Lifetime recreational physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: Research on the association between physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the timing, intensity, and type of recreational physical activity influence prostate cancer risk. METHODS: A population-based case-control study was conducted in Western Australia in 2001-2002. Data were collected on lifetime recreational physical activity from a self-reported questionnaire. The estimated effects of recreational physical activity on prostate cancer risk were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and lifestyle factors. This analysis included 569 incident cases and 443 controls. RESULTS: There was a significant, inverse dose-response relationship between vigorous-intensity recreational physical activity between the ages 19 and 34 years and the risk of prostate cancer (pTrend = 0.013). Participants in the most active quartile of vigorous-intensity physical activity in this age period had a 33% lower risk of prostate cancer than participants in the least active quartile (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval = 0.45-1.01). Moderate-intensity recreational physical activity was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Recreational physical activity performed over the lifetime showed no association with prostate cancer risk. Weight training performed from early adulthood onwards showed a non-significant but consistent inverse association with prostate cancer risk. There was no strong evidence that physical activity was differentially associated with the risks of low-grade and medium-to-high grade prostate cancers. CONCLUSIONS: A high level of vigorous recreational physical activity in early adulthood may be required to reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

A Multimethod Evaluation of a Specialist Breast Care Nurse-Led Survivorship Clinic in Australia.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the needs and issues faced by breast cancer survivors (BCSs) who received chemotherapy as part of their treatment with those who did not and assess satisfaction with a specialist breast care nurse-led survivorship clinic. SAMPLE & SETTING: BCSs who attended a specialist breast care nurse-led survivorship clinic at a Western Australian private, not-for-profit hospital. METHODS & VARIABLES: A multimethod evaluation included surveys, quality-of-life assessments, and reviews of wellness plans. RESULTS: A total of 68 BCSs participated; the majority had received chemotherapy as part of their treatment and were female. BCSs experienced a diverse range of issues. Significant differences were found between chemotherapy and nonchemotherapy groups for financial difficulties (p = 0.002), body image (p = 0.017), future perspective (p = 0.022), and arm symptoms (p = 0.007). Participants indicated that the specialist breast care nurse-led clinic was appropriately timed and highly valued. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Specialist breast care nurse-led clinics can identify and address BCSs' ongoing needs.