Extracellular vesicles from primary human macrophages stimulated with VIP or PACAP mediate anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in monocytes through NF-κB signaling pathway.

Infection by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with uncontrolled inflammatory response during COVID-19 severe disease, in which monocytes are one of the main sources of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different cells play important roles during SARS-CoV-2 infection, but investigations describing the involvement of EVs from primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) on the regulation of this infection are not available. Here, we describe the effects of EVs released by MDM stimulated with the neuropeptides VIP and PACAP on SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes. MDM-derived EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation of medium collected from cells cultured for 24 h in serum-reduced conditions. Based on morphological properties, we distinguished two subpopulations of MDM-EVs, namely large (LEV) and small EVs (SEV). We found that MDM-derived EVs stimulated with the neuropeptides inhibited SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis/replication in monocytes, protected these cells from virus-induced cytopathic effects and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, EVs derived from VIP- and PACAP-treated MDM prevented the SARS-CoV-2-induced NF-κB activation. Overall, our findings suggest that MDM-EVs are endowed with immunoregulatory properties that might contribute to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected monocytes and expand our knowledge of EV effects during COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Preclinical development of kinetin as a safe error-prone SARS-CoV-2 antiviral able to attenuate virus-induced inflammation

O artigo trata do desenvolvimento de um antiviral de uso oral contra a Covid-19. A substância, batizada de MB-905, foi purificada a partir da cinetina e demonstrou-se eficaz para inibir a replicação do Sars-CoV-2 em linhagens de células humanas hepáticas e pulmonares, além de auxiliar a frear o processo inflamatório desencadeado pelo vírus.

Genetic evidence and host immune response in persons reinfected with SARS-CoV-2, Brazil

Mostra que uma primeira exposição à Covid-19 em casos brandos ou assintomáticos pode não produzir resposta imunológica e que a pessoa pode se reinfectar, inclusive, com a mesma variante. A segunda infecção pode provocar sintomas mais fortes do que a primeira. Os dados mostram que para a parcela da população que tem a doença na forma branda (em que não é necessária a hospitalização) isso não significa que fique imune ou que uma reinfecção evolua de forma benigna. O estudo indica ainda que a reinfecção pode ser mais frequente do que se supõe.