Cell-penetrable nanobodies (transbodies) that inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR leading to the impediment of human lung adenocarcinoma cell motility and survival.

Most patients suffering from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression. Currently, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that act as the ATP-analogs and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to EGFR-ectodomain that block intracellular signaling are used for the treatment of advanced NSCLC. Unfortunately, adverse effects due to the TKI off-target and drug resistance occur in a significant number of the treated patients while some NSCLC genotypes do not respond to the therapeutic MAbs. Thus, a more effective remedy for the treatment of EGFR-overexpressed cancers is deemed necessary. In this study, VH/VH H displayed-phage clones that are bound to recombinant EGFR-TK were fished-out from a humanized-camel VH/VH H phage display library. VH/VH H of three phage-infected Escherichia coli clones (VH18, VH H35, and VH36) were linked molecularly to nonaarginine (R9) for making them cell penetrable. R9-VH18, R9-VH H35, and R9-VH36 were cytotoxic to human adenocarcinomic alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) at the fifty percent inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) 0.181 ± 0.132, 0.00961 ± 0.00516, and 0.00996 ± 0.00752 µM, respectively, which were approximately 1000-fold more effective than small molecular TKIs. R9-VH18 and R9-VH36 also delayed cancer cell migration in a scratch-wound assay. Computerized homology modeling and intermolecular docking revealed that VH18 and VH H35 used CDR3 to interact with EGFR-TK residues close to the catalytic site, which might sterically hinder the ATP-binding of the TK; VH36 used CDR2 to bind at the asymmetric dimerization surface, which might disrupt EGFR dimerization leading to inhibition of intracellular signaling. The humanized-cell penetrable nanobodies have a high potential for developing further towards a clinical application.

Effect of the polyphenol flavonoids fisetin and quercetin on the adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells.

Fisetin and quercetin, polyphenol flavonoids, have been shown to have a wide range of beneficial pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and anti-cancer. Our previous work shows that fisetin also affects the specification of the adipogenic-osteogenic lineage of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) by modulating the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway. Although quercetin has a structure similar to that of fisetin, its effects on the functional properties of hMSCs have not yet been investigated. The objective of the present study is to determine the effects of quercetin on the various properties of hMSCs, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation capacity toward adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. The results show that while fisetin increases hMSC adipogenic differentiation, quercetin inhibited adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The inhibition is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of hippo signaling and up-regulation of miR-27b, which inhibits the expression of genes involved in all critical steps of lipid droplet biogenesis, resulting in a decrease in the number of lipid droplets in hMSCs. It is possible that the lack of hydroxylation of the 5 position on the A ring of quercetin could be responsible for its different effect on the adipogenic-osteogenic lineage specification of hMSCs compared with fisetin. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation suggested that fisetin and quercetin possibly bind to serine / threonine protein kinases 4 (STK4/MST1), which is an upstream kinase responsible for LATS phosphorylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate more insight into the mechanism underlying the role of flavonoid fisetin and quercetin in the regulation of adipogenesis.

OGT and OGA gene-edited human induced pluripotent stem cells for dissecting the functional roles of O-GlcNAcylation in hematopoiesis.

Hematopoiesis continues throughout life to produce all types of blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Metabolic state is a known regulator of HSC self-renewal and differentiation, but whether and how metabolic sensor O-GlcNAcylation, which can be modulated via an inhibition of its cycling enzymes O-GlcNAcase (OGA) and O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), contributes to hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. Herein, isogenic, single-cell clones of OGA-depleted (OGAi) and OGT-depleted (OGTi) human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were successfully generated from the master hiPSC line MUSIi012-A, which were reprogrammed from CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) containing epigenetic memory. The established OGAi and OGTi hiPSCs exhibiting an increase or decrease in cellular O-GlcNAcylation concomitant with their loss of OGA and OGT, respectively, appeared normal in phenotype and karyotype, and retained pluripotency, although they may favor differentiation toward certain germ lineages. Upon hematopoietic differentiation through mesoderm induction and endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition, we found that OGA inhibition accelerates hiPSC commitment toward HSPCs and that disruption of O-GlcNAc homeostasis affects their commitment toward erythroid lineage. The differentiated HSPCs from all groups were capable of giving rise to all hematopoietic progenitors, thus confirming their functional characteristics. Altogether, the established single-cell clones of OGTi and OGAi hiPSCs represent a valuable platform for further dissecting the roles of O-GlcNAcylation in blood cell development at various stages and lineages of blood cells. The incomplete knockout of OGA and OGT in these hiPSCs makes them susceptible to additional manipulation, i.e., by small molecules, allowing the molecular dynamics studies of O-GlcNAcylation.

Role of YAP in hematopoietic differentiation and erythroid lineage specification of human-induced pluripotent stem cells.

BACKGROUND: In vitro production of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provides opportunities for fundamental research, disease modeling, and large-scale production of HLA-matched HSPCs for therapeutic applications. However, a comprehensive understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate human hematopoiesis is needed to develop a more effective procedure for deriving HSPCs from hiPSCs. METHODS: In this study, we investigate the role of YAP during the hematopoietic differentiation of hiPSCs to HSPCs and erythrocytes using the isogenic YAP-overexpressing (YAP-S5A) and YAP-depleting (YAP-KD) hiPSCs to eliminate the effects of a genetic background variation. RESULTS: Although YAP is dispensable for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of these hiPSCs, it affects the early cell-fate determination and hematopoietic differentiation of hiPSCs. Depleting YAP enhances the derivation efficiency of HSPCs from hiPSCs by inducing the mesodermal lineage commitment, promoting hematopoietic differentiation, and preventing the differentiation toward endothelial lineage. On the contrary, the overexpression of YAP reduced HSPCs yield by inducing the endodermal lineage commitment, suppressing hematopoietic differentiation, and promoting the differentiation toward endothelial lineage. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of YAP is crucial for the differentiation of hiPSC-derived HSPCs toward mature erythrocytes. We believe that by manipulating YAP activity using small molecules, the efficiency of the large-scale in vitro production system for generating hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells for future therapeutic use could be improved.

CRISPR/Cas9 mediated approach to generate YAP-depleted human embryonic stem cell line (MUSIe002-A-1).

Yes-associated protein (YAP), an important effector protein of the Hippo signaling pathway, acts as a molecular switch in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, a YAP-targeted isogenic sub-clone of the MUSIe002-A was generated, designated as MUSIe002-A-1. The MUSIe002-1 cell line had normal pluripotent stem cell characteristics and karyotype. Its ability to differentiate into three germ layers was confirmed. As reduction of YAP does not disturb the pluripotency of hESCs, this cell line serves as a valuable model to extrapolate the functional role of YAP in stem cell biology and its applications.

Generation of RUNX1c-eGFP induced pluripotent stem cell, MUSIi012-A-4, using CRISPR/Cas9.

Runt-Related Transcription Factor 1c (RUNX1c) plays an important role in regulating the development of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, we established a RUNX1c-eGFP reporter cell line from the MUSIi012-A cell line. The MUSIi012-A-4 cell line has normal stem cell morphology and karyotype, expresses pluripotency markers, and can be differentiated into all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. This cell line serves as a valuable model to observe the expression of RUNX1c via eGFP tracking during human hematopoietic development.

Derivation of the MUSIe002-A human embryonic stem cell line.

The MUSIe002-A cell line was established from in vitro fertilization of human sperm and oocytes donated for research with informed consent. This cell line exhibited normal human embryonic stem cell (hESC) characteristics, including typical cell morphology, expression of all pluripotent stem cell markers, and potential to differentiate into three germ layers. A karyotyping analysis revealed 46 XY chromosome and cells that did not have mycoplasma contamination. MUSIe002-A represents a valuable unlimited cell source and is of potential interest for human in vitro stem cell based-models, genetic modifications, and stem cell-based therapy of human disease.

FTIR spectra signatures reveal different cellular effects of EGFR inhibitors on nonsmall cell lung cancer cells.

ATP-analogue inhibitors, Gefitinib (Iressa) and Erlotinib (Tarceva) had been approved for advanced and metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells against tyrosine kinase domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Many techniques have been developed to better understand the drug mechanism which is multistep, time-consuming and expensive. Herein, we performed Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy for evaluating the biochemical change on NSCLC (A549) cells after treatment. At levels that produced equivalent effects, Gefitinib dramatically induced cell apoptosis via impaired mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Whereas, Erlotinib had a slight effect on A549. Principal component analysis was performed to distinguish the effect of EGFR inhibitors on A549. FTIR spectra regions were divided into three regions: lipids (3000-2800 cm-1 ), proteins (1700-1500 cm-1 ) and carbohydrates and nuclei acids (1200-1000 cm-1 ). Biochemical changes can be evaluated by these spectral regions. This work may be a novel concept for utilizing FTIR spectroscopy for high-throughput discriminative effects of a drug or compound and its derivatives on cells.

Generation of a serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS1 gene-edited iPSC MUSIi012-A-3.

In mammals, there are a number of kinases, including serine/threonine-protein kinase LATS1, that act as a core kinase of the Hippo pathway and that negatively regulate the Hippo effector protein YAP and its paralog TAZ. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we established a stable LATS1 knockdown (LATS1-KD) iPSC from the MUSIi012-A cell line. The LATS1-KD iPSC MUSIi012-A-3 that was developed maintained both the normal karyotype and the pluripotent phenotype, and retained the ability to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers.

Derivation of human embryonic stem cell line MUSIe001-A from an embryo with homozygous α0-thalassemia (SEA deletion).

MUSIe001-A cell line was derived from a Southeast Asian (SEA) type deletion α0-thalassemia embryo. The SEA deletion embryo was donated for research with informed consent. This cell line shows normal hESC morphology, expresses all pluripotent markers, and has the potential to differentiate into all three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. The MUSIe001-A line has normal karyotype and is free from mycoplasma contamination. PCR analysis confirmed the MUSIe001-A cell line to be a SEA type deletion. MUSIe001-A is a valuable proof of principle model for gene therapy that will facilitate the development of new treatments for affected foetuses.

YAP-depleted iPSC MUSIi012-A-2 maintained all normal stem cell characteristics.

Yes-associated protein (YAP) is an important transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signaling pathway. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we established a stable YAP-knockdown (YAP-KD) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) from the MUSIi012-A cell line. The YAP-KD iPSC MUSIi012-A-2 maintained the pluripotent phenotype, the ability to differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers, and it maintained the normal karyotype.

Derivation of a MUSIi012-A iPSCs from mobilized peripheral blood stem cells.

CD34+ cells were isolated from mobilized peripheral blood of a healthy donor and reprogrammed by nucleofection with episomal plasmids carrying l-MYC, LIN28, OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, EBNA-1, and shRNA against p53. The obtained MUSIi012-A cell line maintained the pluripotent phenotype, the ability to differentiate into all three germ layers, and a normal karyotype.

High-efficiency derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines using a culture system with minimized trophoblast cell proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Due to their extensive self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have great potential for studying developmental biology, disease modeling, and developing cell replacement therapy. The first hESC line was generated in 1998 by culturing inner cell mass (ICM) cells isolated from human blastocysts using an immunosurgery technique. Since then, many techniques including mechanical ICM isolation, laser dissection, and whole embryo culture have been used to derive hESC lines. However, the hESC derivation efficiency remains low, usually less than 50%, and it requires a large number of human embryos to derive a significant number of hESC lines. Due to a shortage of and restricted access to human embryos, a novel approach with better hESC derivation efficiency is badly needed to decrease the number of embryos used. METHODS: We hypothesized that the low hESC derivation efficiency might be due to extensive proliferation of trophoblast (TE) cells which could interfere with ICM proliferation. We therefore developed a methodology to minimize TE cell proliferation by culturing ICM in a feeder-free system for 3 days before transferring them onto feeder cells. RESULTS: This minimized trophoblast cell proliferation (MTP) technique could be successfully used to derive hESCs from normal, abnormal, and frozen-thawed embryos with better derivation efficiency of more than 50% (range 50-100%; median 70%). CONCLUSIONS: We successfully developed a better hESC derivation methodology using the "MTP" culture system. This methodology can be effectively used to derive hESCs from both normal and abnormal embryos under feeder-free conditions with higher efficiency when compared with other methodologies. With this methodology, large-scale production of clinical-grade hESCs is feasible.

Evaluation of the anti-malarial activity and cytotoxicity of 2,4-diamino-pyrimidine-based kinase inhibitors.

A series of 2,4 diamino-pyrimidines have been identified from an analysis of open access high throughput anti-malarial screening data reported by GlaxoSmithKline at the 3D7 and resistant Dd2 strains. SAR expansion has been performed using structural knowledge of the most plausible parasite target. Seventeen new analogs have been synthesized and tested against the resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf). The cytotoxicity of the compounds was assessed in Vero and A549 cells and their selectivity towards human kinases including JAK2 and EGFR were undertaken. We identified compound 5n and 5m as sub-micromolar inhibitors, with equivalent anti-malarial activity to Chloroquine (CQ). Compounds 5d and 5k, µM inhibitors of Pf, displayed improved cytotoxicity with weak inhibition of the human kinases.