Effect of traditional roughage-based or limit-fed, high-energy diets on growth performance and digestion in newly received growing cattle and subsequent implications on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics.

The objective was to determine the effects of ad libitum-fed roughage-based diets or limit-fed high-energy diets on growth performance, behavior, health, and digestion in newly received growing cattle and subsequent implications on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics. In experiment 1, 409 crossbred heifers (initial body weight [BW] = 279 ±â€…24 kg) in 32 pens were used in a randomized block design. Heifers were fed one of two dietary treatments: a total mixed ration with 0.99 Mcal net energy for gain (NEg)/kg dry matter (DM) fed ad libitum (0.99AL) or 1.32 Mcal NEg/kg DM limit-fed at 85% of intake of heifers fed 0.99AL (1.32LF85%). Both diets contained 40% DM as a branded wet corn gluten feed. In experiment 2, 370 crossbred heifers (initial BW = 225 ±â€…20 kg) were used in a randomized block design and were fed a diet formulated to contain 0.99 Mcal of NEg/kg DM for ad libitum intake or a diet formulated to contain 1.32 Mcal of NEg/kg DM and fed at 2.2% of BW daily (DM basis; 1.32LF2.2). For experiments 1 and 2, treatment integrity was maintained through the finishing phase where cattle were fed a common diet. Cattle were sorted by BW into heavy and light groups prior to finishing, with light cattle fed longer than heavy cattle to reach similar harvest BW. In experiment 3, eight ruminally cannulated heifers (average BW = 305 ±â€…23 kg) were used in a 2-period cross-over design and fed treatments from experiment 1 to assess digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Gain:feed was 47% and 35% greater (P < 0.01) in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, for limit-fed heifers compared with 0.99AL heifers. Rumination time was greater (P < 0.01) for 0.99AL compared with limit-fed treatments in experiments 1 and 2. Activity was greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF2.2 than for 0.99AL in experiment 2. In experiment 1, more (P = 0.03) carcasses from light-sort heifers than carcasses from heavy-sort heifers had livers with large, active abscesses. In experiment 2, finishing phase morbidity was greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF2.2 than for 0.99AL. Light-sort groups had fewer (P < 0.01) edible livers than heavy-sort groups, suggesting that greater number of days on feed may increase the risk of liver abscess prevalence and condemnation. In experiment 3, apparent total-tract DM and organic matter digestibilities were greater (P < 0.01) for 1.32LF85% than for 0.99AL. Overall, dietary treatments during the growing phase had little carryover effect on feedlot growth performance, carcass characteristics, or liver abscesses prevalence at harvest.

Impact of different corn milling methods for high-moisture and dry corn on finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestion.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different corn milling methods for high-moisture and dry corn on finishing cattle performance, carcass traits, and nutrient digestion. In experiment 1, steers (N = 600 [60 pens]; initial body weight [BW] = 402 ± 17 kg) were fed for 134 d to evaluate the effect of milling method and corn type on performance and carcass characteristics. Treatments were evaluated as a 2 × 3 factorial design with factors being milling method (Automatic Ag roller mill [ROLL] or hammer mill [HAMMER]) and corn type (high-moisture [HMC], dry [DC], or 50:50 blend of HMC and DC [BLEND]). There were no milling method × corn type interactions for final BW, gain (ADG), or dry matter intake (DMI; P ≥ 0.32), but there tended to be an interaction for G:F (P = 0.09). Cattle fed ROLL HMC had 4.7% greater gain:feed (G:F; P ≤ 0.01) with 55% lower fecal starch (P < 0.01) compared to HAMMER HMC, whereas processing did not impact (P = 0.74) G:F in DC diets. There were no further effects (P ≥ 0.14) on performance or carcass traits regardless of milling method or corn type. In experiment 2, seven ruminally fistulated steers were utilized in a 4 × 7 incomplete Latin rectangle to evaluate the effects of DC or HMC processed with either ROLL or HAMMER (2 × 2 factorial treatment design) on nutrient digestion. Feeding HMC decreased the amount of excreted dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM; P ≤ 0.01) regardless of mill type, but there was a tendency (P ≤ 0.13) for an interaction between corn type and mill type for DM and OM digestibility. There was no difference between milling treatments fed as HMC (P ≥ 0.69), but the HAMMER DC diet was more digestible than the ROLL DC (P = 0.05). As expected, HMC-based diets had greater (P < 0.01) starch digestibility compared to DC, but milling method had no impact on starch digestibility (P = 0.56). There were no differences (P = 0.56) in average ruminal pH, but HMC diets had greater variance (P = 0.04) and greater area less than pH 5.6 (P = 0.05) compared to DC based diets while milling method did not impact either (P > 0.33). Processing HMC with a roller mill improved G:F compared to processing with a hammer mill, but had little effect when corn was fed as dry corn or HMC:DC blend. Furthermore, feeding cattle HMC compared to DC increases nutrient digestibility, but milling method had little impact.

Two experiments tested how processing of corn grain for finishing cattle influences growth performance and nutrient digestion. Producers can use corn in dry or high-moisture form but normally use either a hammer mill or roller mill. When using high-moisture corn, we observed a 5% improvement in gain:feed (G:F) for rolling as compared to hammer milling, which is likely due to more uniform particle size and improved digestion. Unlike the performance study, milling method did not impact digestion for high-moisture corn. Using a hammer-mill for dry corn improved digestion compared to rolling which was not supported by improved performance in the finishing study. Using high-moisture corn increases risk of ruminal acidosis compared to dry corn, but also improves feed efficiency if acidosis can be minimized.

Interaction of urea with frequency and amount of distillers grains supplementation for growing steers on a high forage diet.

Two studies were conducted to determine interactions of urea inclusion to a dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS; 29.4% crude protein, 5.48% ether extract) supplement fed at two amounts and two frequencies to steers on a high forage diet. In Exp. 1, 120 (247 kg; SD = 20) steers were fed individually for 84 d. Steers received ad libitum grass hay (6.8% crude protein) and one of eight treatments. Treatment design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. Supplement was fed daily or three times per week, amount of supplement fed was 6.36 kg dry matter (DM)/week [0.37% body weight (BW); LO] or 12.73 kg DM/week (0.74% BW; HI) and contained either no urea or 1.3% urea on a DM basis. Steer BW was measured at the start and end of the trial and hay DM intake (DMI) was measured weekly. In Exp. 2, ruminally cannulated steers (310 kg; SD = 25) were used in a row-column design with eight steers and six 14-d periods. Treatments assigned were the same as Exp. 1, except that supplement was fed at 0.4% of BW (LO) or 0.8% of BW (HI) and supplement was fed either daily (DY) or every other day (ALT). Hay DMI, rumen ammonia-N, rumen pH, in situ neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance, and rumination were measured. In Exp. 1, average daily gain (ADG) was affected by amount of supplement with steers on HI gaining 0.30 kg/d more (P < 0.01) than LO. Hay DMI was reduced by increased amount of supplement (0.39 kg/d; P < 0.01) and by decreased frequency of supplementation (0.54 kg/d; P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, hay DMI was also reduced due to increased amount of supplement and decreased frequency of supplementation (P < 0.01). Rumen pH was decreased on the day of supplement feeding for steers on ALT (P < 0.01) and reduced for steers fed HI vs. LO. There was no difference in NDF digestibility between DY and ALT (P > 0.05). For ALT steers, there was reduction (P < 0.01) in in situ NDF disappearance for the HI compared to LO amount of supplementation on the day of supplementation. Infrequent supplementation of DDGS results in no difference in ADG but decreased hay DMI compared to daily supplementation. Urea had no effect on digestion or ADG, suggesting rumen degradable protein was not deficient when supplementing DDGS. There is little change in rumen fermentation parameters between frequency of supplement feeding, indicating that forage digestion is not impacted by supplementation frequency. Dried distillers grains can be supplemented infrequently without a reduction in animal performance.

Effects of feeding corn containing an alpha-amylase gene on the performance and digestibility of growing cattle.

Two growth performance studies and two digestibility trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding Enogen Feed Corn silage and corn grain to growing cattle. In Exp. 1, there were a total of four diets offered for ad libitum intake. The four diets consisted of two varieties of corn (Enogen Feed Corn [EFC] vs. yellow #2 corn [CON]) with two different methods of corn processing (dry-rolled [DR] vs. whole-shelled [WS]) and were formulated to provide 1.13 Mcal NEg/kg dry matter (DM); corn grain was 28.6% of diet DM. Average daily gain (ADG) and ending body weight tended to be greater for calves fed EFC than for those fed CON (P < 0.10). Gain:feed (G:F) was better for calves fed EFC (P < 0.01), improving by 5.5% over calves fed CON. In Exp. 2, a digestibility trial was conducted using seven cannulated Holstein steers fed the same diets from Exp. 1. Ruminal pH was not affected by corn variety (P > 0.82). Liquid passage rate was greater for CON-fed calves and associated with lower digestibility. Total tract DM and organic matter (OM) digestibilities were greater for EFC-fed calves (P < 0.04). In Exp. 3, there were four diets offered for ad libitum intake. Dietary factors were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial and consisted of two hybrids of corn silage (EFC silage [EFC-S] vs. control silage [CON-S]) and two varieties of corn grain (EFC grain [EFC-G] vs. control [CON-G]; both were dry-rolled). Diets were formulated to provide 1.11 Mcal NEg/kg DM; corn grain was 38.5% of diet DM, and corn silage was 40% of diet DM. ADG was 6.0% greater (P < 0.01) and G:F was numerically (P < 0.14) 3.3% greater for calves fed EFC-S than for those fed CON-S, but substituting EFC-G for CON-G did not affect ADG or G:F. In Exp. 4, a digestibility trial was conducted using eight cannulated beef steers fed the same diets as Exp. 3. Liquid passage rate (P > 0.20), ruminal pH (P > 0.23), and ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations (P > 0.27) were unaffected by treatment. Total tract digestibilities of DM and OM were numerically greater by 2.5% and 2.2%, respectively, for calves fed the EFC-S compared with those fed CON-S. Feeding a corn hybrid containing alpha-amylase enzyme improved G:F of growing calves. Feeding EFC can benefit the beef industry by allowing less processing of grain without sacrificing performance.

Effects of replacing wet distillers grains with supplemental SoyPass in forage-based growing cattle diets.

One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg ± 32) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate the effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay-based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). The treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of protein supplement as 20% (low; DL20) or 35% (high; DL35) of dietary DM using WDGS as the basal protein source, and three increments of SoyPass (SP) replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of the WDGS DM in the protein supplement yielding six dietary treatments. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), gain:feed (G:F), and plasma urea N (PUN) data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS as a 2 × 3 factorial. Animal was the experimental unit and fixed effects included body weight block, dietary inclusion of distillers grains (DL20, DL35), dietary inclusion of SoyPass (SP) (3 levels), and DL × SP inclusion interactions. Linear and quadratic interactions between DL and SP inclusion were analyzed using covariate regression. No interactions were detected for ADG between SP and DL (P = 0.76). Additionally, SP had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the DL35 diet compared to DL20 (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01). A DL × SP interaction was detected for DMI (P = 0.01). As SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.02). In the DL20 diet, DMI was not different as SP replaced WDGS (P ≥ 0.11). Therefore, G:F tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) as SP replaced WDGS in the DL35 diet, while no difference (P ≥ 0.11) was detected in the DL20 diet, suggesting SP contained less energy than WDGS but did improve dietary lysine balance. Furthermore, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) increased linearly as SP replaced WDGS in the DL20 diet (P < 0.01) but was not affected by SP substitution in the DL35 diet (P ≥ 0.19). When WDGS is fed at a low (20% DM) or high (35% DM) inclusion rate in a forage-based diet, replacing the distillers with a source of protected amino acids supplied through heat-treated soybean meal, did not improve performance. A more concentrated or energy-dense form of amino acids may be beneficial in forage-based growing cattle diets containing 20% distillers grains but is not needed in diets with 35% distillers grains.

Effects of dietary energy level and intake of corn by-product-based diets on newly received growing cattle: antibody production, acute phase protein response, stress, and immunocompetency of healthy and morbid animals.

Effects of dietary energy level and intake of corn by-product-based diets on antibody production, acute phase protein response, stress, and immunocompetency of healthy and morbid newly received growing cattle were evaluated. Four dietary treatments were formulated to supply 0.99, 1.10, 1.21, and 1.32 Mcal NEg/ kg DM and were offered at 100%, 95%, 90%, and 85% of ad libitum based on 0.99/100 treatment intake, respectively. Thirty-two pens were utilized with approximately 12 animals/pen. Four animals from each pen (32/dietary treatment) were randomly selected and used to serve as a subset to monitor immune function and acute phase proteins following a split-plot design. In addition, two animals were randomly and independently selected from each pen (16/dietary treatment) and used to measure fecal cortisol metabolite. Additionally, animals removed from the pen one (M1), two (M2), or three (M3) times and classified as morbid were bled in conjunction with a healthy control (H) removed at the same time and the serum analyzed for the same parameters. A quadratic response to time (P < 0.01) was detected for haptoglobin concentrations and for antibody titers for bovine viral diarrhea type 1 (BVD-I) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR; P < 0.01). Haptoglobin was lowest on arrival, highest on day 14, and similar to baseline levels by day 27. Titer levels for BVD-I and IBR were lowest on arrival, higher on day 14, and significantly higher on day 27. Titers for bovine viral diarrhea type 2 (BVD-II) responded linearly (P < 0.05) with lower levels on arrival and highest levels on day 27. Haptoglobin was elevated in morbid animals compared to healthy pen mates (P < 0.05). Titer levels for BVD-I and IBR were also higher in healthy animals compared to animals pulled for morbidity (P < 0.01). Fecal cortisol was higher on arrival than on day 14 (P < 0.05). Dietary treatment had no effect on any of the parameters investigated. In summary, high-energy receiving diets based on fermentable fiber from by-products can be fed to newly received growing cattle without negative effects on antibody production toward vaccines, inflammation, or overall stress. In addition, haptoglobin concentrations and titer levels for BVD-I and IBR viruses are higher in healthy animals compared to sick animals.