RESUMO
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a cell cycle-regulated protein kinase (PK) recruited at the centrosome in dividing cells. Its overexpression triggers centrosome amplification, which is associated with genetic instability and carcinogenesis. In previous work, we established that PLK4 is overexpressed in pediatric embryonal brain tumors (EBT). We also demonstrated that PLK4 inhibition exerted a cytostatic effect in EBT cells. Here, we examined an array of PK inhibitors (CFI-400945, CFI-400437, centrinone, centrinone-B, R-1530, axitinib, KW-2449, and alisertib) for their potential crossover to PLK4 by comparative structural docking and activity inhibition in multiple established embryonal tumor cell lines (MON, BT-12, BT-16, DAOY, D283). Our analyses demonstrated that: (1) CFI-400437 had the greatest impact overall, but similar to CFI-400945, it is not optimal for brain exposure. Also, their phenotypic anti-cancer impact may, in part, be a consequence of the inhibition of Aurora kinases (AURKs). (2) Centrinone and centrinone B are the most selective PLK4 inhibitors but they are the least likely to penetrate the brain. (3) KW-2449, R-1530 and axitinib are the ones predicted to have moderate-to-good brain penetration. In conclusion, a new selective PLK4 inhibitor with favorable physiochemical properties for optimal brain exposure can be beneficial for the treatment of EBT.
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Neoplasias/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Ativação Enzimática , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Ligação Proteica , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intra-ocular malignant tumor of the childhood, occurring in 1 of 18,00030,000 live births. Little is known about the causes of sporadic retinoblastoma and only a few authors have investigated the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV), with controversial results. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks containing retinoblastoma were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Hospital A C Camargo, SÆo Paulo, Brazil. All patients were treated with enucleation (21 children had both eyes enucleated). Retinoblastoma and, when possible, normal retina of each specimen, were micro-dissected under direct light microscopic visualization by using a PixCell II Laser Capture Micro-dissection System. The DNA quality was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 110 base pairs fragment of the human β-globin gene using primers PCO3 +/PCO4+. All globin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using consensus primers GP5+/GP6+. A total of 154 specimens were evaluated. Forty-four patients also had normal retinal specimens available for analysis of DNA HPV. The DNA HPV prevalence among all tumor specimens was 4.6% (95% CI 2.0; 8.8) (7 positive specimens/153 adequate specimens). Among normal retinal specimens, the DNA HPV prevalence was 9.1% (95% CI 2.9; 20.5) (4 positive specimens/44 specimens). There was no statistically significant difference between these rates (P = 0.318). Excluding any experimental failure, our results indicate a low prevalence of HPV DNA in retinoblastomas. We were therefore unable to conclude about the association between these oncogenic viruses and this rare pediatric neoplasm (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Brasil/epidemiologia , Retinoblastoma/complicações , Retinoblastoma/virologia , Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Patologia Molecular/métodos , Prevalência , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Primers do DNARESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of duration of untreated disease on vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and microRNA (miRNA) expression in muscle biopsy samples from children with juvenile dermatomyositis (DM) as well as its effect on soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) concentrations in sera from these children. METHODS: We enrolled 28 untreated children with juvenile DM and 8 pediatric controls. Eleven children with juvenile DM had short duration of untreated disease (symptoms for ≤2 months before muscle biopsy), and 17 had long duration of untreated disease (symptoms for >2 months before muscle biopsy). Vascular structures, characterized by immunofluorescence using antibodies against von Willebrand factor, VCAM-1, and α-smooth muscle actin, were measured for total area and intensity. Circulating sVCAM-1 and TNFα levels were determined in patients with short duration of untreated disease, patients with long duration of untreated disease, and controls. Differential expression of microRNA-126 (miR-126) in muscle biopsy samples from the 2 patient groups and the control group was detected by miRNA expression profiling and confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in muscle biopsy samples from the 3 groups. RESULTS: Juvenile DM patients with short duration of untreated disease had significantly higher total positive area and intensity/high power field of VCAM-1 expression than did juvenile DM patients with long duration of untreated disease (P = 0.043 and P = 0.015, respectively) or controls (P = 0.004 and P = 0.001, respectively). Von Willebrand factor antigen-positive vasculature displayed greater VCAM-1 intensity in patients with short duration of untreated disease than in patients with long duration of untreated disease (P = 0.001). Circulating levels of sVCAM-1 and TNFα were significantly higher in patients with short duration of untreated disease than in controls (P = 0.013 and P = 0.048, respectively). The miRNA miR-126, a negative regulator of VCAM-1 expression, was significantly decreased (3.39-fold; P < 0.006) in patients with short duration of untreated disease compared to controls, while miR-126 expression in patients with long duration of untreated disease did not differ significantly compared to controls. CONCLUSION: In patients with short duration of untreated disease, miR-126 down-regulation is associated with increased VCAM-1 in both muscle and blood, suggesting that VCAM-1 plays a critical role early in juvenile DM disease pathophysiology, augmented by TNFα.
Assuntos
Dermatomiosite/genética , MicroRNAs/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/imunologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/genética , Biópsia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dermatomiosite/imunologia , Dermatomiosite/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/sangue , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-6/sangue , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Transcriptoma/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/sangue , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/sangue , Molécula 1 de Adesão de Célula Vascular/imunologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) can occur in a variety of anatomical sites. The most frequent locations are the brain, where they are named atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT), and the kidney, where they are named rhabdoid tumors of the kidney (RTK). MRTs at all sites are recognized as the same entity due to their similar morphology, aggressive behavior, and a common genetic abnormality, an inactivating mutation of the SMARCB1/INI-1/hSNF5/BAF47 gene. We aim to investigate potential molecular differences between AT/RT and RTK. METHODS: We analyzed the microRNA (miRNA) and gene expression (GE) profiles of 10 RTK, 13 AT/RT, and 2 human MRT cell lines (G401-RTK and MON-AT/RT). Illumina V2 MicroRNA Chips (Illumina, Inc., CA, USA) were used for miRNA analysis, and Illumina HT-12 whole genome expression arrays were used for GE analysis. RESULTS: The distribution of p values from GE showed a significant difference between RTK and AT/RT, with 20 % of the genes having p values ≤0.05 and the principal component analysis of the GE data showed separation between RTK and AT/RT. However, the miRNA expression failed to identify the different tumor groups. Among the 122 genes significantly differentially expressed between AT/RT and RTK, we found both genes related to brain development (i.e., FABP7, 22-fold increase in AT/RT) and genes related to kidney development (i.e., TCF21, sixfold increase in RTK). CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we hypothesized that although MRT are indeed the same tumor, independent of the site of origin, the GE differences reflect the influence of microenvironment over tumor development.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Neoplasias Renais/genética , MicroRNAs/biossíntese , Tumor Rabdoide/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Bancos de TecidosRESUMO
Performance of the new CE-IVD-marked HercepTest™ mAb pharmDx (Dako Omnis) assay (HercepTest (mAb)) was compared against the PATHWAY® anti-HER-2/neu (4B5) (PATHWAY 4B5) assay using 119 pre-selected breast cancer samples covering the entire range of HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) expression scores (0, 1 + , 2 + , 3 +). The sensitivity and specificity of both assays were assessed based on consensus IHC scores and amplification status, as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) according to 2018 ASCO/CAP testing guidelines. There was a high concordance between results from the HercepTest (mAb) and PATHWAY 4B5 assays for HER2-negative (IHC 0, 1 + , 2 + and FISH negative) and HER2-positive (IHC 3 + , 2 + and FISH positive) breast carcinomas (98.2%). Regarding individual IHC scores, complete agreement was achieved in 69.7% (83/119) of cases, and all but one of the discordant cases were due to higher HER2-status scoring using the HercepTest (mAb). Thus, more tumors were overscored as IHC 2 + by HercepTest (mAb) (27 versus 15) as evidenced by their lower FISH positivity rate (48.1% versus 80%). However, two amplified tumors identified as IHC 2 + by HercepTest (mAb) were missed by PATHWAY 4B5 (IHC 1 +). Four additional cases identified as IHC 2 + by HercepTest (mAb), with FISH ratio < 2 but elevated gene counts (≥ 4 to < 6), were recorded negative by PATHWAY 4B5. The HercepTest (mAb) detects HER2 expression with higher sensitivity in tumors with gene amplification (ISH group 1) and increased gene counts (ISH group 4) as well as in HER2-low tumors (HER2 IHC2 + /FISH negative or IHC 1 +). Future studies will demonstrate whether this translates into improved patient selection especially for new HER2-directed therapies.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Receptor ErbB-2 , Humanos , Feminino , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismo , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Amplificação de GenesRESUMO
Retinoblastoma is the most frequent intra-ocular malignant tumor of the childhood, occurring in 1 of 18,000-30,000 live births. Little is known about the causes of sporadic retinoblastoma and only a few authors have investigated the etiologic role of human papillomavirus (HPV), with controversial results. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks containing retinoblastoma were retrieved from the archives of the Department of Pathology at Hospital A C Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil. All patients were treated with enucleation (21 children had both eyes enucleated). Retinoblastoma and, when possible, normal retina of each specimen, were micro-dissected under direct light microscopic visualization by using a PixCell II Laser Capture Micro-dissection System. The DNA quality was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 110 base pairs fragment of the human ß-globin gene using primers PCO3+/PCO4+. All globin positive specimens were analyzed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA using consensus primers GP5+/GP6+. A total of 154 specimens were evaluated. Forty-four patients also had normal retinal specimens available for analysis of DNA HPV. The DNA HPV prevalence among all tumor specimens was 4.6% (95% CI 2.0; 8.8) (7 positive specimens/153 adequate specimens). Among normal retinal specimens, the DNA HPV prevalence was 9.1% (95% CI 2.9; 20.5) (4 positive specimens/44 specimens). There was no statistically significant difference between these rates (P = 0.318). Excluding any experimental failure, our results indicate a low prevalence of HPV DNA in retinoblastomas. We were therefore unable to conclude about the association between these oncogenic viruses and this rare pediatric neoplasm.
Assuntos
Papillomaviridae/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Retinoblastoma/complicações , Retinoblastoma/virologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Primers do DNA/genética , DNA Viral/genética , DNA Viral/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções por Papillomavirus/virologia , Patologia Molecular/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , PrevalênciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage tumors that do not respond to traditional chemotherapy or radiation. The 5-year survival rate of histologic grade III chondrosarcoma is less than 30%. An animal model of chondrosarcoma has been established--namely, the Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma (SRC)--and shown to resemble the human disease. Previous studies with this model revealed that tumor microenvironment could significantly influence chondrosarcoma malignancy. METHODS: To examine the effect of the microenvironment, SRC tumors were initiated at different transplantation sites. Pyrosequencing assays were utilized to assess the DNA methylation of the tumors, and SAGE libraries were constructed and sequenced to determine the gene expression profiles of the tumors. Based on the gene expression analysis, subsequent functional assays were designed to determine the relevancy of the specific genes in the development and progression of the SRC. RESULTS: The site of transplantation had a significant impact on the epigenetic and gene expression profiles of SRC tumors. Our analyses revealed that SRC tumors were hypomethylated compared to control tissue, and that tumors at each transplantation site had a unique expression profile. Subsequent functional analysis of differentially expressed genes, albeit preliminary, provided some insight into the role that thymosin-ß4, c-fos, and CTGF may play in chondrosarcoma development and progression. CONCLUSION: This report describes the first global molecular characterization of the SRC model, and it demonstrates that the tumor microenvironment can induce epigenetic alterations and changes in gene expression in the SRC tumors. We documented changes in gene expression that accompany changes in tumor phenotype, and these gene expression changes provide insight into the pathways that may play a role in the development and progression of chondrosarcoma. Furthermore, specific functional analysis indicates that thymosin-ß4 may have a role in chondrosarcoma metastasis.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Condrossarcoma/genética , Epigênese Genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/etiologia , Tíbia/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Cartilagem/metabolismo , Cartilagem/patologia , Condrossarcoma/metabolismo , Condrossarcoma/patologia , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA , Genes fos/fisiologia , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Fenótipo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Timosina/genética , Timosina/metabolismo , Tíbia/metabolismo , Células Tumorais Cultivadas/transplanteRESUMO
PURPOSE: The past two decades has seen significant improvement in the overall survival of patients with favorable histology Wilms tumor (FHWT); however, this progress has reached a plateau. Further improvements may rely on the ability to better stratify patients by risk of relapse. This study determines the feasibility and potential clinical utility of classifiers of relapse based on global gene expression analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Two hundred fifty FHWT of all stages enriched for relapses treated on National Wilms Tumor Study-5 passed quality variables and were suitable for analysis using oligonucleotide arrays. Relapse risk stratification used support vector machine; 2- and 10-fold cross-validations were applied. RESULTS: The number of genes associated with relapse was less than that predicted by chance alone for 106 patients (32 relapses) with stages I and II FHWT treated with chemotherapy, and no further analyses were done. This number was greater than expected by chance for 76 local stage III patients. Cross-validation including an additional 68 local stage III patients (total 144 patients, 53 relapses) showed that classifiers for relapse composed of 50 genes were associated with a median sensitivity of 47% and specificity of 70%. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the feasibility and modest accuracy of stratifying local stage III FHWT using a classifier of <50 genes. Validation using an independent patient population is needed. Analysis of genes differentially expressed in relapse patients revealed apoptosis, Wnt signaling, insulin-like growth factor pathway, and epigenetic modification to be mechanisms important in relapse. Potential therapeutic targets include FRAP/MTOR and CD40.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Renais/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Tumor de Wilms/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Criança , Estudos de Viabilidade , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/genética , Neoplasias Renais/secundário , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Prognóstico , Tumor de Wilms/genéticaRESUMO
Cancer cells have high demands for energy to maintain their exceedingly proliferative growth. However, the mechanism of energy expenditure in cancer is not well understood. We hypothesize that cancer cells might utilize energy-rich inorganic polyphosphate (polyP), as energetic reserve. PolyP is comprised of orthophosphates linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, as in ATP. Here, we show that polyP is highly abundant in several types of cancer cells, including brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), i.e., stem-like cells derived from a mouse brain tumor model that we have previously described. The polymer is avidly consumed during starvation of the BTICs. Depletion of ATP by inhibiting glycolysis and mitochondrial ATP-synthase (OXPHOS) further decreases the levels of polyP and alters morphology of the cells. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis of the polymer impairs the viability of cancer cells and significantly deprives ATP stores. These results suggest that polyP might be utilized as a source of phosphate energy in cancer. While the role of polyP as an energy source is established for bacteria, this finding is the first demonstration that polyP may play a similar role in the metabolism of cancer cells.
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PURPOSE: Currently, there is no conclusive treatment for brainstem tumor. To facilitate the development of new treatments, it is essential to establish predictive preclinical in vivo models in which therapeutic modalities can be evaluated. Although a few rodent models have been reported, there is no novel approach that can monitor tumor response qualitatively and quantitatively. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bioluminescence imaging was used to characterize a rat brainstem tumor model. In this model, 9L gliosarcoma cells, transduced with an onco-retroviral vector containing the luciferase coding sequence, were inoculated into Fisher 344 rats. RESULT: Histopathological assessment showed successful cell implantation into the brainstem. There was a strong correlation between pathological tumor volume and luminescence strength. Longitudinal quantitative responses of the tumor after application of a therapeutic agent were also demonstrated. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a robust rodent model with the ability to monitor brainstem tumor growth and response to chemotherapeutic agents.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico por Imagem , Gliossarcoma/diagnóstico , Medições Luminescentes , Animais , Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/genética , Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Gliossarcoma/genética , Gliossarcoma/patologia , Luciferases/genética , Medições Luminescentes/métodos , Proteínas Luminescentes/química , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Microinjeções , Transplante de Neoplasias , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344RESUMO
PURPOSE: Local direct delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of brain tumors is an area of focus in the development of new therapeutic paradigms. These techniques need improvement, especially in terms of drug retention in brain tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we used a rat glioma model to examine carboplatin distribution, as measured by platinum penetration, after delivery via interstitial continuous (i.c.) infusion. We also examined rat survival times in response to carboplatin and oxaliplatin. I.C. infusion, a modified version of convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for local drug delivery, uses low volume (1 microl per hour) continuous infusion directly into the tumor. RESULTS: I.C. infusion produced a nearly 360-fold higher concentration of platinum in tumor tissue and significantly prolonged rodent survival time compared to intraperitoneal (i.p.) infusion. CONCLUSIONS: We showed i.c. infusion allows for circumvention of the blood-brain barrier, focused drug distribution, and sustained drug delivery. This method could be a promising strategy for treating brain tumors.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Carboplatina/administração & dosagem , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Carboplatina/farmacocinética , Cateterismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glioma/mortalidade , Glioma/patologia , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Transplante de Neoplasias , Compostos Organoplatínicos/administração & dosagem , Compostos Organoplatínicos/farmacocinética , Oxaliplatina , Platina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Wilms tumor (WT), a tumor composed of three histological components - blastema (BL), epithelia and stroma - is considered an appropriate model system to study the biological relationship between differentiation and tumorigenesis. To investigate molecular associations between nephrogenesis and WT, the gene expression pattern of individual cellular components was analyzed, using a customized platform containing 4,608 genes. WT gene expression patterns were compared to genes regulated during kidney differentiation. BL had a closer gene expression pattern to the earliest stage of normal renal development. The BL gene expression pattern was compared to that of fetal kidney (FK) and also between FK and mature kidney, identifying 25 common deregulated genes supposedly involved in the earliest events of WT onset. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed, confirming the difference in expression levels for 13 of 16 genes (81.2%) in the initial set and 8 of 13 (61.5%) in an independent set of samples. An overrepresentation of genes belonging to the Wnt signaling pathway was identified, namely PLCG2, ROCK2 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). Activation of the Wnt pathway was confirmed in WT, using APC at protein level and PLCG2 at mRNA and protein level. APC showed positive nuclear immunostaining for an independent set of WT samples, similarly to the FK in week 11. Lack of PLCG2 expression was confirmed in WT and in FK until week 18. Taken together, these results provided molecular evidence of the recapitulation of the embryonic kidney by WT as well as involvement of the Wnt pathway in the earliest events of WT onset.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Renais/genética , Tumor de Wilms/genética , Proteínas Wnt/fisiologia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Renais/patologia , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos , Transdução de Sinais , Tumor de Wilms/patologiaRESUMO
CNS Primitive Neuroectodermal tumors (CNS-PNETs) are members of the embryonal family of malignant childhood brain tumors, which remain refractory to current therapeutic treatments. Current paradigm of brain tumorigenesis implicates brain tumor-initiating cells (BTIC) in the onset of tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance. However, despite their significance, there is currently no comprehensive characterization of CNS-PNETs BTICs. Recently, we described an animal model of CNS-PNET generated by orthotopic transplantation of human Radial Glial (RG) cells - the progenitor cells for adult neural stem cells (NSC) - into NOD-SCID mice brain and proposed that BTICs may play a role in the maintenance of these tumors. Here we report the characterization of BTIC lines derived from this CNS-PNET animal model. BTIC's orthotopic transplantation generated highly aggressive tumors also characterized as CNS-PNETs. The BTICs have the hallmarks of NSCs as they demonstrate self-renewing capacity and have the ability to differentiate into astrocytes and early migrating neurons. Moreover, the cells demonstrate aberrant accumulation of wild type tumor-suppressor protein p53, indicating its functional inactivation, highly up-regulated levels of onco-protein cMYC and the BTIC marker OCT3/4, along with metabolic switch to glycolysis - suggesting that these changes occurred in the early stages of tumorigenesis. Furthermore, based on RNA- and DNA-seq data, the BTICs did not acquire any transcriptome-changing genomic alterations indicating that the onset of tumorigenesis may be epigenetically driven. The study of these BTIC self-renewing cells in our model may enable uncovering the molecular alterations that are responsible for the onset and maintenance of the malignant PNET phenotype.
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OBJECTIVE: To identify differentially expressed microRNA (miRNA) in muscle biopsies (MBx) from 15 untreated children with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) compared with 5 controls. METHODS: Following MBx miRNA profiling, differentially expressed miRNA and their protein targets were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunological assay. The association of miRNA-10a and miRNA-10b with clinical data was evaluated, including Disease Activity Score (DAS), von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag), nailfold capillary end row loops, duration of untreated disease, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-308A allele. RESULTS: In JDM, 16/362 miRNA were significantly differentially expressed [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05]. Among these, miRNA-10a was the most downregulated miRNA in both FDR and ranking of fold change: miRNA-10a = -2.27-fold, miRNA-10b = -1.80-fold. Decreased miRNA-10a and miRNA-10b expressions were confirmed using q RT-PCR: -4.16 and -2.59 fold, respectively. The qRT-PCR documented that decreased miRNA-10a expression was related to increased vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in 13 of these JDM cases (correlation -0.67, p = 0.012), unlike miRNA-10b data (not significant). Concurrent JDM plasma contained increased levels of interleukin (IL) 6 (p = 0.0363), IL-8 (p = 0.0005), TNF-α (p = 0.0011), and monocyte chemoattractant proteins 1 (p = 0.0139). Decreased miRNA-10a, but not miRNA-10b, was associated with the TNF-α-308A allele (p = 0.015). In the 15 JDM, a trend of association of miRNA-10a (but not miRNA-10b) with vWF:Ag and DAS was observed. CONCLUSION: MiRNA-10a downregulation is an important element in untreated JDM muscle pathophysiology. We speculate that muscle miRNA expression in adult dermatomyositis differs from muscle miRNA expression in untreated childhood JDM.
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Dermatomiosite/genética , Dermatomiosite/patologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , Biópsia por Agulha , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dermatomiosite/terapia , Regulação para Baixo , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem , Imuno-Histoquímica , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/métodos , Valores de Referência , Estudos de Amostragem , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Rhabdoid tumors (RT), or malignant rhabdoid tumors, are among the most aggressive and lethal forms of human cancer. They can arise in any location in the body but are most commonly observed in the brain, where they are called atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT), and in the kidneys, where they are called rhabdoid tumors of the kidney. The vast majority of rhabdoid tumors present with a loss of function in the SMARCB1 gene, also known as INI1, BAF47, and hSNF5, a core member of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Recently, mutations in a 2nd locus of the SWI/SNF complex, the SMARCA4 gene, also known as BRG1, were found in rhabdoid tumors with retention of SMARCB1 expression. Familial cases may occur in a condition known as rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS). In RTPS, germline inactivation of 1 allele of a gene occurs. When the mutation occurs in the SMARCB1 gene, the syndrome is called RTPS1, and when the mutation occurs in the SMARCA4 gene it is called RTPS2. Children presenting with RTPS tend to develop tumors at a younger age, but the impact that germline mutation has on survival remains unclear. Adults who carry the mutation tend to develop multiple schwannomas. The diagnosis of RTPS should be considered in patients with RT, especially if they have multiple primary tumors, and/or in individuals with a family history of RT. Because germline mutations result in an increased risk of carriers developing RT, genetic counseling for families with this condition is recommended.
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Predisposição Genética para Doença , Tumor Rabdoide/diagnóstico , Tumor Rabdoide/genética , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , DNA Helicases/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Saúde da Família , Feminino , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Neurilemoma/genética , Neurofibromatoses/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Tumor Rabdoide/classificação , Proteína SMARCB1 , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are aggressive brain tumors that are commonly associated with a dismal prognosis. However, there have been isolated reports of long-term survival that was not necessarily correlated with other prognostic factors such as age, clinical stage, or extent of surgical resection. Here, we report the case of a 6-year-old boy with AT/RT who remained disease-free for 8 years after undergoing subtotal surgical resection followed only by radiation therapy. On recurrence, the tumor rapidly progressed, leading to the patient's death a short time later. To further characterize this case and learn more about the tumor biology of long-term survivors, we compared the gene expression (GE) profiles from representative samples obtained from primary, recurrent, and progressive disease tumors of the above-mentioned patient along with a cohort of primary untreated AT/RT samples using cDNA microarrays. Global GE analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering showed the three events clustered together and distinctly apart from the rest of the samples. This indicates a GE background that is maintained throughout the course of the disease. This unique case suggests that there may be specific clinical characteristics associated with distinctive molecular subtypes of AT/RT. The identification and characterization of AT/RT subtypes could lead to advances in both prognosis and treatment of these tumors.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Tumor Rabdoide/genética , Tumor Rabdoide/patologia , Sobreviventes , Teratoma/genética , Teratoma/patologia , Adolescente , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/mortalidade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Radiografia , Tumor Rabdoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Tumor Rabdoide/cirurgia , Teratoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Teratoma/cirurgiaRESUMO
Objetivos: Descrever um caso de hamangioma hep tico em recm-nascido tratado com cirurgia. Mtodos: Relata-se o caso de recm-nascidos do sexo masculino, de 6 dias de vida, com extensa lesÆo hep tica, e sua evoluÆo. Resultados: A criana evoluiu com quadro de descompensaÆo hemodinmica devido a coagulopatia de consumo e insuficincia respirat¢ria. Os exames de imagem foram inconclusivos, sendo indicado procedimento cir£rgico. Foi realizada ressecÆo total da massa hep tica e confirmado o diagn¢stico de hamangioma por estudo anatomopatol¢gico. A criana evoluiu satisfatoriamente, recebeu alta ap¢s 15 dias e encontra-se assintom tica. Conclusäes: O hemangioma hep tico deve ter tratamento conservador, estando a cirurgia reservada para os casos de insuficincia card¡aca intrat vel e/ou coagulopatia consumptiva refrat ria(AU)
Objective: To describe a case of a congenital hepatic hemangiomatreated with surgery. Methods: We report the case of a 6-day-old boy who presented a giant hepatic hemangioma, and describe its evolution. Results: The child developed hemodynamic instability secondary to consumption coagulopathy and respiratory failure. The imagestudies were inconclusive. He was submitted to surgery with completeresection of the tumor. Pathology confirmed it was hemangioma.The child was discharged after 15 days and is well, without symptoms.Conclusions: Hepatic hemangiomas should be treated conservatively,with surgery reserved for intractable cardiac failure and/or refractory consumptive coagulopaty (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Hemangioma , Fígado/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Aging is a complex process that involves the interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Identifying aging-related biomarkers holds great potential for improving our understanding of complex physiological changes, thereby providing a means to investigate the mechanism by which aging influences various diseases. METHOD AND RESULTS: We performed a parallel study of microRNA and gene expression profiling of peripheral blood in a group of healthy young adult women, among which 13 were aged 22-25 and 9 were aged 36-39 years old. We identified a significantly distinct pattern of microRNA, but not gene expression profiling, between these two young adult women groups. We also performed correlation analysis of expression levels between all pairs of age-associated microRNAs and genes and identified a weak global correlation between these two types of expression levels. A significant involvement of estrogen regulation was observed by pathway analysis of the most differentially expressed microRNAs that included miR-155, -18a, -142, -340, -363, -195, and -24. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the change in global microRNA expression in the peripheral blood is associated with normal aging in young adult women. This change may precede global gene expression changes. Future studies are needed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of the estrogen-related microRNAs and associated diseases.
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INTRODUCTION: We have examined expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in ependymomas to identify molecular markers of value for clinical management. miRNAs are non-coding RNAs that can block mRNA translation and affect mRNA stability. Changes in the expression of miRNAs have been correlated with many human cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have utilized TaqMan Low Density Arrays to evaluate the expression of 365 miRNAs in ependymomas and normal brain tissue. We first demonstrated the similarity of expression profiles of paired frozen tissue (FT) and paraffin-embedded specimens (FFPE). We compared the miRNA expression profiles of 34 FFPE ependymoma samples with 8 microdissected normal brain tissue specimens enriched for ependymal cells. miRNA expression profiles were then correlated with tumor location, histology and other clinicopathological features. RESULTS: We have identified miRNAs that are over-expressed in ependymomas, such as miR-135a and miR-17-5p, and down-regulated, such as miR-383 and miR-485-5p. We have also uncovered associations between expression of specific miRNAs which portend a worse prognosis. For example, we have identified a cluster of miRNAs on human chromosome 14q32 that is associated with time to relapse. We also found that miR-203 is an independent marker for relapse compared to the parameters that are currently used. Additionally, we have identified three miRNAs (let-7d, miR-596 and miR-367) that strongly correlate to overall survival. CONCLUSION: We have identified miRNAs that are differentially expressed in ependymomas compared with normal ependymal tissue. We have also uncovered significant associations of miRNAs with clinical behavior. This is the first report of clinically relevant miRNAs in ependymomas.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Ependimoma/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , Adolescente , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Biologia Computacional , Ependimoma/patologia , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Análise Multivariada , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Análise de Regressão , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
OBJECT: Direct delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of brain tumors is an area of focus in the development of therapeutic paradigms because this method of delivery circumvents the blood-brain barrier without causing adverse systemic side effects. Few studies have investigated longitudinal tumor response to this type of therapy. In this study, the authors examined the time course of tumor response to direct delivery of a chemotherapeutic agent in a rodent malignant glioma model. METHODS: To visualize tumor response to chemotherapy, the authors used bioluminescence imaging in a rodent model. Rat 9L gliosarcoma cells expressing a luciferase gene were inoculated into adult male rat striata. Ten days following surgery the animals were randomly divided into 4 groups. Groups 1 and 2 received 20 and 40 microl carboplatin (1 mg/ml), respectively, via convection-enhanced delivery (CED); Group 3 received 60 mg/kg carboplatin intraperitoneally; and Group 4 received no treatment. Tumor growth was correlated with luminescence levels twice weekly. RESULTS: Differential growth curves were observed for the 4 groups. Systemically treated rats showed decreasing photon flux emission at 15.0 + or - 4.7 days; rats treated with 20- or 40-microl CED showed decreased emissions at 4.0 + or - 2.0 and 3.2 + or - 1.3 days after treatment, respectively. Histopathologically, 6 of 12 CED-treated animals exhibited no residual tumor at the end point of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Direct and systemic delivery of carboplatin was examined to determine how the method of drug delivery affects tumor growth. The present report is one of the first in vivo studies to examine the time course of tumor response to direct drug delivery. The results indicate that direct drug delivery may be a promising option for treating gliomas.