Radiographic texture of the trabecular bone of the proximal phalanx in horses with metacarpophalangeal osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent condition in horses, leading to changes in trabecular bone structure and radiographic texture. Although fractal dimension (FD) and lacunarity have been applied to quantify these changes in humans, their application in horses remains nascent. This study evaluated the use of FD, bone area fraction (BA/TA), and lacunarity in quantifying trabecular bone differences in the proximal phalanx (P1) in 50 radiographic examinations of equine metacarpophalangeal joints with varying OA degrees. In the dorsopalmar view, regions of interest were defined in the trabecular bone of the proximal epiphysis, medial and lateral to the sagittal groove of P1. Lower BA/TA values were observed medially in horses with severe OA (P=0.003). No significant differences in FD and lacunarity were found across OA degrees (P>0.1). FD, BA/TA, and lacunarity were not effective in identifying radiographic texture changes in the P1 trabecular bone in horses with different metacarpophalangeal OA degrees.

Equine simplified acute physiology score: Personalised medicine for the equine emergency patient.

BACKGROUND: Scoring models are useful tools that guide the attending clinician in gauging the severity of disease evolution and in evaluating the efficacy of treatment. There are few tools available with this purpose for the non-human patient, including horses. We aimed (i) to adapt the simplified acute physiology score 3 (SAPS-3) model for the equine species, reaching a margin of accuracy greater than 75% in the calculation of the probability of survival/death and (ii) to build a decision tree that helps the attending veterinarian in assessment of the clinical evolution of the equine patient. METHODS: From an initial pool of 5568 medical records from University-based Veterinary Hospitals, a final cohort of 1000 was further mined manually for data extraction. A set of 19 variables were evaluated and tested by five machine learning data mining algorithms. RESULTS: The final scoring model, named EqSAPS for equine simplified acute physiology score, reached 91.83% of correct estimates (post hoc) for probability of death within 24 hours upon hospitalization. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve for outcome 'death' was 0.742, while for 'survival' was 0.652. The final decision tree was able to refine prognosis of patients whose EqSAPS score suggested 'death'. CONCLUSION: EqSAPS is a useful tool to gauge the severity of the clinical presentation of the equine patient.

Clinical and complementary diagnosis of sinus neoplasia in horses

Background: Sinus neoplasms are reported as low frequency in horses. Its clinical characteristics are often nonspecific, depend on complementary methods for diagnosis, and when diagnosed, generally they are already advanced, limiting therapeutic possibilities. The objective of this case series was to detail clinical aspects and complementary exams for sinus neoplasms for early diagnosis, comparing them with the literature. Cases: Four horses were treated at the College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, with different clinical signs and previous diagnoses, which when evaluated by respiratory endoscopy, radiography, oral cavity evaluation and histopathological exams, revealed the diagnosis of anaplastic carcinoma, poorly differentiated carcinoma, ossifying fibroma and lymphoma. Previous diagnosis, based mainly on clinical signs, were sinusitis secondary to apical infection, ethmoidal hematoma, sinus cyst and sinusitis secondary to periapical disease. The cases of anaplastic carcinoma (case 1) and lymphoma (case 4) presented with an advanced degree of the disease with involvement and destruction of paranasal structures and adjacent tissues, in addition to a poor general condition, which made surgical treatment impossible and led to euthanasia. In these cases, previous treatment was made to apical infection and periodontal disease with secondary sinusitis, but negative evolution led to suspicion of neoplasia, confirmed by histopathological exam of incisional biopsy of the mass in oral cavity. Benign ossifying fibroma (case 3) presented with progressive respiratory difficulty due to occlusion of the lumen of some nasal meatus and radiographic signs of invasion and deformation of the adjacent bones, it was submitted for surgical excision and there was no recurrence until hospital discharge. The poorly differentiated carcinoma (case 2) was a multilobulate neoformation in the ethmoidal region, similar to ethmoid hematoma in endoscopic and radiographic evaluation, it was submitted for excision and two sessions of electrochemotherapy with bleomycin, associated with administration of piroxicam, which obtained a good result until the period of 1 year after discharge. Discussion: It was found that many characteristics are common with these types of neoplasms, and the clinical signs, such as nasal secretions, airway obstruction, increased facial volume, severe alterations in oral cavity, although unspecific, suggest the differential diagnosis for neoplasms. It is important to differentiate from other diseases noting the evolution and growth of these tumors, like in cases 1 and 4, especially the growth to internal tissues, using complementary methods described here, like endoscopic and radiographic examination. Late identification or even manipulation of neoplasms, without proper diagnosis, leads to a few prognoses regarding life. When it is possible to perform surgical excision, complementary methods are important to guide the procedure, and definitive diagnosis is made through histopathologic exam and some need immunohistochemistry analysis. Cases 2 and 3 had surgical access, were submitted to excision and treatment with good results, both with close monitoring in first months and prolonged quality of life. These results highlight the importance of complementary methods for early diagnosis, correct intervention and monitoring of evolution.

Proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in seven horses: A retrospective study in Brazil (2011-2019) / Artrodese interfalangeana proximal em sete equinos: um estudo retrospectivo no Brasil (2011-2019)

ABSTRACT: This study discussed several cases of proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis in horses at a veterinary hospital in Brazil. The medical records of seven horses that underwent proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis between 2011 and 2019 were analyzed for indication, technique, and complications. Short- and long-term outcomes were obtained from both the medical records and telephone interviews with the owners. A dynamic compression plate (DCP) was used in one of the seven horses that underwent surgical arthrodesis, and locking compression plates (LCP) were used in the others. Hospital discharge was recorded in 71.4% (5/7) of the horses, with an average hospital stay of 79 ± 45 days. Casting was maintained for 59 ± 26 days. Contact with owners was possible in four cases, two of which regained their prior level of function. The proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis may improve a horse's well-being, especially when it is considered an early intervention, minimizing the chances of immediate postoperative complications. Additional cases of surgical arthrodesis should be evaluated in long term to better characterize the outcomes of this procedure in Brazil.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo apresentar e discutir casos de artrodese interfalangeana proximal em equinos atendidos em um Hospital Veterinário no Brasil. Os prontuários de sete equinos submetidos à artrodese interfalangeana proximal foram analisados quanto à indicação, técnica e complicações, entre 2011 e 2019. As informações sobre os desfechos de curto e longo prazo foram obtidas pela avaliação dos prontuário e entrevista telefônica com os proprietários. Em um dos sete cavalos submetidos à artrodese cirúrgica foi utilizado implantes DCP, e nos demais, LCP. A alta hospitalar foi registrada em 71,4% (5/7), com média de permanência hospitalar de 79±45 dias. A imobilização externa durou 59±26 dias. O contato com os proprietários foi possível em quatro casos, dos quais, em dois, os animais voltaram às suas funções. A artrodese interfalangeana proximal pode melhorar a qualidade de vida dos equinos, principalmente quando se considera a intervenção precoce, minimizando as chances de complicações pós-operatórias imediatas. Casos adicionais devem ser avaliados ao longo prazo para melhor caracterizar os resultados desse procedimento no Brasil.

Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horses owner didnt authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...(AU)

Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equinos tratados com eletrocauterização / Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in horses treated with electrocautery

Background: Rhinosporidiosis is considered an endemic disease in some countries and can affect several species of animals, among them, also equines. In this specie, although the nasal cavity is the most common site of infection, in some cases, it could also be spotted in the larynx region. The present study had as an objective to describe two cases of rhinosporidiosis in horses, one of them nasal and the other in the laryngeal area. Cases: Horse 1. A 12-year-old male Standardbred was sent to the veterinary hospital for the resection of the formation presented in the mucocutaneous junction of the left nostril. During the physical exam, a red mass of a moderately consistency, with an irregular, verrucous, pedunculated and ulcerated surface was observed, measuring approximately 2 cm in diameter. The surgical procedure for the resection of the mass was done through the use of the electrocautery technique, with the animal sedated with a romifidine dose of 0.08 mg/kg, a butorphanol dose of 0.04 mg/kg and a local anesthesia of 2% lidocaine. Eight months after the surgical procedure, the animal returned to the hospital and the presence of three new masses was noted in the same nostril, around the region where the extracted mass used to be found and they resembled the previous lesions. The horse’s owner didn’t authorize a new surgery or a new histopathological exam of the lesions. Horse 2. The other case refers to an asymptomatic 15-year-old male mixed breed. During a routine gastroscopic exam, the presence of several reddish coloration nodular and polypoid formations of irregular surface was observed in the larynx. Only one formation in the dorsal portion of the pharynx was observed. During the...

Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm. METHODS: It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm. RESULTS: Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection. CONCLUSION: It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

The correlation between score-based protocol for equine joint assessment and subsequent arthroscopic intervention outcomes / Protocolo de avaliação baseado em escore das afecções articulares em equinos e correlação com o resultado do tratamento por artroscopia

This study aimed to grade joint abnormalities in horses submitted to therapeutic arthroscopy using score-based protocols for equine joint assessment, correlated with arthroscopic treatment outcomes and owner satisfaction. In this prospective study, we evaluated 126 joints of athletic horses referred for arthroscopy. The joints were scored according to findings of medical history and physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. Lameness, positive response to flexion test and decreased maximum joint flexion angle were detected in more than 50% of joints. Soft tissue swelling, sclerosis, subchondral bone osteolysis and single osteochondral fragments were the most common radiographic findings. Ultrasonographic examination revealed changes in synovial fluid volume and appearance, and subchondral bone irregularities. Increased vascularity of the synovial villi, chondral fibrillation, chondral fissures and superficial cartilage erosions were the most significant arthroscopic findings. The approaches that demonstrated greater sensitivity and correlation with treatment outcome and owner satisfaction were medical history, ultrasonographic and arthroscopic examination. The scoring protocol employed to grade joint abnormalities enabled the creation of a joint score system for the objective assessment, thus determining the most frequent findings and establishing an

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar as anormalidades articulares observadas em equinos submetidos à artroscopia terapêutica, utilizando protocolos baseados em pontuações e correlacionando os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico com a satisfação do proprietário. Neste estudo prospectivo, foram avaliadas 126 articulações de cavalos atletas, encaminhados para artroscopia. As articulações foram pontuadas de acordo com os achados da anamnese e exame físico, exame radiográfico, exame ultrassonográfico e avaliação artroscópica. A claudicação, resposta positiva ao teste de flexão e diminuição do ângulo máximo de flexão articular foram detectados em mais de 50% das articulações. Aumento de volume dos tecidos moles, esclerose subcondral, osteólise subcondral e fragmentos osteocondrais únicos foram os achados radiográficos mais comuns. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou, com frequência, as alterações no volume e na aparência do líquido sinovial, além de irregularidades osteocondrais. O aumento da vascularização das vilosidades sinoviais, fibrilação condral, fissuras condrais e erosões superficiais da cartilagem foram os achados artroscópicos mais significativos. As abordagens diagnósticas que demonstraram maior sensibilidade e melhor correlação entre o resultado do tratamento e satisfação do proprietário foram história médica, exame ultrassonográfico e artroscópico. O protocolo de avaliação

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...](AU)

Evaluation of ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy using surgical staples associated with suture material in dairy cattle

Background: Displaced Abomasum is known for being on of the main illnesses that affect milking cows. Increase in diagnosis of this illness is due to advancement in diagnosis techniques. Increase in incidence of this illness can be explained by genetic selection of animals with high production, breed systems and changes to the diet with a higher level of protein. For laparoscopic treatment, several surgical changes were performed to optimize the procedure and thus achieve better results. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate applicability of the ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy technique, using surgical clamps attached to the suture thread, to milking cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Six adult cows were placed under anesthesia with isoflurane and placed in dorsal decubitus. Animals were kept with no water for 24 h and no food for 48 h. Four laparoscopic accesses were performed. The first one was created with the intention of inspecting the abdominal cavity and the remaining three for access of surgical instruments. Serous membrane of the abomasum was cauterized, combined with suture threads and placed at the greater abomasal curvature. The free part of suture threads was kept out of the abdominal cavity and after traction of the abomasum against the abdominal wall was tied to the skin. Ultrasound exam was performed for abdominal evaluation after abomasopexy. Anesthesia time and surgery time were recorded and analyzes through average and standard deviation (SD). The average anesthesia time recorded was 94 min (SD 14.63 min) and average surgery time was 51 min (SD 14.71 min). The fasting period was considered adequate, however all animals had to undergo intubation with orogastric tube to drain liquids and gas during the procedure. Four of the six animals had lineal adhesion. Three of the four animals that had adhesion did not keep the abomasum at the retroperitoneal area, however viscera movement was stopped in the abdominal cavity.[...]

Power Doppler sonography in the assessment of neovascularization following surgical fracture repair in sheep: case report / Utilização da ultrassonografia Power Doppler no acompanhamento de neovascularização no pós-operatório de ovino submetido a osteossíntese: relato de caso

Sonography is a safe and non-invasive imaging modality, with the added benefit of providing dynamic images. Power Doppler sonography allows blood vessel identification regardless of flow intensity or direction. A one-year-old Ile de France ewe was admitted to the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Hospital with a complete tibial fracture. The animal was submitted to general inhalation anesthesia and fracture repair using a 3.5 mm locking compression plate. Power Doppler sonography was used to assess neovascularization over the course of the bone healing process. Formation of new vessels was noted between postoperative days 14 and 21; new vessels regressed progressively on subsequent assessments (postoperative days 28 and 35). Power Doppler sonography enabled early detection of newly formed blood vessels at the fracture site. The non-invasive nature of this imaging modality prevented patient stress and provided useful information on the progression of bone healing. Early neovascularization was thought to reflect successful postoperative healing of the tibial fracture described.(AU)

A ultrassonografia é técnica de imagem segura e não invasiva que fornece imagens dinâmicas. O Power Doppler é modalidade ultrassonográfica que permite a visualização de vasos sanguíneos sem depender de intensidade e direção de fluxo. Admitiu-se no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP um ovino fêmea, de raça Ile de France, com um ano de idade e apresentando fratura completa de tíbia em bisel. O animal foi submetido à anestesia inalatória para a realização de osteossíntese com placa bloqueada de 3,5 mm. Durante o período pós-operatório foram realizadas imagens de ultrassonografia Power Doppler para a avaliação da neovascularização ao longo do processo de regeneração óssea. Entre o 14º e o 21º dia do período pós-operatório, identificou-se a presença de vasos sanguíneos neoformados, que apresentaram sinais de regressão nas avaliações subsequentes (realizadas no 28º e no 35º dia pós-operatório). A ultrassonografia Power Doppler mostrou-se eficiente na detecção precoce de vasos sanguíneos neoformados na região da fratura no período pós-operatório, sendo um exame não invasivo, que não gerou estresse para o animal e que pode estar relacionado ao sucesso no reparo ósseo da tíbia do animal submetido à osteossíntese.(AU)

Power Doppler sonography in the assessment of neovascularization following surgical fracture repair in sheep: case report / Utilização da ultrassonografia Power Doppler no acompanhamento de neovascularização no pós-operatório de ovino submetido a osteossíntese: relato de caso

Sonography is a safe and non-invasive imaging modality, with the added benefit of providing dynamic images. Power Doppler sonography allows blood vessel identification regardless of flow intensity or direction. A one-year-old Ile de France ewe was admitted to the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Hospital with a complete tibial fracture. The animal was submitted to general inhalation anesthesia and fracture repair using a 3.5 mm locking compression plate. Power Doppler sonography was used to assess neovascularization over the course of the bone healing process. Formation of new vessels was noted between postoperative days 14 and 21; new vessels regressed progressively on subsequent assessments (postoperative days 28 and 35). Power Doppler sonography enabled early detection of newly formed blood vessels at the fracture site. The non-invasive nature of this imaging modality prevented patient stress and provided useful information on the progression of bone healing. Early neovascularization was thought to reflect successful postoperative healing of the tibial fracture described.(AU)

A ultrassonografia é técnica de imagem segura e não invasiva que fornece imagens dinâmicas. O Power Doppler é modalidade ultrassonográfica que permite a visualização de vasos sanguíneos sem depender de intensidade e direção de fluxo. Admitiu-se no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-USP um ovino fêmea, de raça Ile de France, com um ano de idade e apresentando fratura completa de tíbia em bisel. O animal foi submetido à anestesia inalatória para a realização de osteossíntese com placa bloqueada de 3,5 mm. Durante o período pós-operatório foram realizadas imagens de ultrassonografia Power Doppler para a avaliação da neovascularização ao longo do processo de regeneração óssea. Entre o 14º e o 21º dia do período pós-operatório, identificou-se a presença de vasos sanguíneos neoformados, que apresentaram sinais de regressão nas avaliações subsequentes (realizadas no 28º e no 35º dia pós-operatório). A ultrassonografia Power Doppler mostrou-se eficiente na detecção precoce de vasos sanguíneos neoformados na região da fratura no período pós-operatório, sendo um exame não invasivo, que não gerou estresse para o animal e que pode estar relacionado ao sucesso no reparo ósseo da tíbia do animal submetido à osteossíntese.(AU)

Internal inguinal ring closure by laparoscopy using homologous pericardium grafts in horses / Oclusão do anel vaginal em equinos utilizando enxerto de pericárdio homólogo fixado por laparoscopia

ABSTRACT: The occlusion of inguinal ring is the treatment to avoid the inguinal hernia in horses. The aim of this study is evaluate the efficacy of homologous pericardium grafts for internal inguinal ring closure in horses, comparing mechanical or manual laparoscopic suture. Cross over study, using six healthy intact male Mangalarga breed horses aged between 3 and 12 years. Horses were operated under general anesthesia in 25º Trendelenburg position. Five laparoscopic portals were employed. Pericardium grafts measuring 4x5cm were anchored covering the left and right internal inguinal rings using either manual intracorporeal suture or laparoscopic stapler. Horses were followed-up during 11 weeks when were submitted to a laparoscopic control. Surgical time, trans and postoperative complications and effectiveness of internal inguinal closure were evaluated and statistically analyzed. The level of significance was set at 5% P<0.05. The procedures were realized without complications and the mean time required for manual and mechanical suture procedures differed significantly (67.8±15.3 and 14.1±2.1 min respectively; P<0.05). All manually sutured grafts remained in place and partial suture dehiscence with incomplete occlusion of the internal inguinal ring was observed in two stapled grafts. Non-severe complications were observed trans or postoperatively. One synechiae and three omental adhesions were observed by laparoscopic control on day 77, but without clinical relevance in the evaluated period. The use of homologous pericardium grafts was effectiveness to internal inguinal ring closure by laparoscopy. Mechanical suture was faster to perform than manual, but provided less satisfactory results concerning safety of graft fixation.

RESUMO: A oclusão dos anéis inguinais é o tratamento indicado para evitar as hérnias inguinais comumente observadas nos equinos. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a eficácia do uso de enxerto de pericárdio homólogo para recobrimento do anel inguinal interno de equinos, fixado por laparoscopia, comparando a sutura manual e mecânica. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis equinos machos não castrados da raça Mangalarga com idade entre 3 e 12 anos. Os cavalos foram operados sob anestesia geral em posição de Trendelenburg com inclinação de 25º. Cinco portais laparoscópicos foram empregados. Enxertos de pericárdio homólogo, medindo 4X5cm, foram ancorados recobrindo os anéis inguinais internos esquerdo e direito, sendo em um dos lados fixado com sutura manual intracorpórea e o contralateral fixado com grampos, escolhidos por sorteio previamente ao procedimento, distribuído equitativamente. Os cavalos foram acompanhados por 11 semanas do período pós-operatório. O tempo cirúrgico, eventuais complicações trans ou pós-operatórias e a efetividade do procedimento foram avaliados e analisados estatisticamente com nível de significância de 5% P<0,05. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações, com tempo médio requerido para realização da sutura manual e com grampos de 67,8±15,3 e 14,1±2,1 minutos, respectivamente, havendo diferença significativa P<0,05. Todos os implantes suturados manualmente levaram à oclusão do anel inguinal profundo, enquanto houve deiscência parcial da sutura, com incompleta oclusão do anel, em dois dos seis implantes fixados por sutura mecânica, na avaliação aos 77 dias. Não ocorreram complicações significativas no período trans ou pós-operatório, sendo observada a presença de uma sinéquia e três aderências de omento durante laparoscopia de controle aos 77 dias, porém sem relevância clínica no período estudado. O uso de pericárdio homólogo foi efetivo para oclusão do anel vaginal em equinos por laparoscopia. A sutura mecânica foi realizada em menor tempo, quando comparada à sutura manual, porém propiciou resultado menos satisfatório no que diz respeito à segurança da técnica para fixação do enxerto.

Internal inguinal ring closure by laparoscopy using homologous pericardium grafts in horses / Oclusão do anel vaginal em equinos utilizando enxerto de pericárdio homólogo fixado por laparoscopia

The occlusion of inguinal ring is the treatment to avoid the inguinal hernia in horses. The aim of this study is evaluate the efficacy of homologous pericardium grafts for internal inguinal ring closure in horses, comparing mechanical or manual laparoscopic suture. Cross over study, using six healthy intact male Mangalarga breed horses aged between 3 and 12 years. Horses were operated under general anesthesia in 25º Trendelenburg position. Five laparoscopic portals were employed. Pericardium grafts measuring 4x5cm were anchored covering the left and right internal inguinal rings using either manual intracorporeal suture or laparoscopic stapler. Horses were followed-up during 11 weeks when were submitted to a laparoscopic control. Surgical time, trans and postoperative complications and effectiveness of internal inguinal closure were evaluated and statistically analyzed. The level of significance was set at 5% P 0.05. The procedures were realized without complications and the mean time required for manual and mechanical suture procedures differed significantly (67.8±15.3 and 14.1±2.1 min respectively; P 0.05). All manually sutured grafts remained in place and partial suture dehiscence with incomplete occlusion of the internal inguinal ring was observed in two stapled grafts. Non-severe complications were observed trans or postoperatively. One synechiae and three omental ad(AU)

A oclusão dos anéis inguinais é o tratamento indicado para evitar as hérnias inguinais comumente observadas nos equinos. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar a eficácia do uso de enxerto de pericárdio homólogo para recobrimento do anel inguinal interno de equinos, fixado por laparoscopia, comparando a sutura manual e mecânica. Para tanto, foram utilizados seis equinos machos não castrados da raça Mangalarga com idade entre 3 e 12 anos. Os cavalos foram operados sob anestesia geral em posição de Trendelenburg com inclinação de 25º. Cinco portais laparoscópicos foram empregados. Enxertos de pericárdio homólogo, medindo 4X5cm, foram ancorados recobrindo os anéis inguinais internos esquerdo e direito, sendo em um dos lados fixado com sutura manual intracorpórea e o contralateral fixado com grampos, escolhidos por sorteio previamente ao procedimento, distribuído equitativamente. Os cavalos foram acompanhados por 11 semanas do período pós-operatório. O tempo cirúrgico, eventuais complicações trans ou pós-operatórias e a efetividade do procedimento foram avaliados e analisados estatisticamente com nível de significância de 5% P 0,05. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações, com tempo médio requerido para realização da sutura manual e com grampos de 67,8±15,3 e 14,1±2,1 minutos, respectivamente, havendo diferença significativa P 0,05. Todos os implantes suturados manualmen(AU)

Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in pigs - experimental study / Ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica em suínos - estudo experimental

This study aimed to evaluated laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy as treatment of experimental ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in pigs. Ten male Large White pigs weighting approximately 28.4 (±1.43) kg were used in the current study. The UPJ obstruction was created laparoscopically by double-clipping of the left ureter. After 14 days the animals underwent laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy f The animals were sacrificed for subsequent retrograde pyelography in order to assess the anastomotic patency on the 28th day. The laparoscopic procedure for experimental obstruction of UPJ was successfully performed in all animals, as well as the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy. There was intestinal iatrogenic injury in one animal. Satisfactory UPJ patency was noted in 75% of the animals. There was no stenosis of the proximal anastomosis between the ureter and the lower pole of the kidney in 37.5%, mild stenosis in 37.5% and severe stenosis in 25% of the animals. The laparoscopic approach for reestablishment he urinary flow by ureterocalicostomy was feasible in the porcine model. The ascending pyelography revealed satisfactory results of the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica no tratamento de obstrução da junção ureteropiélica (JUP) em modelo experimental suíno. Foram selecionados 10 suínos machos da raça Large White com peso médio de 28,4(±1,43) kg. A obstrução da JUP foi criada por técnica laparoscópica transperitoneal, com aplicação de dois clipes de titânio no ureter esquerdo. Passados 14 dias, os animais foram submetidos à ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica. No 28º dia após a ureterocalicostomia, foram sacrificados para a remoção dos rins e posterior pielografia retrógrada para avaliação da permeabilidade anastomótica. A obstrução da JUP foi obtida com sucesso em todos os animais, assim como a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica, apesar de ter havido lesão intestinal em um dos animais. Boa permeabilidade foi observada em 75% dos casos, posteriormente à anastomose entre o ureter proximal e o cálice maior caudal do rim, onde 37,5% dos animais não apresentaram estenose, 37,5% apresentaram estenose leve, enquanto 25% apresentaram estenose severa. Foi possível restabelecer o fluxo urinário por ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica e os resultados anatômicos obtidos por meio das pielografias ascendentes foram considerados satisfatórios.

Laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy in pigs: experimental study / Ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica em suínos: estudo experimental

This study aimed to evaluated laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy as treatment of experimental ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction in pigs. Ten male Large White pigs weighting approximately 28.4 (±1.43) kg were used in the current study. The UPJ obstruction was created laparoscopically by double-clipping of the left ureter. After 14 days the animals underwent laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy f The animals were sacrificed for subsequent retrograde pyelography in order to assess the anastomotic patency on the 28th day. The laparoscopic procedure for experimental obstruction of UPJ was successfully performed in all animals, as well as the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy. There was intestinal iatrogenic injury in one animal. Satisfactory UPJ patency was noted in 75% of the animals. There was no stenosis of the proximal anastomosis between the ureter and the lower pole of the kidney in 37.5%, mild stenosis in 37.5% and severe stenosis in 25% of the animals. The laparoscopic approach for reestablishment he urinary flow by ureterocalicostomy was feasible in the porcine model. The ascending pyelography revealed satisfactory results of the laparoscopic ureterocalicostomy.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica no tratamento de obstrução da junção ureteropiélica (JUP) em modelo experimental suíno. Foram selecionados 10 suínos machos da raça Large White com peso médio de 28,4(±1,43) kg. A obstrução da JUP foi criada por técnica laparoscópica transperitoneal, com aplicação de dois clipes de titânio no ureter esquerdo. Passados 14 dias, os animais foram submetidos à ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica. No 28º dia após a ureterocalicostomia, foram sacrificados para a remoção dos rins e posterior pielografia retrógrada para avaliação da permeabilidade anastomótica. A obstrução da JUP foi obtida com sucesso em todos os animais, assim como a ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica, apesar de ter havido lesão intestinal em um dos animais. Boa permeabilidade foi observada em 75% dos casos, posteriormente à anastomose entre o ureter proximal e o cálice maior caudal do rim, onde 37,5% dos animais não apresentaram estenose, 37,5% apresentaram estenose leve, enquanto 25% apresentaram estenose severa. Foi possível restabelecer o fluxo urinário por ureterocalicostomia laparoscópica e os resultados anatômicos obtidos por meio das pielografias ascendentes foram considerados satisfatórios.(AU)

Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PURPOSE: To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm. METHODS: It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm. RESULTS: Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection. CONCLUSION: It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery. .

Laparoscopic guided local injection in the X-linked muscular dystrophy mouse (mdx) diaphragm. An advance in experimental therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

PURPOSE:To investigate the development of a laparoscopy technique for local injection into the X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) diaphragm.METHODS:It was used 10 mice Balb/C57 and 5 mdx mice and three differents decubitus type were tested: the right lateral, supine, and supine decubitus with 20 degrees elevation of the forelimb. Abdominal caudal face and the 10 intercostal space were tested as spot to introduce the needle into the diaphragm.RESULTS:Supine position with elevation of 20 degrees forelimb and the 10th intercostal space are the beneficial position to apply a local injection.CONCLUSION:It was proved to be possible to perform the laparoscopy technique in the X-linked muscular dystrophy diaphragm and this requires a specific position and technique during the surgery.(AU)

Correlação entre uso de anti-inflamatório não esteroidais e efeitos adversos em equinos: revisão de literatura / Correlation between the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory use causing side effects in equine: review article / Correlacion entre el uso de anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos y los efectos adversos en equinos: revision bibliográfica

O controle da dor nos animais vem sendo foco de vários estudos em virtude de significativasalterações no bem-estar animal e pela influência da mesma em diversos parâmetros fisiológicos. Uma das causas prováveis de efeitos adversos promovidos pelos agentes anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES) é a inibição da cicloxigenase 1, enzima responsável pela produção não só de mediadores inflamatórios, mas também da camada protetora estomacal, agregação plaquetária e irrigação renal. Os AINES são amplamente utilizados em equinos, sendo os agentes mais empregados para o tratamento da dor nesta espécie. Porém, devido particularidades da espécie, os efeitos adversos em trato gastrointestinal (TGI) são os mais recorrentes em equinos, principalmente nos animais já hospitalizados sendo que vários fármacos utilizados para o controle da dor podem piorar este quadro. Para redução do risco de lesão em TGI com o emprego de AINES, deve-se considerar o uso concomitante de protetores gástricos, principalmente os bloqueadores da bomba de prótons. Outros efeitos adversos também podem aparecer, como lesão renal, hipoproteinemia e alterações na agregação plaquetária. Sendo assim, esta revisão tem o objetivo de explicitar os efeitos adversos mais recorrentes ao uso de AINES em equinos, assim como suas consequências e possíveis tratamentos.

Pain control has been the focus of several studies in animais because of significant changes inanimal welfare and the influence of various physiological parameters. One of the probable causes of the side effetcs regarding the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDS) is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase 1, enzyme responsible for the production not only of inflammatory mediators, but also the stomach protective layer, platelet agregation and renal irrigation. NSAIDS are widely used in horses, being the most used agent for the treatment of pain in this species. However, due to species peculiarities, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) side effects are the most frequent in horses, especially in animais already hospitalized, and several drugs used to control pain may worsen this condition. To reduce the risk of injury to GITwith the use of NSAIDs, the concomitant use of gastric protectors, especially proton pump blockers, should be considered. Other side effects may also appear, such as renal damage, hypoproteinemia and changes in platelet aggregation. Therefore, this review aims to explain the most frequent side effects ofthe use of NSAIDs in horses, as well as their consequences and possible treatments.(AU)

El control del dolor en los animales viene siendo un foco de varios estudios en virtud de significativas alteración es en el bienestar animal y por la influencia de la misma en diversos parámetros fisiológicos. Una de las causas más probables de los efectos adversos promovida por los agentes anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) es la inhibición de la cicloxigenasa 1, enzima responsable por la producción no solo de mediadores inflamatorios , sino también de uma camada protectora estomacal, agregación plaquetaria y irrigación renal. Los AINES son ampliamente utilizados en los Equinos, siendo los agentes más utilizados para el tratamiento del dolor en esta especie. Entonces, debido a la particularidad de esta especie, los efectos adversos a nivel del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) son los más frecuentes en los equinos, principalmente en los animales que ya están hospitalizados siendo que varios fármacos utilizados para el control del dolor pueden empeorar este cuadro. Para la reducción dei riego de lesión a nivel gastrointestinal con el uso de los AINES, debemos considerar el uso concomitante de protectores gástricos, principalmente el empleo de los bloqueadores de la bomba de protones. Otros efectos también pueden aparecer, como lesión renal, hipoproteinemia e alteraciones en la agregación plaquetario. Siendo así, esta revisión tiene un objetivo de ser explícito en los efectos adversos más frecuentes con el uso de AINES en equinos, así como sus consecuencias y posibles tratamientos.(AU)