RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The decision to study a medical specialty involves considering several personal, family, and professional factors, and currently, in Chile, there needs to be more information about this. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that explain the intention to study a medical specialty in medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of medical students was conducted with 266 valid responses (58.7% response rate). The instrument measured the intention, attitude, subjective norms, and self-perception of abilities toward studying a medical specialty. This instrument was verified for its reliability and validity. We used the Structural Equations Model (SEM) through partial least squares (SEM-PLS) to estimate the whole model. RESULTS: Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, composite reliability, and Dijkstra-Hernseler's indicator of each item showed adequate values. Regarding the structural model, the size effect test indicated that two of the three constructs are relevant to explaining the intention. Bootstrapping tests showed the predictive relevance of the model. The overall fit of the model was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The factor that most influence students' intention to continue towards a medical specialty is personal attitude, followed by perceived control of behavior, and finally by expected future income.
Assuntos
Escolha da Profissão , Intenção , Estudantes de Medicina , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Humanos , Chile , Feminino , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto Jovem , Especialização , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
This study describes medical specialty preferences expressed by medical students at a regional university in northern Chile. This descriptive study is based on primary information with a sample of 266 valid responses and a response rate of 58.7%. The information was collected through a Google Forms questionnaire before voluntary consent of participation from May to July 2022. We found that the medical specialties preferred by the Universidad Católica del Norte students were clinical specialties, including internal medicine, and medical-surgical specialties, including emergency medicine and gynecology-obstetrics. Women markedly predominated in child and adolescent psychiatry, gynecology-obstetrics, pediatric surgery, pediatrics, and family medicine, while men predominated in radiology and anesthesiology, both associated with indirect patient interaction. We also found that surgical specialties, traditionally preferred by men, could be in the process of generational change, as there is an increase in the presence of women, especially in general surgery.
En este trabajo se describen las preferencias de elección de especialidad médica que manifiestan los estudiantes de la carrera de medicina de una universidad regional del norte de Chile. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo basado en información primaria con una muestra de 266 respuestas válidas, con una tasa de respuesta de 58,7%. La información se recogió a través de un cuestionario disponible en Google Forms, previo consentimiento voluntario de participación, durante los meses de mayo a julio de 2022. Se encontró que las especialidades médicas preferidas por los estudiantes de la Universidad Católica del Norte fueron las especialidades clínicas como medicina interna y las médico-quirúrgicas como medicina de urgencias y ginecología-obstetricia. Además, existen especialidades con un claro predominio femenino como psiquiatría infanto-adolescente, ginecología-obstetricia, cirugía pediátrica, pediatría y medicina familiar, mientras que el predominio masculino destaca en radiología y anestesiología, ambas asociadas a un trato indirecto con el paciente. Se observó que las especialidades quirúrgicas, tradicionalmente preferidas por hombres, podrían estar en proceso de cambio generacional, aumentando la presencia femenina en ellas, sobre todo en cirugía general.
Assuntos
Anestesiologia , Estudantes de Medicina , Adolescente , Masculino , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Criança , Chile , Universidades , Fatores EtáriosRESUMO
Three new species of the genus Xiphocentron (Trichoptera, Xiphocentronidae) are described from Nearctic and Neotropical regions of Mexico. Xiphocentron (Glyphocentron) flinti sp. nov. has a very unique morphology distinguished by the presence of long spines on the preapical and apical margin of tergum X. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) holzenthali sp. nov. is diagnosed by tergum IX, with the apical margin bearing a narrow, rounded, mesal emargination and by a spiny projection near the basal plate. These species are the first records of the family in northwestern Mexico. Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) pineroi sp. nov. is recognized, when observed in lateral view, by its less elongate genitalia and the sinuous mesal sclerite of the inferior appendage. Additionally, we provide detailed illustrations of Xiphocentron (Antillotrichia) rhamnes Schmid, and an updated list of the distribution of the genus Xiphocentron in Mexico.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to show adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) immunomodulatory effects in small bowel transplantation (SBTx). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty Wistar Han rats (age: 10-12 weeks): were allogenic receptor rats and were allotted in 2 groups. Control group: rats undergoing orthopic SBTx ; AD-MSCs group: rats undergoing orthotopic SBTx plus AD-MSCs. Male Lewis rats were allogeneic small bowel donors. Rejection was confirmed by histological study of the explanted intestine, enterocyte apoptosis was determined in crypts and the lamina propria of the small bowel. Cytokine concentration levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor [TGF]-b1) and cell percentages (flow cytometry) (CD3+ CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/25+, CD8+/25+, CD4+/25+/Foxp3+, and CD8+/25+/Foxp3+) were assessed in peripheral blood preoperatively and after death. RESULTS: Treatment with AD-MSCs produced a significantly lower risk of rejection in the first 7 post-operative days (five rejection cases among 20 rats in the control group and only one case in the AD-MSCs group). Treg cells and TGFb1 levels showed a significant increase in the AD-MSCs group. CONCLUSIONS: The local implantation of AD-MSC in the anastomosis and the intestinal lumen can induce a regulatory immune response, by increasing the percentages of Treg cells and TGb-1 levels, leading to a lower risk of acute rejection by cell mediation, in the first 7 days of the intestinal transplant. We think that the implantation of AD-MSCs, in the anastomoses and in the lumen of the donor intestine, could give rise to a chimera of donor-recipient cells.
OBJETIVO: Mostrar el efecto inmunomodulador de las células madre mesenquimales (AD-MSCs) en el trasplante de intestino delgado (SBTx). MÉTODO: 40 ratas Wistar Han (edad: 10-12 semanas): grupo control (SBTx) y grupo AD-MSCs (SBTx + AD-MSCs implantadas en las anastomosis distal y proximal del intestino delgado y en la luz intestinal). El intestino delgado provino de ratas Lewis. El rechazo se confirmó histológicamente. Se estudió la apoptosis de los enterocitos en las criptas y en la lámina propia del intestino delgado. Se determinaron por ELISA las citocinas (IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, TNF-α, TGF-b1) en sangre periférica y por citometría de flujo los porcentajes celulares (CD3+ CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/25+, CD8+/25+, CD4+/25+/Foxp3+, CD8+/25+/Foxp3+) en el preoperatorio y después de la muerte. RESULTADOS: El empleo de AD-MSCs se asoció a una disminución significativa del riesgo de rechazo en los primeros 7 días posoperatorios (cinco casos de rechazo de 20 ratas en el grupo control y un solo caso en el grupo AD-MSCs). Las células Treg y los valores de TGFb1 mostraron un incremento significativo en el grupo AD-MSCs. CONCLUSIONES: El implante local de AD-MSCs en las anastomosis del trasplante de intestino delgado podría disminuir el rechazo celular agudo. Pensamos que la implantación de AD-MSCs, en las anastomosis y en el lumen del intestino donante, podría dar lugar a un quimera de células donante-receptor.
Assuntos
Rejeição de Enxerto , Transplante de Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Animais , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Ratos Wistar , Linfócitos T ReguladoresRESUMO
ANTECEDENTES: La decisión de estudiar una especialidad médica implica considerar una serie de factores personales, familiares y profesionales, y actualmente en Chile se dispone de muy poca información acerca de esto. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores que explican la intención por estudiar una especialidad médica en estudiantes de medicina. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una encuesta a estudiantes de medicina con un total de 266 respuestas válidas (58,7% de tasa de respuesta). El instrumento midió la intención, la actitud, las normas subjetivas y la autopercepción de capacidades hacia el estudio de una especialidad médica. Dicho instrumento fue verificado en cuanto a su confiabilidad y validez. Para la estimación del modelo se usó la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) a través de mínimos cuadrados parciales (SEM-PLS). RESULTADOS: El coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach, la fiabilidad compuesta, el indicador Dijkstra-Hernseler's y las cargas de cada ítem mostraron valores adecuados. Respecto del modelo estructural, el test de efecto tamaño indicó que dos de los tres constructos son relevantes para explicar la intención. Las pruebas por bootstrapping mostraron la relevancia predictiva del modelo. Globalmente, el ajuste global del modelo fue adecuado. CONCLUSIONES: El factor que más influye en la intención de los estudiantes por continuar hacia una especialidad médica es la actitud personal, seguido por el control percibido de la conducta, y por último por los ingresos futuros esperados.
BACKGROUND: The decision to study a medical specialty involves considering several personal, family, and professional factors, and currently, in Chile, there needs to be more information about this. OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors that explain the intention to study a medical specialty in medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of medical students was conducted with 266 valid responses (58.7% response rate). The instrument measured the intention, attitude, subjective norms, and self-perception of abilities toward studying a medical specialty. This instrument was verified for its reliability and validity. We used the Structural Equations Model (SEM) through partial least squares (SEM-PLS) to estimate the whole model. RESULTS: Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, composite reliability, and Dijkstra-Hernseler's indicator of each item showed adequate values. Regarding the structural model, the size effect test indicated that two of the three constructs are relevant to explaining the intention. Bootstrapping tests showed the predictive relevance of the model. The overall fit of the model was adequate. CONCLUSIONS: The factor that most influence students' intention to continue towards a medical specialty is personal attitude, followed by perceived control of behavior, and finally by expected future income.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Estudantes de Medicina/psicologia , Escolha da Profissão , Intenção , Especialização , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
En este trabajo se describen las preferencias de elección de especialidad médica que manifiestan los estudiantes de la carrera de medicina de una universidad regional del norte de Chile. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo basado en información primaria con una muestra de 266 respuestas válidas, con una tasa de respuesta de 58,7%. La información se recogió a través de un cuestionario disponible en Google Forms, previo consentimiento voluntario de participación, durante los meses de mayo a julio de 2022. Se encontró que las especialidades médicas preferidas por los estudiantes de la Universidad Católica del Norte fueron las especialidades clínicas como medicina interna y las médico-quirúrgicas como medicina de urgencias y ginecología-obstetricia. Además, existen especialidades con un claro predominio femenino como psiquiatría infanto-adolescente, ginecología-obstetricia, cirugía pediátrica, pediatría y medicina familiar, mientras que el predominio masculino destaca en radiología y anestesiología, ambas asociadas a un trato indirecto con el paciente. Se observó que las especialidades quirúrgicas, tradicionalmente preferidas por hombres, podrían estar en proceso de cambio generacional, aumentando la presencia femenina en ellas, sobre todo en cirugía general.
This study describes medical specialty preferences expressed by medical students at a regional university in northern Chile. This descriptive study is based on primary information with a sample of 266 valid responses and a response rate of 58.7%. The information was collected through a Google Forms questionnaire before voluntary consent of participation from May to July 2022. We found that the medical specialties preferred by the Universidad Católica del Norte students were clinical specialties, including internal medicine, and medical-surgical specialties, including emergency medicine and gynecology-obstetrics. Women markedly predominated in child and adolescent psychiatry, gynecology-obstetrics, pediatric surgery, pediatrics, and family medicine, while men predominated in radiology and anesthesiology, both associated with indirect patient interaction. We also found that surgical specialties, traditionally preferred by men, could be in the process of generational change, as there is an increase in the presence of women, especially in general surgery.
RESUMO
Two new species from Mexico and Central America of the genus Plectropsyche Ross are described and the male and female genitalia are figured. The only extant previous described species, Plectropsyche hoogstraali Ross and its synonym Plectropsyche pitella (Denning) from Mexico are studied. A map with the distribution of all known Plectropsyche species is presented and an illustrated key for the males of the extant species are included.
Assuntos
Insetos/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Estruturas Animais/anatomia & histologia , Estruturas Animais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , América Central , Feminino , Insetos/anatomia & histologia , Insetos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Masculino , México , Tamanho do ÓrgãoRESUMO
The non-toxic C fragment of tetanus toxin fused to the beta-galactosidase enzyme was analysed as a neuroanatomical tracer. After intramuscular injection in rat tongue, its location in the hypoglossal network was compared with other classic tracers such as neurotropic viruses. The hybrid protein reached second and higher-order neurons after crossing several synapses. It appears to be a powerful tool to map neuronal circuits since the protein is easy to handle and detect and its transsynaptic transport is potential activity-dependent.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos , beta-Galactosidase , Animais , Encéfalo/citologia , Corantes , Nervo Hipoglosso/anatomia & histologia , Nervo Hipoglosso/citologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neurônios Motores/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Toxina TetânicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Institut Georges Lopez-1 preservation solution (IGL-1) is an emerging extracellular-type electrolyte solution, low in viscosity, containing polyethylene glycol 35 as a colloid. Although IGL-1 has shown beneficial outcomes in kidney and liver preservation, this pilot study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of IGL-1 in pancreas transplantation (PT) compared with the University of Wisconsin solution (UW). METHODS: Sixteen Landrace pigs underwent allogeneic PT with 16 hr of cold ischemia. Grafts were preserved with IGL-1 (n=8) or UW (n=8). No immunosuppression was administered. We analyzed graft function, the acute-phase response, and oxidative stress in the pancreatic graft monitoring membrane fluidity and lipid peroxidation. RESULTS: All eight grafts with IGL-1, but only six with UW, were functioning. Graft failures with UW resulted from graft thrombosis. There were no differences between the two solutions in the number of normoglycemic days (IGL-1: 11.5 ± 6.2 versus UW: 8.5 ± 4.4 days, P=0.1357), nor in lipid peroxidation during 16-hr cold ischemia (P=0.672), or reperfusion (P=0.185), but IGL-1 prevented changes in membrane fluidity after reperfusion when compared with UW (P=0.026). CONCLUSION: IGL-1 offered the same degree of safety and effectiveness as UW in our model of pig PT with 16 hr of cold ischemia.
Assuntos
Soluções para Preservação de Órgãos/química , Preservação de Órgãos/métodos , Transplante de Pâncreas/métodos , Pâncreas/patologia , Adenosina/química , Alopurinol/química , Animais , Coloides/química , Eletrólitos , Feminino , Glutationa/química , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Insulina/química , Isquemia , Rim/patologia , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Fígado/patologia , Estresse Oxidativo , Projetos Piloto , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Rafinose/química , Suínos , Fatores de Tempo , ViscosidadeRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva , Histiocitose Sinusal , Fatores Imunológicos , Interferon-alfa , Síndrome de Guillain-BarréRESUMO
No disponible