, the health risk assessment indicated that the shipyard discharge caused a substantial PAHs ecological risk to the adjacent and downstream water environment. Therefore, point source discharge in semi-enclosed bays should be paid close attention to due to the strong pollutant transport effect.

Residents' behaviors, attitudes, and willingness to pay for recycling e-waste in Macau.

Large quantities of e-waste are presently being generated in Macau, but since recycling facilities and laws on e-waste still need to be developed, most e-waste cannot currently be properly treated. Moreover, little is known about residents' behaviors, attitudes, and their willingness to pay (WTP) for recycling e-waste. These issues are discussed in this study, based on a questionnaire survey on household electronic product usage. In 2010, "Life span completed" was the primary reason respondents abandoned their electronic products, accounting for about 37.97% of responses; the main disposal methods of e-waste in Macau were "Retailers retrieve from consumer" and "Sale to a recycling corporation." While having little understanding of e-waste disposal issues, most residents were still willing to hand their e-waste into the government for centralized collection. In addition, the respondents gave "telephone reservation" as their preferred collection method. Finally, the residents' WTP in Macau was estimated by the logistic regression method. It was found that education level, age and household income were the significant factors affecting residents' WTP. The monthly mean WTP was 20.03MOP (2.50 US dollar) per household, and the annual WTP was approximately 40,185,067 MOP (5,023,133 US dollar) for all of Macau. The results of our study can help managers develop more effective environmental management policies for e-waste disposal.

Improving the absorption load, high viscosity, and regeneration efficiency of CO2 capture using a novel tri-solvent biphasic solvents of TETA-AMP-1DMA2P.

Currently, biphasic solvents are receiving more attention for CO2 capture due to their energy-saving potential. Whereas, most of the current biphasic solvents still suffer from high viscosity and low regeneration efficiency. To solve this problem, a novel tri-solvent biphasic solvent triethylenetetramine (TETA)-2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)-1-dimethylamino-2-propanol (1DMA2P) was proposed in this study, and its absorption properties, viscosity changes, desorption properties, recyclability capacity, and reaction mechanism were explored. The results showed that the CO2 absorption load showed a trend of firstly increasing and then decreasing with the increase of AMP concentration. Although the volume of the rich phase increased with increasing AMP concentration after the absorption, it also decreases the viscosity growth. The viscosity of the solution decreased from 498 mPa•s to 91 mPa•s. During the desorption process, the maximal desorption rates of AMP-containing solvents is significantly greater than that of 2 mol/L (M) TETA + 2 M 1DMA2P (2T2D). Simultaneously, the recyclability capacity of the AMP-containing solvents were also significantly higher than that of 2T2D. The regeneration efficiency of 1.5 M TETA + 0.5 M AMP + 2 M 1DMA2P (1.5T0.5A2D) was 81.92%. It was concluded by 13C NMR analysis that amino groups in TETA and AMP can react with CO2 to form carbamates and carbonates. Since AMP in the biphasic solution can generate free protons through various pathways during the desorption process, it promotes the decomposition of TETA-carbamate. This process achieves the deep stripping of CO2 in biphasic solvent. Overall, TETA-AMP-1DMA2P solution is a promising energy-saving candidate for industrial CO2 capture due to its competitive absorption-desorption performance and low viscosity.

Composition changes, releases, and potential exposure risk of PBDEs from typical E-waste plastics.

Since Stockholm Convention listed polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as persistent organic pollutants and banned their addition, alternative halogen flame retardants (AHFRs) have been substituted for PBDEs. This study systematically investigates the change trends of PBDEs and AHFRs from typical e-waste plastics and dust, as well as clarifying human exposure risks of PBDEs in formal and informal e-waste recycling enterprises, repair store and residential building. The results show that the PBDEs levels in five typical types of e-waste vary in the range of 1.08 × 10-3-30.8 µg/g, meeting the requirements of RoHS regulation. Compared with the residential buildings (1.49-1.68 µg/g), PBDEs in the dust from the formal and informal e-waste recycling enterprises are much higher, ranging from 4.70 to 536 µg/g. BDE-209 is the main congener in most e-waste plastic and dust samples. Meanwhile, AHFRs have become the important composition (3.5-61.5%) in e-waste plastics, while its contribution is lower in dust, implying the higher enrichment efficiency of PBDEs. For PBDEs exposure, the dust intake risk of PBDEs is much higher than skin contact for the workers, and the highest hazard quotient (HQ) value (1.40 × 10-1) and cancer risk (CR) value (1.21 × 10-7) both imply safe exposure levels.

Removal of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in high impact polystyrene (HIPS) from waste TV sets.

Most studies have shown that improper disposal of e-waste can accelerate the release of high concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and this situation causes environmental pollution and human health risks. The recycling technology of waste electronic plastics based on solvent processes can reduce environmental pollution and health risks from PBDEs. In this study, high impact polystyrene (HIPS) from waste TV sets was taken as the research object, and d-limonene and n-propanol were used as solvent and precipitant, respectively. We studied the relationship between the precipitation conditions and the size of precipitate particles, and the effect laws of precipitation conditions on the removal percentage of PBDEs were discussed. Transferring behavior of PBDEs during precipitation was investigated, and the parameters suitable for removing PBDEs from HIPS solution were confirmed. Results showed that lower HIPS concentration in d-limonene, lower precipitation temperature, higher mass ratio of n-propanol to HIPS solution, and greater stirring speed were conducive to form smaller and more uniform precipitate particles. All conditions (concentration, temperature, mass ratio, and stirring rate) that could increase the solubility of PBDEs in the mixed solvent of limonene and n-propanol or decrease the swelling degree of HIPS precipitate particles, or reduce the size of particles could improve the removal percentage of PBDEs. The investigated results indicated that insoluble PBDEs (e.g., decabromodiphenyl ether) transferred into the HIPS precipitate mainly through the generated crystals and then precipitated together with the HIPS particles, and soluble PBDEs (e.g., octabromodiphenyl ether) migrated into the precipitate by the solution entrained. The precipitate particles, which measured approximately 1.0 mm (on average), were obtained when the solution containing 10% of HIPS from waste TV shell was precipitated by adding n-propanol equivalent to twice the mass of the solution at 40 °C and 3000 r/min stirring speed. The total concentration of PBDEs in the precipitate particles (dried) was reduced to 2369 mg/kg, and 88.06% of the PBDEs in the original plastic solution was successfully removed by this process.

Uncovering residents and restaurants' attitude and willingness toward effective food waste management: A case study of Macau.

Food waste has attracted wide attention around the world. A better understanding of food waste generation and consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for effective food waste management is important for addressing growing food waste challenges, but this is still largely missing in the literature, especially for developing countries and cities in Asia. In this study, we conducted field interviews and questionnaire surveys, with effective samples of 463 residents and 18 restaurants in Macau. Our results show that over 80% of respondents think food waste in Macau is serious. "Food exceeded expiration date (28.2%)" and "Ordering too much food (39.5%)" are the two main reasons for throwing away food at home and when eating out, respectively. Vegetables and fruits (22.4%) are the most common type of food wasted at home, followed by snacks (17.3%), in Macau. About 70% of respondents agreed to pay for separate food waste collection and treatment facilities, and the WTP value per household in Macau is 42.5 MOP (Macau Pataca)/month. Respondents' income level was positively and significantly correlated with their WTP, while age and educational level had negative effects on the WTP, under the 5% significance level. Some respondents' perceptions and attitudes on food waste also significantly affected their WTP, according to our analysis. Because of the lack of effective management measures and collection facilities, about 72% of surveyed restaurants mixed their food waste into municipal solid waste (MSW). More information sharing, education and promotion should be done to raise environmental protection awareness and improve the food waste treatment system.

An analysis of the plastic waste trade and management in Asia.

It is well known that Asia generates and receives large quantities of plastic waste. Through a detailed study of plastic waste generation and trade, the management and treatment of plastic waste in Asia were analyzed from the regional perspective. The amounts of plastic waste in municipal solid waste and in industrial solid waste were estimated to be 79 Mt and 42 Mt, respectively, in Asia. The overall treatment and recycling status in Asia are unsatisfactory. Asia imported 74% of the plastic waste in the world in 2016, and China (mainland) imported the most plastic waste until 2017, with 5.8 to 8.3 Mt. In 2017, about half the plastic waste imported by Asia came from other regions, and after subtracting the exported quantity, 98% of the plastic waste was left in Asia for treatment and disposal. The plastic waste imported by Asia declined about 72% in monetary value in 2018. There is still a large gap between the plastic waste quantity imported to Asia and that exported from Asia. China's ban of plastic waste imports caused import quantities to drop to 52 kt in 2018, simultaneously, exports from the largest exporting countries or regions such as Hong Kong (China), the USA, Japan, and Germany decreased. While Vietnam, Malaysia and some other Asian countries and regions saw significant increases in plastic waste imports from 2016 to 2018. Considering this situation, countries in Asia are starting to strictly limit plastic waste imports from other countries.

Identifying the status and differences between urban and rural residents' behaviors and attitudes toward express packaging waste management in Guangdong Province, China.

With the rapid development of the express delivery industry, the environmental issues of express packaging waste (EPW) have gradually attracted public attention worldwide. As important participants, consumers' behaviors and attitudes will play a vital role in solving the problem. This study uses the conditional value method (CVM) to evaluate the differences in the attitudes and willingness to pay of urban and rural residents toward EPW in Guangdong Province, China. The results show that the respondents have limited knowledge of the recycling situation, relevant policies and environmental impacts of express delivery packaging, although more than 60% of respondents do think that there is a problem with excessive packaging. The low recycling rate for packaging materials is mainly attributed to the lack of recycling facilities and publicity on environmental issues. The differences between urban and rural residents are mainly over disposal methods, the views on excessive packaging and willingness to pay (WTP) for EPW. Finally, the WTP values of urban and rural residents choosing a "deposit" system are 1.58 ($0.24) and 1.79 yuan ($0.28) per piece, respectively, while the WTP values (for increased fees) are 0.64 yuan ($0.10) and 0.60 yuan ($0.09) per piece, respectively. The obtained results may serve as a reference for different regional responses to the promotion and improvement of EPW management in the future.

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies.

It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%-425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents' attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Microwave-assisted chemical recovery of glass fiber and epoxy resin from non-metallic components in waste printed circuit boards.

An efficient, microwave-assisted chemical recovery approach for epoxy resin and glass fiber from non-metallic components (NMC) in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) for resource reutilization was developed in this research. HNO3 was selected as the chemical reagent because epoxy resin has low corrosion resistance to HNO3. The influence of reaction parameters such as reaction time, temperature, concentration of HNO3, liquid-solid ratio, and power of the microwave synthesizer on the separation efficiency of NMC (epoxy resin and glass fiber) and the reaction mechanism were investigated. The physical and chemical properties of NMC, reaction solvent, and decomposed products were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that up to 88.42% of epoxy resin and glass fiber ((5 g) 10 mL/g) could be separated under the action of 300 W microwave power at 95 ℃ for 12 h and a HNO3 concentration of 7 mol/L. During the reaction, C-N bonds formed by the crosslinking agent and the three-dimensional network structure of the thermosetting epoxy resin were destroyed. The carbon chain structure and chemical properties of epoxy resin did not change significantly and the functional groups of ethyl acetate maintained the chemical structure before and after the reaction. This uncomplicated and efficient inorganic acid chemical microwave-assisted process holds promise for use as a feasible recovery technology for epoxy resin and glass fibers in NMC. The proposed process is particularly appealing because of its high selectivity, considerable economic advantages, and environmental benefits.

Robust Hydrogen Production via Pickering Interfacial Catalytic Photoreforming of n-Octanol-Water Biphasic System.

Pickering emulsion offers a promising platform for conducting interfacial reactions between immiscible reagents; it is particularly suitable for hydrogen production by photoreforming of non-water soluble biomass liquid and water. Herein, Pt-promoted (001)-facet-dominated anatase TiO2 nanosheets were synthesized by a hydrothermal route associated with microfluidic technology for high activity and metal dispersion, and selective surface modification was carried out for preparing Janus particles. Photoreforming hydrogen production through n-octanol and water that formed O/W microemulsion with an average diameter of 540 µm was achieved to obtain amphiphilic catalyst. The as-prepared 2D Janus-type catalysts exhibited remarkably stable emulsification performance as well as photocatalytic activity. This finding indicates that triethoxyfluorosilane had negligible impact on the catalytic performance, yet provided a remarkable benefit to large specific surface area at microemulsion interface, thereby enhancing the H2 yield up to 2003 µmol/g. The cyclic experiments indicate that the decrease in cyclic performance was more likely to be caused by the coalescence of the microemulsion rather than the decrease in catalytic activity, and the microemulsion could be easily recovered by simply hand shaking to more than 96% of the initial performance.

[Analysis of death-related factors of type B aortic dissection treated medically during the acute phase].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the death-related risk factors of type B aortic dissection treated medically during the acute phase (symptoms presenting within 14 d), and to determine the predictors of surgical indications for acute type B aortic dissection. METHODS: Clinical data of 42 patients with acute type B aortic dissection admitted from January 2007 to May 2009 was retrospectively reviewed. There were 33 male and 9 female with a mean age of (50 +/- 12) years old. Therapy included analgesia, controlled hypotension and beta-receptor blocker, the mortality in acute phase was 33.3% (14/42). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of the death in acute phase. RESULTS: In univariate logistic regression analysis, the malperfusion of aortic branches (P = 0.018) and maximum aortic diameter (P = 0.002) were significant predictors of death. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the malperfusion of aortic branches (P = 0.041) and maximum aortic diameter (P = 0.005) were also considered as the significant death-related factors.Risk of death augmented significantly (P = 0.000) when the maximum aortic diameter over 40 mm. CONCLUSION: Malperfusion of aortic branches and the large maximum aortic diameter (> 40 mm) are the indications of surgery or endovascular therapy for acute type B aortic dissection.

Human exposure to PBDEs in e-waste areas: A review.

Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly added to electronic products for flame-retardation effects, and are attracting more and more attentions due to their potential toxicity, durability and bioaccumulation. This study conducts a sysmtematic review to understand the human exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling, especially exploring the exposure pathways and human burden of PBDEs as well as investigating the temporal trend of PBDEs exposure worldwide. The results show that the particular foods (contaminated fish, poultry, meat and breast milk) ingestion, indoor dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation may be key factors leading to human health risks of PBDEs exposure in e-waste recycling regions. Residents and some vulnerable groups (occupational workers and children) in e-waste recycling areas may face higher exposure levels and health risks. PBDE exposure is closely related to exposure level, exposure duration, e-waste recycling methods, and dietary customs. High levels of PBDEs are found in human tissues (breast milk, hair, blood (serum), placenta and other tissues) in e-waste areas, at far higher levels than in other areas. Existing data indicate that PBDE exposure levels do not present any apparent downward trend, and will possibly cause serious human diseases. More epidemiological studies are still needed to provide a solid basis for health risk assessment.