Tenofovir Douche as HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for Receptive Anal Intercourse: Safety, Acceptability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics (DREAM 01).

BACKGROUND: Despite highly effective HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) options, no options provide on-demand, nonsystemic, behaviorally congruent PrEP that many desire. A tenofovir-medicated rectal douche before receptive anal intercourse may provide this option. METHODS: Three tenofovir rectal douches-220 mg iso-osmolar product A, 660 mg iso-osmolar product B, and 660 mg hypo-osmolar product C-were studied in 21 HIV-negative men who have sex with men. We sampled blood and colorectal tissue to assess safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS: The douches had high acceptability without toxicity. Median plasma tenofovir peak concentrations for all products were several-fold below trough concentrations associated with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Median colon tissue mucosal mononuclear cell (MMC) tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations exceeded target concentrations from 1 hour through 3 to 7 days after dosing. For 6-7 days after a single product C dose, MMC tenofovir-diphosphate exceeded concentrations expected with steady-state oral TDF 300 mg on-demand 2-1-1 dosing. Compared to predrug baseline, HIV replication after ex vivo colon tissue HIV challenge demonstrated a concentration-response relationship with 1.9 log10 maximal effect. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 tenofovir douches achieved tissue tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations and colorectal antiviral effect exceeding oral TDF and with lower systemic tenofovir. Tenofovir douches may provide a single-dose, on-demand, behaviorally congruent PrEP option, and warrant continued development. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02750540.

"It's already in your body and it's preventing": a qualitative study of African female adolescent's acceptability and preferences for proxy HIV prevention methods in Cape Town, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Advances in biomedical HIV prevention will soon offer young women a choice of HIV prevention methods, including various pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) modalities such as daily oral pills, dapivirine vaginal ring, and long-acting injectable agents. By understanding preferences for contraceptive methods, we may draw analogies for the HIV prevention needs of young women. The UChoose Study was an open-label randomised cross-over study designed to evaluate the acceptability and preference for several contraceptive options as a proxy for HIV prevention methods that use similar types of administration. The study enrolled healthy HIV uninfected young women aged 15 to 19 years. At enrolment, participants were randomly assigned to a contraceptive method for a period of 16 weeks in the form of monthly Nuvaring® (vaginal ring), daily combined oral contraceptive (daily pills), or bi-monthly injectable contraceptive (injectable). After 16 weeks, participants crossed over to another contraceptive method, and those who had received the injectable and the daily pills received the vaginal ring for another 16 weeks, whereas those who had received the vaginal ring were able to choose between the injectable and daily pills, to ensure that all participants tried the vaginal ring-the least familiar option to the study population. RESULTS: Thirty-three participants were purposively recruited to participate in seven focus group discussions (FGD) and completed a pre-survey for their assigned group. Our sample comprised 14 participants randomised to use of the vaginal ring and daily pills and 19 participants randomised to use of the vaginal ring and injectable. For most participants, their preferences for a prevention method were based primarily on their desire to avoid negative aspects of one method rather than their positive user experience with another method. Most participants expressed initial hesitancy for trying new contraception method products; however, a lack of familiarity was moderated by a strong interest in diverse user-controlled prevention methods. Participants valued methods that had infrequent dosing and simplified use requirements. The injection and vaginal ring were preferred over daily pills as a potential HIV prevention method. CONCLUSION: Expanding the availability of diverse products could provide adolescents with multiple choices in HIV prevention for the uninitiated. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT02404038 ). Registered March 31, 2015-Registered.

A Randomized Trial of Point-of-Care Early Infant Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Diagnosis in Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Point-of-care (POC) early infant diagnosis (EID) provides same-day results and the potential for immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS: We conducted a pragmatic trial at 6 public clinics in Zambia. HIV-exposed infants were individually randomized to either (1) POC EID (onsite testing with the Alere q HIV-1/2 Detect) or (2) enhanced standard of care (SOC) EID (off-site testing at a public laboratory). Infants with HIV were referred for ART and followed for 12 months. Our primary outcome was defined as alive, in care, and virally suppressed at 12 months. RESULTS: Between March 2016 and November 2018, we randomized 4000 HIV-exposed infants to POC (n=1989) or SOC (n=2011). All but 2 infants in the POC group received same-day results, while the median time to result in the SOC group was 27 (interquartile range: 22-30) days. Eighty-one (2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-2.5%) infants were diagnosed with HIV. Although ART initiation was high, there were 15 (19%) deaths, 15 (19%) follow-up losses, and 31 (38%) virologic failures. By 12 months, only 20 of 81 (25%; 95% CI: 15-34%) infants with HIV were alive, in care, and virally suppressed: 13 (30%; 16-43%) infants in the POC group vs 7 (19%; 6-32%) in the SOC group (RR: 1.56; .7-3.50). CONCLUSIONS: POC EID eliminated diagnostic delays and accelerated ART initiation but did not translate into definitive improvement in 12-month outcomes. In settings where centralized EID is well functioning, POC EID is unlikely to improve pediatric HIV outcomes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: This trial is registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02682810).

Safety and Efficacy of 48 and 96 Weeks of Alendronate in Children and Adolescents With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Low Bone Mineral Density for Age.

No safety concerns were identified in a randomized, crossover study of alendronate/placebo in youth with perinatal HIV infection and low bone mineral density (BMD). BMD improved with 48 weeks of alendronate and continued to improve with an additional 48 weeks of therapy. Gains were largely maintained 48 weeks after stopping alendronate.

Tenofovir Diphosphate Concentrations in Dried Blood Spots From Pregnant and Postpartum Adolescent and Young Women Receiving Daily Observed Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentration in dried blood spots (DBSs) is used to monitor cumulative pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence. We evaluated TFV-DP in DBSs following daily oral PrEP (emtricitabine 200 mg/tenofovir diphosphate 300 mg) among pregnant and postpartum adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). METHODS: Directly observed PrEP was administered for 12 weeks in a pregnancy (14-24 weeks' gestation, n = 20) and postpartum (6-12 weeks postpartum, n = 20) group of AGYW aged 16-24 years in sub-Saharan Africa. Weekly DBS TFV-DP was measured by validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. Week 12 TFV-DP distributions were compared between groups with Wilcoxon test. Population pharmacokinetic models were fit to estimate steady-state concentrations and create benchmarks for adherence categories. Baseline correlates of TFV-DP were evaluated. RESULTS: Median age was 20 (IQR, 19-22) years. Of 3360 doses, 3352 (>99%) were directly observed. TFV-DP median (IQR) half-life was 10 (7-12) days in pregnancy and 17 (14-21) days postpartum, with steady state achieved by 5 and 8 weeks, respectively. Observed median (IQR) steady-state TFV-DP was 965 fmol/punch (691-1166) in pregnancy versus 1406 fmol/punch (1053-1859) postpartum (P = .006). Modeled median steady-state TFV-DP was 881 fmol/punch (667-1105) in pregnancy versus 1438 fmol/punch (1178-1919) postpartum. In pooled analysis, baseline creatinine clearance was associated with observed TFV-DP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: TFV-DP in African AGYW was approximately one-third lower in pregnancy than postpartum. These Population-specific benchmarks can be used to guide PrEP adherence support in pregnant/postpartum African women. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03386578.

Safety, acceptability, and pharmacokinetics of a monoclonal antibody-based vaginal multipurpose prevention film (MB66): A Phase I randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: MB66 film is a multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) product with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against HIV-1 (VRC01-N) and HSV-1 and 2 (HSV8-N). The mAbs were produced by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (N). We conducted a Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and ex vivo efficacy of single and repeated doses of MB66 when used intravaginally. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The clinical trial enrolled healthy reproductive-aged, sexually abstinent women. In Segment A, 9 women received a single MB66 film which was inserted into the vaginal posterior fornix by a clinician. In Segment B, 29 women were randomly assigned to MB66 (Active) or Placebo film groups and were instructed to insert 1 film vaginally for 7 consecutive days. Visits and clinical sampling occurred predose and at various time points after single and repeated film doses. The primary endpoint was number of adverse events (AEs) Grade 2 or higher related to product use. Secondary endpoints included film dissolution rate, Nugent score (a Gram stain scoring system to diagnose bacterial vaginosis), vaginal pH, post-use survey results, cytokine concentrations in cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) specimens (assessed by Luminex assay), mAb concentrations in vaginal fluid collected from 4 sites (assessed by ELISA), and HIV and HSV neutralization activity of CVL samples ex vivo (assessed by TZM-bl and plaque reduction assay, respectively). The product was generally safe and well tolerated, with no serious AEs recorded in either segment. The AEs in this study were primarily genitourinary in nature with the most commonly reported AE being asymptomatic microscopic hematuria. There were no differences in vaginal pH or Nugent scores or significant increases in levels of proinflammatory cytokines for up to 7 days after film insertion in either segment or between Active and Placebo groups. Acceptability and willingness to use the product were judged to be high by post-use surveys. Concentrations of VRC01-N and HSV8-N in vaginal secretions were assessed over time to generate pharmacokinetic curves. Antibody levels peaked 1 hour postdosing with Active film (median: 35 µg/mL) and remained significantly elevated at 24 hours post first and seventh film (median: 1.8 µg/mL). Correcting for sample dilution (1:20), VRC01-N concentrations ranged from 36 to 700 µg/mL at the 24-hour time point, greater than 100-fold the IC50 for VRC01 (0.32 µg/mL); HSV8-N concentrations ranged from 80 to 601 µg/mL, well above the IC50 of 0.1 µg/m. CVL samples collected 24 hours after MB66 insertion significantly neutralized both HIV-1 and HSV-2 ex vivo. Study limitations include the small size of the study cohort, and the fact that no samples were collected between 24 hours and 7 days for pharmacokinetic evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Single and repeated intravaginal applications of MB66 film were safe, well tolerated, and acceptable. Concentrations and ex vivo bioactivity of both mAbs in vaginal secretions were significantly elevated and thus could provide protection for at least 24 hours postdose. However, further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of MB66 film in women at risk for HIV and HSV infection. Additional antibodies could be added to this platform to provide protection against other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and contraception. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02579083.

Microsurgical training course for clinicians and scientists: a 10-year experience at the Münster University Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical techniques are an important part of clinical and experimental research. Here we present our step-by-step microsurgery training course developed at the Münster University Hospital. The goal of this course was to create a short, modular curriculum with clearly described and easy to follow working steps in accordance with the Guidelines for Training in Surgical Research in Animals by the Academy of Surgical Research. METHODS: Over the course of 10 years, we conducted an annual 2.5 day (20 h) microsurgical training course with a total of 120 participants. RESULTS: Prior to the course, 90% of the participants reported to have never performed a microanastomosis before. During the 10 years a total of 84.2% of the participants performed microanastomoses without assistance, 15% required assistance and only 0.8% failed. CONCLUSIONS: Our step-by-step microsurgery training course gives a brief overview of the didactic basics and the organization of a microsurgical training course and could serve as a guide for teaching microsurgical skills. During the 2.5-day curriculum, it was possible to teach, and for participants to subsequently perform a microsurgical anastomosis. The independent reproducibility of the learned material after the course is not yet known, therefore further investigations are necessary. With this step-by-step curriculum, we were able to conduct a successful training program, shown by the fact that each participant is able to perform microvascular anastomoses on a reproducible basis.

Alendronate Improves Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents Perinatally Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus With Low Bone Mineral Density for Age.

BACKGROUND: Children and adolescents with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and with low bone mineral density (BMD) may be at higher risk of osteoporosis and fractures in later life than their uninfected peers. Bisphosphonate therapy has been shown to reduce fractures in adults with osteoporosis, but has not been formally studied in youths living with HIV. METHODS: Fifty-two children and adolescents (aged 11-24 years) perinatally infected with HIV with low lumbar spine (LS) BMD (Z score < -1.5) were randomized to receive once-weekly alendronate or placebo in a double-blind cross-over study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of 48 and 96 weeks of alendronate in the United States and Brazil. All participants received daily calcium carbonate and vitamin D supplementation and were asked to engage in regular weight-bearing exercise. Safety and efficacy are summarized for the initial 48 weeks of the trial. RESULTS: Grade 3 or higher abnormal laboratory values, signs, or symptoms developed in 5 of 32 (16%) participants on alendronate and 2 of 18 (11%) on placebo (P > .99). No cases of jaw osteonecrosis, atrial fibrillation, or nonhealing fractures were reported. Mean increases (95% confidence interval) in LS BMD over 48 weeks were significantly larger on alendronate (20% [14%-25%]) than placebo (7% [5%-9%]) (P < .001). Similar improvements were seen for whole body BMD. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study in children and adolescents perinatally infected with HIV with low LS BMD, 48 weeks of alendronate was well-tolerated, showed no safety concerns, and significantly improved LS and whole body BMD compared to participants on vitamin D/calcium supplementation and exercise alone. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT00921557.

Factors Associated With Poor Linkage to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Among Index Clients and Sex Partners Receiving Human Immunodeficiency Virus Assisted Partner Services in Kenya.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) assisted partner services (aPS) has been recommended as a strategy to increase HIV case finding. We evaluated factors associated with poor linkage to HIV care among newly diagnosed HIV-positive individuals (index clients) and their partners after receiving aPS in Kenya. METHODS: In a cluster randomized trial conducted between 2013 and 2015, 9 facilities were randomized to immediate aPS (intervention). Linkage to care-defined as HIV clinic registration, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation were self-reported. Antiretroviral therapy was only offered to those with CD4 less than 500 during this period. We estimated linkage to care and ART initiation separately for index clients and their partners using log-binomial generalized estimating equation models with exchangeable correlation structure and robust standard errors. RESULTS: Overall, 550 index clients and 621 sex partners enrolled, of whom 46% (284 of 621) were HIV-positive. Of the 284, 264 (93%) sex partners returned at 6 weeks: 120 newly diagnosed and 144 whom had known HIV-positive status. Among the 120 newly diagnosed, only 69% (83) linked to care at 6 weeks, whereas among the 18 known HIV-positive sex partners not already in care at baseline, 61% (11) linked. Newly diagnosed HIV-positive sex partners who were younger and single were less likely to link to care (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Only two thirds of newly diagnosed, and known HIV-positive sex partners not in care linked to care after receiving aPS. The HIV aPS programs should optimize HIV care for newly diagnosed HIV-positive sex partners, especially those who are younger and single.

The interaction between equipoise and logistics in clinical trials: A case study.

INTRODUCTION: Equipoise is usually discussed as an ethical issue in clinical trials. However, it also has practical implications. BACKGROUND: Clinical equipoise is usually construed to mean uncertainty or disagreement among the expert clinician community. However, an individual physician's sense of equipoise may vary by location, based on the local standard of care or availability of specific treatment options, and these differences can affect providers' willingness to enroll participants into clinical trials. There are also logistical barriers to enrollment in international trials due to prolonged timelines for approvals by government agencies and ethical review boards. CASE STUDY: A multinational clinical trial of bridging strategies for treatment of non-adherent HIV-infected youth, experienced differing perceptions of equipoise due to disparities in availability of treatment options by country. Unfortunately, the countries with most demand for the trial were those where the approval process was most delayed, and the study was closed early due to slow accrual. DISCUSSION: When planning multicenter clinical trials, it is important to take into account heterogeneity among research sites and try to anticipate differences in equipoise and logistical factors between sites, in order to plan to address these issues at the design stage.

Toward Earlier Inclusion of Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Tuberculosis Drug Trials: Consensus Statements From an International Expert Panel.

Tuberculosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women of childbearing age (15-44 years). Despite increased tuberculosis risk during pregnancy, optimal clinical treatment remains unclear: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic data for many tuberculosis drugs are lacking, and trials of promising new tuberculosis drugs exclude pregnant women. To advance inclusion of pregnant and postpartum women in tuberculosis drug trials, the US National Institutes of Health convened an international expert panel. Discussions generated consensus statements (>75% agreement among panelists) identifying high-priority research areas during pregnancy, including: (1) preventing progression of latent tuberculosis infection, especially in women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus; (2) evaluating new agents/regimens for treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; and (3) evaluating safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of tuberculosis drugs already in use during pregnancy and postpartum. Incorporating pregnant women into clinical trials would extend evidence-based tuberculosis prevention and treatment standards to this special population.

Clinical Case Definitions for Classification of Intrathoracic Tuberculosis in Children: An Update.

Consensus case definitions for childhood tuberculosis have been proposed by an international expert panel, aiming to standardize the reporting of cases in research focusing on the diagnosis of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children. These definitions are intended for tuberculosis diagnostic evaluation studies of symptomatic children with clinical suspicion of intrathoracic tuberculosis, and were not intended to predefine inclusion criteria into such studies. Feedback from researchers suggested that further clarification was required and that these case definitions could be further improved. Particular concerns were the perceived complexity and overlap of some case definitions, as well as the potential exclusion of children with acute onset of symptoms or less severe disease. The updated case definitions proposed here incorporate a number of key changes that aim to reduce complexity and improve research performance, while maintaining the original focus on symptomatic children suspected of having intrathoracic tuberculosis. The changes proposed should enhance harmonized classification for intrathoracic tuberculosis disease in children across studies, resulting in greater comparability and the much-needed ability to pool study results.

A Blueprint to Address Research Gaps in the Development of Biomarkers for Pediatric Tuberculosis.

Childhood tuberculosis contributes significantly to the global tuberculosis disease burden but remains challenging to diagnose due to inadequate methods of pathogen detection in paucibacillary pediatric samples and lack of a child-specific host biomarker to identify disease. Accurately diagnosing tuberculosis in children is required to improve case detection, surveillance, healthcare delivery, and effective advocacy. In May 2014, the National Institutes of Health convened a workshop including researchers in the field to delineate priorities to address this research gap. This blueprint describes the consensus from the workshop, identifies critical research steps to advance this field, and aims to catalyze efforts toward harmonization and collaboration in this area.

Endothelin-1 receptor A blocker darusentan decreases hepatic changes and improves liver repopulation after cell transplantation in rats.

UNLABELLED: Cell transplantation-induced hepatic ischemia and recruitment of vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin-1; Edn1) leads to clearance of transplanted cells and poses problems for liver repopulation. Therefore, we determined whether darusentan (DAR), which potently blocks Edn1 receptor type A, could benefit cell engraftment. We transplanted primary F344 rat hepatocytes with or without DAR in dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rats. Analysis of microcirculatory events included hepatic ischemia, endothelial injury, including with gene expression arrays, and activations of Kupffer cells (KCs), neutrophils, or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The retrorsine-partial hepatectomy model was used for liver repopulation studies. Whether DAR was directly cytoprotective was examined in cultured rat hepatocytes or CFSC-8B rat HSCs. We found that DAR induced hepatic sinusoidal vasodilation, caused more transplanted cells to be deposited in liver parenchyma, and decreased hepatic ischemia and endothelial injury. This lessened perturbations in expression of endothelial biology genes, including regulators of vessel tone, inflammation, cell adhesion, or cell damage, versus drug-untreated controls. Moreover, in DAR-treated animals, cell transplantation-induced activation of KCs, albeit not of neutrophils, decreased, and fewer HSCs expressed desmin. In DAR-treated rats, improvements in cell engraftment led to greater extent of liver repopulation, compared to drug-untreated controls. In cell-culture assays, DAR did not stimulate release of cytoprotective factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, from HSCs. Moreover, DAR did not protect hepatocytes from tumor necrosis factor alpha- or oxidative stress-induced toxicity. Endothelin receptor A blockade in vitro did not improve engraftment of subsequently transplanted hepatocytes. CONCLUSION: Systemic administration of DAR decreases hepatic ischemia-related events and thus indirectly improves cell engraftment and liver repopulation. This vascular mechanism may permit the development of combinatorial drug-based regimens to help optimize cell therapy.

Predictors of resolution and persistence of renal laboratory abnormalities in pediatric HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected youth, the role of renal disease (RD) and its management has become increasingly important as these children/adolescents mature into young adults. The identification of predictors of abnormal renal laboratory events (RLE) may be helpful in the management of their HIV infection and its associated renal complications. METHODS: Data collected from HIV-infected youth followed for ≥ 48 months were analyzed to identify predictors of resolution versus persistence of RLE and determine the utility of RLE to predict the onset of RD. Analysis included descriptive and inferential methods using a multivariable extended Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of the 1,874 at-risk children enrolled in the study, 428 (23 %) developed RLE, which persisted in 229 of these (54 %). CD4 percentages of <25 % [hazard ratio (HR) 0.63, p < 0.002) and an HIV viral load of >100,000 copies/ml (HR 0.31, p < 0.01) were associated with reduced rates of resolution, while in most cases exposure to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)/nephrotoxic HAART prior to or subsequent to RLE were not. Persistence of RLE was 88 % sensitive for identifying new RD. Negative predictive values for RD were >95 % for both the at-risk cohort and those with RLE. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced HIV disease predicted persistence of RLE in HIV-infected youth. Persistent RLE were useful for identifying RD.

In vivo blood flow after rotator cuff reconstruction in a sheep model: comparison of single versus double row.

PURPOSE: Arthroscopic double-row (DR) suture anchor repair of rotator cuff tears has been shown to be superior to most single-row (SR) techniques with regard to footprint reconstruction, load to failure and tendon-to-bone contact pressures. The hypothesis of this study was that the greater contact pressures of DR techniques would compromise blood flow to a higher degree than SR repair. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of a DR and a SR technique on tendon blood flow in a sheep model. METHODS: Eighteen sheep underwent detachment and immediate repair of the infraspinatus tendon using either a Mason-Allen or a suture-bridge technique. Tendon blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry before detachment, immediately after repair and 12 weeks thereafter. Six regions of interest were measured, three over the lateral and three over the medial aspect of the footprint. RESULTS: Immediately after repair, tendon blood flow decreased significantly in both repair groups (P = 0.004). In the SR group, blood flow decreased by 100.1 arbitrary units (AU) (83.6 %) after repair, in the DR by 81.4 AU (90.5 %). Subgroup analysis showed blood flow over the lateral aspect of the footprint decreased by 126.3 AU (92.2 %) in the SR and 84.4 AU (90.9 %) in the DR group, whereas over the medial aspect, it decreased by 73.9 AU (72.0 %) in the SR and 78.5 AU (90.1 %) in the DR group. None of the differences between the groups were significant. At 12 weeks, measured blood flow in the DR group had increased to 90.1 AU (100.2 %) compared to the native tendons and was at 72.5 AU (60.5 %) for the SR group. Again, the difference between SR and DR group was not statistically significant (n.s.). Assessment for retears showed that 4 of 8 tendons (50 %) in the DR group and 3 of 9 tendons (33.3 %) in the SR group had to be classified as re-ruptures. CONCLUSION: Suture anchor repair leads to an intraoperative decrease in tendon blood flow regardless of the repair technique. A significant difference between SR and DR repair was not found. These findings indicate that tendon blood flow should not be a factor to determine the use of either repair technique over the other.

Growth factors and gastrointestinal anastomotic healing.

BACKGROUND: Failure of anastomotic healing in the gastrointestinal tract is a major source of surgery-related morbidity, repeated surgical procedures, and impaired quality of life. Growth factors have been shown to be involved in healing processes in various tissues including the gastrointestinal tract. This opens the perspective to use growth factors therapeutically to support impaired anastomotic healing. The aim of the present study was to review the particular role of several growth factors in different phases of anastomotic healing, experimental approaches of growth factor application, and to discuss possibilities and limitations of growth factor-directed interventions in gastrointestinal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PubMed search was performed to examine the potential role of fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, heparin binding EGF-like growth factor, transforming growth factor ß, insulin-like growth factor I, vascular endothelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor during anastomotic healing. RESULTS: Growth factors show beneficial effects on a broad range of cell types and regulate various processes during all phases of tissue healing. Despite extensive research in the field of growth factors, additional evidence is needed before translating into a clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should focus on adequate sustained but limited drug delivery. Undesired side effects, such as formation of strictures, development of peritoneal adhesions, and potential induction of malignancies, have to be reflected. Although growth factor application is currently far from clinical routine in gastrointestinal surgery, it might find application in selected patients at risk for impaired anastomotic healing, such as patients with long-time steroid therapy, immunosuppressives, inflammatory disorders, sepsis, hemodynamic shock, malnutrition, or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy.

Prevalence of detectable HIV-DNA and HIV-RNA in cerebrospinal fluid of youth with perinatal HIV and impaired cognition on antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Central nervous system (CNS) HIV infection can impact cognition and may be an obstacle to cure in adolescents and young adults with perinatal HIV (AYAPHIV). IMPAACT2015 enrolled AYAPHIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) with cognitive impairment to detect and quantify HIV in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). DESIGN: IMPAACT2015 was a U.S.-based multi-site, exploratory, observational study. METHODS: Cognitive impairment was defined as NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite score (FCCS) more than 1 standard deviation below age-adjusted normative group mean. Cell-free HIV-RNA and cell-associated HIV pol/gag -DNA and 10 biomarkers of inflammation/neuronal injury were measured in paired CSF and blood. ART exposure concentrations were quantified in hair. RESULTS: Among 24 participants, 20 had successful CSF collection and 18 also met viral suppression criteria. Nine of 18 (50%) were female sex-at-birth, and 14 of 18 (78%) were black. Median (range) age was 20 years (13-27), time on ART was 18.3 years (8.0-25.5), and FCCS was 68 (53-80). HIV-DNA was detected in PBMCs from all participants. In CSF, two of 18 (11%, 95% CI: 1.4-34.7%) participants had detectable cell-free HIV-RNA, while HIV gag or pol -DNA was detectable in 13 of 18 (72%, 95% confidence interval: 47-90). Detectable HIV-DNA in CSF was associated with male sex-at-birth ( P  = 0.051), lower CD4 + cell count at enrollment ( P  = 0.016), and higher PBMC HIV pol -DNA copies ( P  = 0.058). Hair antiretroviral concentrations and biomarkers were not associated with CSF HIV-DNA detection. CONCLUSION: We found that a high proportion of AYAPHIV with neurocognitive impairment had CSF cells harboring HIV-DNA during long-term virologic suppression. This evidence of persistent HIV-DNA in CSF suggests that the CNS should be considered in treatment and cure studies.

Vessel size imaging (VSI) by robust magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry: MR-VSI of solid tumors in correlation with immunohistology and intravital microscopy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a robust magnetic resonance (MR) vessel size imaging (VSI) method for the noninvasive assessment of mean vessel size in solid tumors in a clinical dose range of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (USPIO). Therefore, USPIO-enhanced MR-VSI was performed on DU-4475, MDA-MB-435, and EOMA tumor-bearing mice xenografts with known differences in angiogenic activity and vessel morphology. MR results were compared to vessel sizes determined by immunohistochemistry (anti-CD31) and by intravital microscopy (IVM). MR-VSI revealed significantly different mean vessel sizes between the xenograft models at both USPIO doses (DU-4475: 20.6 ± 4.9 µm; MDA-MB-435: 37.4 ± 8.8 µm; and EOMA: 60.3 ±9.6 µm at 80 µmol/kg; p < .05). Immunohistochemistry revealed lower values for all tumor entities, whereas the size distribution was in line with MR-measurements. IVM corroborated the MR results for DU-4475 and MDA-MB435, but showed similar vessel sizes for MDA-MB-435 and EOMA. Our MR-VSI method allowed a noninvasive estimation of the mean vessel size in mice xenograft solid tumors with variable vascularity using a clinically relevant USPIO dose range.